First, several definitions.
Two. mineral resources
1, bauxite
2. Black coal
3. Lignite
4. Copper (copper)
5. diamonds
6. golden
7. Iron ore
8. Lithium (Lithium)
9.magnesite
10, manganese ore
1 1, ore
12, nickel
13, phosphate
14, shale oil
15, tantalum
16, uranium
17, vanadium
18, lead, silver and zinc (lead, silver and zinc)
Australia's mineral resources are an extremely important part of Australia's wealth. Most of the mineral resources mined in Australia are used for export. In fiscal year 2002-03, mineral exports accounted for 37% of Australia's total annual exports (including service exports), about A $54.9 billion, accounting for 8% of Australia's gross domestic product (DGP).
In order to better understand Australia's mineral resources, we will list the proven mineral resources in Australia in recent years for your reference. At the same time, try to give the geographical location of mineral resources distribution, and also try to give the main production enterprises, so as to facilitate the contact of interested units.
First, several definitions.
1, which proves to be an economically significant resource (economically proven resource)
Refers to the determination (identification) of resources, the market exists, and after the resources are extracted (mined), it is profitable to sell them at the market price; At the same time, the technology of extracting (mining) resources is feasible or available.
2. Resources proved to have sub-economic significance (sub-economic demonstrable resources)
Refers to the existence of resources, but the conditions can not meet the standard of "economic significance". From the perspective of economic factors, the market is unstable and unprofitable when mining (mining) resources; From the technical factors, the mining technology is immature, or the investment and technical cost are too high.
3. Implicit resources.
Refers to the estimation of resources, based on the general understanding of the geological characteristics of mineral deposits, such as sampling survey, even if it is small. Although the existence of resources is proved by geology, the estimation of its continuity and repeatability is hypothetical.
Two. mineral resources
1, bauxite
Bauxite is a heterogeneous substance existing in nature, which is used to produce alumina and aluminum. The main components of bauxite include gibbsite, diaspore and diaspore.
More than 85% of bauxite mined in the world is used to produce alumina, and then to produce metallic aluminum. 10% is used to produce non-metallic alumina, and the rest is used for non-smelting bauxite. Alumina is extracted from bauxite by wet chemical corrosion and dissolution.
Alcoa Australia includes five bauxite mines, six alumina refineries, six major aluminum smelters, 12 extrusion plant and four products (thin plates, metal plates and foils) rolling plants. Alcoa direct employees 16000 people. Industries are mainly distributed in northern Queensland, Hunter Valley, southwestern Victoria, southwestern Western Australia, Northern Territory and northern Tasmania.
Bauxite resources
Australia's bauxite resources are mainly concentrated in three areas: first, the northern part of Queensland, that is, the Weipa and Goff areas near Carpentaria Bay; The second is the Darling Mountains south of Perth, Western Australia. These two areas are the largest bauxite mines in the world and have been proved to be exploitable? Tibetan land; Third, the Mitchell Plateau and Cape Bougainville in northern Western Australia are uneconomical to develop at present.
According to the assessment in 2002, the proven economically proven bauxite resources in Australia are 8.8Gt, and the implied bauxite resources are 1.4Gt.
produce
In 2002, Australia produced 54 million tons of bauxite,16.4 million tons of alumina and180,000 tons of primary aluminum. In fiscal year 2000102, the total amount of bauxite, alumina and primary aluminum exported by Australia reached A $8.2 billion.
world ranking
Australia has the largest bauxite resources in the world (880 million tons), followed by Guinea, Brazil, Jamaica, China and India. Australia is also the world's largest exporter of bauxite and alumina, accounting for 36% and 30% of the world's total exports respectively in 2002.
Major production enterprises
Comalco
Rio Tinto is an Australian-owned enterprise, mainly supplying bauxite, alumina and primary aluminum. Owns the wipa mine. In 2002, the company built an alumina smelting and refining plant in Gladstone, Queensland, with a designed annual output of 6.5438+0.4 million tons of alumina.
Alcangov gmbh
The mine and alumina smelter are located in Goff Peninsula in Northern Territory. The annual output of alumina is 6,543,800,000 tons.
Alcoa Corp.
