At the end of 1 and 19, the imperialist powers fought for and carved up China, which caused an unprecedented national crisis in China. This sense of crisis contributed to people's awakening, and saving the country became the most urgent requirement at that time.

2. The signing of the Xin Chou Treaty not only brought a heavy burden to the people of China, but also damaged the national sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China (namely "Westernization Institute"), while Russia is using other treaties to acquire the territory of northeast China.

3. Huge compensation is an unprecedented large-scale extortion of China by the great powers; In order to pay this indemnity, the Qing government stepped up the search for the people's fat and paste, which made the people of China poorer and the social economy more depressed.

Extended data

1On June 6th, 900, the commanders of warships of Britain, France, Germany, Japan, Italy, Russia, Austria and Belgium held a military meeting on the British "Hundred Men" and decided to take concerted action to form a coalition to invade China. Due to the disparity in strength, the great powers came to this war with the mentality of making a fortune, thinking that "it will be a very smooth March."

Seymour, commander of the British army, is a typical embodiment of this psychology. On June 10, Seymour led an invading army of 2,000 people to the west from Tianjin in the name of protecting embassies of various countries in an attempt to break into Beijing.

The battle of Langfang is just a small scene of this cruel war. At the same time, in Dagubao, Balitai in the south of Tianjin, Laolongtou Railway Station on the east bank of Haihe River, and Zizhulin Concession in Hexi, Tianjin people and patriotic officers and men of the Qing army risked their lives and fought bloody battles with the invaders, and the company commander Luo Rongguang and general Nie Shicheng died heroically.

In addition, people from all over Shandong and Hebei took part in the battle in Tianjin to prevent Seymour-led allied forces from invading Beijing. According to historical records, people in Bazhou, Hebei Province lined up to resist the Germans, and more than 300 people died. The people in the old city of Kampot County fought against the invading army with their bare hands and sacrificed more than 4,000 people.

It can be said that the heroic resistance of the people of China threw the invaders into the sea of Wang Yang, suffered huge losses, and began to walk out of the dream of partition.

If China people's desperate resistance broke the dream of great powers and changed the internal cause of the great powers' partition of China, then the irreconcilable contradiction among great powers is that there is no external cause of partition of China, which directly contributed to the acceptance of a "complete" China by the great powers.

Russia has long coveted northeast China. Russia took advantage of Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China and invaded three northeastern provinces. This move not only angered Japan, but also harmed the aggressive interests of Britain and the United States. The contradiction between Japan and Russia is particularly prominent. In order to retaliate against Russia, Japan immediately sent troops to North Korea as a sign of confrontation and actively sought an anti-Russian alliance.

Britain is also extremely uneasy about Russia's unprecedented expansion in China, and preventing Russia from monopolizing northeast China is a key point of its Far East policy. However, Britain was too busy with the colonial war in Africa (Ying Bu War) to confront the Russians directly. Therefore, Britain supports Japan against Russia and is getting closer and closer to Japan in diplomacy.

In addition, the powers also have differences on the choice of China's agent, arguing endlessly about Li Hongzhang's qualification as a representative of the peace talks. As Eight-Nation Alliance approached Beijing, the Qing court formally appointed Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary minister to negotiate with the great powers. Great powers have different reactions to this.

In this case, the imperialist countries are eager to find a mutually acceptable solution and negotiate peace with the Qing government as soon as possible. As the planner of the "open door" policy, the United States has always opposed the partition of China by foreign powers and advocated maintaining the status quo, so as to use its powerful economic advantages to gradually crowd out other foreign powers and finally monopolize the China market.

1900 In July, after Eight-Nation Alliance captured Dagubao, US Secretary of State John Hayward once again issued an "open door" note to all countries, reaffirming the above principles.

Although Britain tried to monopolize the Yangtze River basin, it could only accept this principle conditionally in order to oppose Russian monopoly of northeast China and French occupation of Yunnan. In order to crack down on Russian forces in the northeast of China and win the support of the United States, Japan recognized this principle under the condition that its "open door" policy did not affect its plan to invade North Korea.

Because of the armed occupation of northeast China, Russia became the target of public criticism. In order to ease the contradiction with other big countries, it also strongly advocates adjusting China policy. Although accepting the "open door" means giving up the privileges gained in the northeast, it was accepted with reservations in the end.

In this way, the "open door" policy advocated by the United States on the premise of maintaining China's territorial integrity has finally become the basic program of all countries. In June+10 of the same year, Britain and Germany reached an agreement in principle to safeguard China's territorial integrity, and took note of the Austrian, French, Italian, Japanese, Russian and American governments, all of which expressed no objection.

At the same time, because Cixi showed great kindness to the great powers, she said that she would "measure China's material resources and win the favor of the country". In this way, on the issue of selecting agents, the attitudes of the powers gradually tended to be consistent, and they decided to "preserve" Cixi and negotiate with the Qing court. The basic plan of the "Xin Chou Treaty" was initially reached!

In the end, although the powers did not carve up China, they demanded that the Qing government pay 450 million taels of silver.

Baidu Encyclopedia-The Treaty of Love and Ugliness