The mine is located in Huntly and Willowdale in the Darling Mountains south of Perth, Western Australia. The company has three own alumina smelters, with an annual output of 7.3 million tons of alumina, equivalent to 15% of the global total demand. The company has aluminum smelters in Henry,Cape and Portland, Victoria, with an annual output of 530,000 tons of aluminum ingots.
BHP Billiton
BHP Billiton is the third largest producer of primary aluminum in the world, with an annual output of over 1 10,000 tons, 9.5 million tons of bauxite and 4 million tons of alumina. The bauxite mined by the company is mainly used for its own alumina refining. It owns bauxite in Boddington, Western Australia, with an annual output of 365,438+million tons, which is expected to be mined for 40 years.
2. Black coal
Black coal is found in all Australian states and northern territories. New South Wales and Queensland have high quality black coal. In Australia, black coal is mainly used for power generation, and some of it is used to produce coke and other industrial fuels.
Black coal resources
According to the assessment in 2002, Australia has 5.75 billion tons of black coal resources with proven economic value and 3.97 billion tons of exploitable black coal resources. According to the existing mining capacity, recoverable black coal resources can be mined for more than 100 years. Black coal resources are mainly concentrated in Zhou Kun (62%) and New South Wales (34.2%). According to the estimation of Australian geoscience institutions, about 50% of black coal resources can be mined in open pit, and 36% of black coal has the quality of coke.
In addition, Australia has 84.7Gt in-situ compromise resources and 22Mt exploitable compromise resources.
produce
In 2002, Australia mined 348 million tons of original black coal and produced 273.4 million tons of marketable black coal. Exported coking coal/kloc-0.04 million tons, with an export value of 7.7 billion Australian dollars; 98.5 million tons of thermal coal were exported, with an export value of 565.438+0 billion Australian dollars.
world ranking
There are 78.8 billion tons of proven exploitable black coal resources in the world. The United States (27%), Russia (18%), China (12%), India (10%), south Africa (6%) and Australia (5%).
In 2002, the black coal produced in Australia accounted for 7% of the global output, ranking fourth. The first place is China (34%), the second place is the United States (25%) and the third place is Indian (8%).
Major production enterprises
Xinzhou
Coal and union co., ltd
Anglo coal company of Australia
White mining co., ltd
Xstrata coal co., ltd
Newcastle coal company
Gloucester Coal Company Limited
Bhp Billiton limited
Glennis Creek Coal Management Co., Ltd.
Whitehaven coal mine co., ltd
Muswell brook coal company
Kun Zhou
Lager Australia Coal Company
New Hope Coal Company of Australia
Peabody Energy Company
Bhp Billiton Mitsubishi alliance
BHP Billiton Mitsui Coal Co., Ltd.
Idemitsu Kosam company
Jie Lin ba si resources co., ltd
Anglo coal company of Australia
MacArthur coal co., ltd
Pacific coal company
3. Lignite
Brown coal has been found in all Australian states, ranging in age from 6.5438+0.5 million years to 50 million years. But it is only mined in Victoria, and it is mainly used for power generation in nearby power plants.
Lignite resources
According to the assessment in 2002, the proven exploitable lignite resource in Australia is 37.6Gt, and the implied lignite resource is 102.9Gt. Victoria has 95% of Australia's lignite resources, 89% of which are located in La Trobe Valley.
produce
In 2000102, Australia produced 66.7 million tons of lignite, valued at 533 million Australian dollars, all from Victoria. Among them, the output of La Trobe Valley is 6.5438+0.57 million tons, that of Hazelwood is 6.5438+0.9 million tons, and that of Loyyan is 309,000 tons.
world ranking
The proven exploitable lignite resources in the world are 1.88 gt, and Australia accounts for 37.7Gt, accounting for 20%, ranking second in the world, second only to Germany (23%).
In 2002, Australia's lignite production accounted for 8% of the global output, ranking third. The first place is Germany (20%), and the second place is the United States (10%).
Major production enterprises
Australian power and energy co., ltd
Laiyang power
HRL ltd
Yale energy
La Luo Bei mei co., ltd
Oriental Star Natural Gas Company
Carbon mineral NL
Coalbed methane resources co., ltd
Eastern Energy Australia Limited
Perus Energy Co., Ltd.
4. Copper (copper)
Australia is one of the major copper producers in the world. The Olympic Dam in South Australia and Mount Isa in Queensland have world-class copper mines and smelters. There are also important copper mines and smelters in Northparkes and Cadia Hill in northern NSW, Osborne and Mount Gordon in Queensland, and Golden Grove and Nifty in Western Australia.
Copper resources
According to the assessment in 2002, the copper resources in Australia are 65.4Mt, of which the copper resources with proven economic significance are 33Mt, the copper resources with secondary economic significance are 10.8Mt, and the hidden copper resources are 210.8 mt. Hidden copper resources are mainly concentrated in South Australia, accounting for 50%, followed by Queensland, accounting for 26%, NSW and Western Australia each accounting for 9%.
produce
In 2002, Australian copper output was 883,000 tons, which was 65,438+0% lower than that of 896,000 tons in 2006. Among them, Queensland produces 475,000 tons, accounting for 54% of Australia's total output; South Australia's output is 6.5438+0.78 million tons, accounting for 20% of Australia's total output; The output of New South Wales is 6.5438+0.35 million tons, that of Western Australia is 57,000 tons, and that of Tasmania is 37,000 tons.
In 2002, Australia exported 684,000 tons of refined copper and refined copper, with an average unit price of A $28,765,438+0 per ton and an export value of A $2 billion.
world ranking
Australia accounts for 10% of the world's economically significant copper resources, ranking third, second only to Chile (45%) and the United States (1 1%).
In 2002, the copper produced in Australia accounted for 10% of the global total output, ranking fourth. The first place is Chile (5 1%), the second place is the United States (13%), and the third place is Indonesia (13%).
Major production enterprises
Cervin mining co., ltd
Matrix metal
Western metal
Strait resources company
Tritton Resources Co.
Triako resources ltd
5. diamonds
Diamonds are made of carbon, which is the hardest substance known in the world at present, and can be crushed by violent explosion. It is the conductor with the highest heat transfer at room temperature. Diamonds are formed below the surface 150-200 kilometers, where the temperature is usually between 1050- 1200 degrees and the pressure is 45-55 kilobar. Diamonds are pushed to the earth's crust by magma.
Diamonds are widely used, such as jewelry, stone cutting and polishing tools. They are used in mining, exploration, construction and transportation.
Diamond resources
According to the assessment in 2002, Australia has 67.4 million cubic centimeters of jewelry diamond resources and 7 million cubic centimeters of industrial diamond resources.
produce
In 2002, Australia produced 33.6 million carats of diamonds. Argyle mine in Western Australia produces 33.5 million carats, while Merlin mine in Northern Territory produces 1 17000 carats. In May 2002, Australia's largest diamond 105 carat was found near Mill.
world ranking
Australia is the third largest diamond resource country in the world, accounting for 16% of the global diamond resources. Congo ranks first, accounting for 26% of global diamond resources; Botswana ranks second, accounting for 23% of global diamond resources.
As far as diamond resources for jewelry are concerned, Australia is the largest jewelry resource country in the world.
Major production enterprises
Striker resource NL
Tavana Resources Co.
Thunderella exploration company
El Kedra diamond
Rimfire Pacific mining company
AKD ltd
6. golden
The electronic industry uses a lot of gold, which is the raw material for making electronic chips. In addition, gold is also widely used to make jewelry. A large number of businessmen also use it as a tool to make money and invest.
Gold resources
Gold and mining have been discovered in all Australian States. According to the assessment in 2002, there are 9,507 tons of gold resources in Australia. These include:
The economic demonstration resources are 54 15 tons, of which Western Australia accounts for 62%, reaching 3 124 tons, South Australia ranks second and New South Wales ranks third.
Sub-economic resources are 1269 tons, of which Western Australia accounts for 7 1%, reaching 82 1 ton, Queensland about 105 tons, New South Wales about 63 tons and Northern Territory about 94 tons.
There are 2823 tons of gold resources in the hidden resources.
produce
In 2002, Australia produced 273 tons of gold. Among them, Western Australia takes the lead, producing about 190 tons of gold, accounting for 70% of China's total gold production. The following is the gold production table of Australian States in recent five years (unit: ton).
1998 1999 2000 200 1 2002
New South Wales14.7621.0418.5416.9922.88
Victoria 4.89 4.63 4.22 3.48 4.0
Queensland 32.38 34.15 37.05438+0.31.67 27.47
South Australia1.741.77 2.94 4.28 3.54
Western Australia 231.98210.92203.30195.24190.07
Tasmania 4.18 4.95 6.66 6.14 5.89
Northern region 20.38 22.29 23.09 20.3718.53
Total 310.32 299.75 296.41280.08 2710/.
* Source: Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics, Commodity Statistics 2002.
world ranking
According to the US Geological Survey, there are 42,500 tons of gold mines in the world. South Africa has 8000 tons of gold reserves, accounting for 18.8% of the global reserves, ranking first; The proportion of the United States in global reserves is 13.2%, ranking second; Australia's share of global reserves is 1 1.8%, ranking third.
The global annual output of gold is about 2600 tons. The largest gold producer is South Africa, with an annual output of 400-600 tons; Followed by the United States, the annual output of gold is 320 to 360 tons; The third place is Australia, with an annual gold output of about 300 tons.
Major production enterprises
Sipa resources international company
Kinross gold co
Coolpad United enterprise
Hamill Resources Co., Ltd.
Central karguli gold mine co., ltd
Red 5 limited
Striker resource NL
Aodaxi resources co., ltd
Newmont mining co
Tanami Gold NL
Barrick gold co
Newmont, Australia
Adelaide resources ltd
United capital limited
New Creste Mining Co., Ltd.
Jinpi gold co., ltd
Strategic mineral company
Krakow joint venture
Alkane exploration co., ltd
Bendigo mining co., ltd
Perseverance limited
Oringold gmbh
7. Iron ore
Besides oxygen, silicon and aluminum, iron is the fourth most abundant element. The shell contains 5% iron. Iron ore is an oxide, and metallic iron can be produced by heating with reducing agent.
All states in Australia have iron ore, and the state with the most iron ore is Western Australia. Western Australia has 90% of all discovered iron ore resources in Australia, mainly concentrated in the Pilbara area. There are 65,438+03 mines in this area, of which 6 are operated by Hammersley, 2 by Robe River and 5 by BHP Billiton. In addition, there are iron mines in Koolyanobbing and Curiano Bin and Cockatoo Island in Western Australia. Dobbeck Mountain in South Australia and Savage River in Tasmania also have mines.
Pig iron and steel are produced in Kembola Port, Kembola Port and Waiala Port in New South Wales, Australia. Rooty Hill in New South Wales, Mayfield in New South Wales and Laverton North in Victoria also produce steel. Near port hedland, Western Australia, Duanshan Company owns an iron mine.
Iron ore resources
According to the assessment in 2002, Australia has 13Gt iron ore resources with proven economic significance, which can be mined for 70 years.
produce
According to the data of Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resources, in 2002, Australia produced 65438+872 million tons of iron ore, 97% of which was produced in Western Australia. In 2002, iron ore exports were 16580 tons, with an export value of 5.2 billion Australian dollars.
world ranking
Australia occupies 9% of the world's proven economically significant iron ore resources, ranking fourth in the world. Ukraine ranks first, accounting for 21%of the global iron ore resources; Russia ranks second, accounting for17% of global iron ore resources; China ranks third, accounting for 14% of the global iron ore resources.
Australia is also a big iron ore producer, accounting for 17% of the global output, second only to China (2 1%) and Brazil (20%).
Major production enterprises
Hammersley Railway
Channa
Luobuhe
BHP Billiton
Portman gmbh
Mount Gibson gmbh
Jinsi Triem Steel Co., Ltd.
Osmet gmbh
Australian iron ore co., ltd
Aztec resources ltd
Aosilong development company
Austell ltd.
ABM mining company
Onstil gmbh
Dense steel
Protek steel
Hunter special steel
Boulder steel company
Westria steel co., ltd
8. Lithium (Lithium)
Lithium is a silvery white metal, its density is only half that of water, and it is very soft. Chemical properties are lively. It can be used in the atomic energy industry, and can also be used to manufacture special alloys, special glasses (such as TV screen glass) and storage batteries.
The unexplored pegmatite is the original material of spodumene. After processing, spodumene is finally made into lithium mineral products.
Lithium resources
Australia's lithium resources are all in the greenery of Western Australia. According to the assessment in 2002, the proven lithium resources in Australia are 65,438+0,765,438+0,000 tons.
produce
In 2002, Australia produced lithium minerals109,818 tons and sold 90 165 tons. Australia Gwalia's son co., ltd is the world's largest producer of lithium minerals.
world ranking
According to the data of the US Geological Survey, Chile accounts for 88% of the global lithium resources, followed by Canada and Australia, each accounting for 5%. Lithium resources are divided into two categories: one is lithium ore, and the other is brine rich in lithium. Chile mainly extracts lithium from lithium brine. Lithium resources in Australia and Canada are mainly lithium ore.
According to the estimation of US Geological Survey and Australian Bureau of Geosciences, the global lithium production in 2002 was 15800 tons. Among them, Chile is the largest lithium producer in the world, accounting for 41%; Followed by Australia, accounting for 20%; The third place is China, accounting for16%; The fourth place is Russia, accounting for 13%.
Major production enterprises
Son of Guaglia
9.magnesite
There are three forms of magnesium carbonate sold in the market: (1) coarse magnesite, which is mainly used in chemical industry and agriculture; (2) Burned magnesia is mainly used in cement, glass and smelting industries; (3) Caustic calcined magnesium oxide is mainly used for manufacturing chlorine oxides, oxygen-containing sulfate cement, environmental protection and chemical applications.
Magnesite resources
According to the assessment in 2002, Australia has more than 36.348 billion tons of economically proven resources. Among them, South Australia is about 235 million tons, Queensland is about 78 million tons, Tasmania is about 29 million tons, and Northern Territory, NSW and Western Australia are relatively few.
There are at least 78.36 million tons of magnesite resources with sub-economic significance, mainly distributed in Zhou Kun and Tasmani.
The implied resource of magnesite is 990 million tons.
produce
There is no data on the annual output of magnesite in Australia. According to the data provided by the Australian Geological Survey, in 2002, Australian Magnesite Co., Ltd. mined 2,654,380,400 tons of raw magnesium in Kuwalala, Queensland, and selected 483,002 tons of magnesite.
world ranking
According to the estimates of the US Geological Survey and the Australian Bureau of Geosciences, Australia accounts for 5% of the economically significant magnesite resources in the world. Kun Vaarala mine located in Zhou Kun is the largest known high-quality magnesium mineral resource in the world, with potential crystal structure.
Major production enterprises
Magnesium Australia ltd
Newmont mining co
Magnesium international limited
New world alloy co., ltd
Latrobe magnesium co., ltd
10, manganese ore
About 90% of manganese in the world is used in iron and steel industry. It can resist oxidation. As an alloying element, it can enhance the sharpness and hardness of steel. In the manufacture of finished steel, there is no other more satisfactory substance to replace manganese.
There are two manganese mines in operation in Australia. The largest is Grut Islander from the Northern Territory. The other is Woodie Woodie from Western Australia.
There is a ferroalloy factory in Bell Bay, Tasmania, with an annual output of 654.38+0.2 million tons of ferromanganese alloy and 654.38+0.65438+0 million tons of silicomanganese alloy. There is a factory producing electrolytic manganese dioxide in Newcastle, New South Wales, which is used to manufacture alkaline dry batteries.
Manganese ore resources
According to the assessment in 2002, Australia has 65,438+026.8 million tons of economically proven resources.
The proved manganese ore resources with sub-economic significance are 19065438+ 10,000 tons.
Hidden manganese resources197.5 million tons.
produce
According to the statistics of the Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resources, in 2002, Australia produced 2.2 million tons of manganese ore (with a manganese content of 6.5438+0 million tons). Among them, the output of Grut Islander is 6.5438+0.65 million tons, and that of Woody Woody is 540,000 tons.
world ranking
Australia occupies 7% of the world's proven economically significant manganese resources, ranking fourth. South Africa accounts for 46% of the global manganese resources, ranking first; Ukraine's share of global manganese resources is 14%, ranking second. China ranks third in the world in manganese resources with the ratio of 13%.
Manganese ore produced in Australia accounts for 1 1% of the global total output, ranking fifth. Brazil's ratio is 17%, ranking first; South Africa ranks second with a ratio of 15%; Ukraine's ratio is 14%, ranking third; China ranks fourth with a ratio of 13%.
Major production enterprises
Groote Eylandt mining company
United minerals co., ltd
Quantum resources limited
HiTec energy ltd