Quetzalcoatl
Fengshen, named Ku Courquin, is the god who brought rainy season in Maya's mind, which is related to sowing, harvesting and harvest. Actually, it was imported, a northern god brought by the Toltecs when they ruled Maya city. All ethnic groups in Central America generally believe in this quetzalcoatl.
The position of Quetzalcoatl in Mayan culture can be observed from many aspects. In classical times, one end of the wand held by Maya "real people" was exquisitely shaped, and one leg of the villain in the middle became a snake body, and the other end was a snake head. There were many deformations in the post-classical period, but the basic shape changed completely, becoming the image of Quetzalcoatl, with fan-shaped feathers on the upper part and snake heads on the lower part of the middle snake body.
Quetzalcoatl comes with the rainy season. The rainy season is just the time for Mayans to harvest corn. Therefore, Quetzalcoatl became the most revered god of Mayan farmers, and Qizen-Iza, the largest ancient Mayan city preserved today. There is a pyramid named after Ku Ku Ku Kun, the Quetzalcoatl God. Two snake heads are carved on the two corners in the north of the pyramid. Every spring equinox and autumn equinox, when the sun goes down, you can see the shadow of the snake head projected on the ground and connected with many triangles, becoming a flying snake with strong mobility. It symbolizes the arrival and soaring of Quetzalcoatl in these two days. It is said that only these two days can we see this spectacle. So, now it has become a famous tourist attraction in Mexico. At that time, the Mayans could accurately grasp the farming season with the help of this intuitive landscape that skillfully combined astronomy with architectural technology. At the same time, it also accurately grasped the opportunity to worship Quetzalcoatl.
The image of Quetzalcoatl can also be seen in the famous Bonanpak Painting Gallery in Mayan ruins. To say its image, it is a bit like the cow's head and antlers invented by China people, the snake's body and scales, Tiger Claw's long beard, and the dragon that can walk on clouds. At least in the basic combination of the snake's main body and the soaring momentum (feather snake's feathers), it is consistent. In addition, the head of a feather snake painted on the roof of the painting gallery and the head of a snake carved on a double-headed stick held by Mayan priests are also similar to the head of a dragon. In addition, the worship of Quetzalcoatl and Dragon is related to praying for rain.
Some people say that Maya Quetzalcoatl was brought to the dragon by China people in Shang Dynasty. If this statement is true, then the Maya mentioned in it should be changed to Central Americans first. Because many ethnic groups in Central America worship Quetzalcoatl. In addition, rain patterns related to dragons can also be found in the historical sites of many countries and regions in Central America.
The hometown of Quetzalcoatl
Located in the Yucatan Peninsula in the southeast of Mexico, the site of the ancient city of Itza in Chen Chi is more than 0/00 kilometers away from Merida/Kloc, the capital of Yucatan Peninsula. It is considered to be the most important city in Maya-Tortek era, with hundreds of ancient buildings. It is the largest Mayan cultural site on Yucatan Peninsula and is known as the "hometown of Quetzalcoatl". UNESCO listed it as a cultural heritage in the World Heritage List 65438-0988. "Chen Chi Ithaca" means "Ithaca's wellhead" in Mayan language. This is because there are two natural spring waterfalls not far from Iza, Chen Chi. As early as the 5th and 6th centuries, Ithaca people settled near these two springs, hence the name Chen Chi Iza.
Quetzalcoatl
Feather snakes, flying snakes, or totems. Quetzalcoatl is a god worshipped by ancient Mexican Indians, in charge of rain and harvest. The shape of Quetzalcoatl's head is very similar to our dragon. Both Quetzalcoatl and dragon worship are related to praying for rain. Therefore, many researchers in the world, including some scholars in Mexico and China, believe that the ancestors of Mexican Indians may have come from China, and there may be some connection between Chinese and Mexican ancient civilizations.
Quetzalcoatl named Ku Ku Ku Kun is the god who brought rainy season in Maya's mind, which is related to sowing, harvesting and bumper harvest. Actually, it was imported, a northern god brought by the Toltecs when they ruled Maya city. All ethnic groups in Central America generally believe in this quetzalcoatl.
The position of Quetzalcoatl in Mayan culture can be observed from many aspects. In classical times, one end of the wand held by Maya "real people" was exquisitely shaped, and one leg of the villain in the middle became a snake body, and the other end was a snake head. There were many deformations in the post-classical period, but the basic shape changed completely, becoming the image of Quetzalcoatl, with fan-shaped feathers on the upper part and snake heads on the lower part of the middle snake body.
The image of Quetzalcoatl can also be seen in the famous Bonanpak Painting Gallery in Mayan ruins. To say its image, it is a bit like the cow's head and antlers invented by China people, the snake's body and scales, Tiger Claw's long beard, and the dragon that can walk on clouds. At least in the basic combination of the snake's main body and the soaring momentum (feather snake's feathers), it is consistent. In addition, the carving of the snake head on the double-headed stick held by Mayan priests is similar to that of the dragon head. Some people say that Maya Quetzalcoatl was brought to the dragon by China people in Shang Dynasty. If this statement is true, then the Maya mentioned in it should be changed to Central Americans first. Because many ethnic groups in Central America worship Quetzalcoatl.
Buildings related to Quetzalcoatl.
1, Courquin pyramid.
Quetzalcoatl came with the rainy season, which happened to be the time of Mayan corn. Therefore, Quetzalcoatl became the most revered god of Mayan farmers, and Qizen-Iza, the largest ancient Mayan city preserved today. There is a pyramid named after Ku Ku Ku Kun, the Quetzalcoatl God. Ku Ku Ku Kun Pyramid is named after the sacrifice to Chen Chi Itza. In Mayan legends, Ku Ku Ku Kun is considered to be their ancient teacher. It is said that he taught people astronomy, mathematics and technology, and made and promulgated laws. When the Mayans gained knowledge and established a country, Ku Ku Ku Kun boarded a spaceship that turned into a snake and returned to his hometown beyond the sky.
Ku Kuerkun Pyramid is the tallest building in the ancient city of Chenchiyi Tea, covering an area of about 3,000 square meters. It consists of two parts, the tower and the temple, with a height of about 30 meters. The bottom of the tower is square, symmetrical on all sides, with big bottom and small top and angular edges. Each side of the abutment is 55.5 meters long, with 9 floors in total. It gradually narrows into a trapezoidal platform with a square temple 6 meters high. There are 9 1 steps on all sides of the tower, and 364 steps on all sides, plus the top platform, which is exactly the number of days in a year. Each side of the tower is neatly arranged with 52 carved stone slabs, and the number 52 also corresponds to a Mayan calendar cycle. Before the construction, this ancient building was carefully designed geometrically, and its accuracy, mystery and dramatic effect amazed future generations: every year at the sunset of the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the side walls of a group of steps in the north will form a zigzag seven-segment isosceles triangle under the sunlight, and together with the snake head carved at the bottom, it looks like a giant snake swimming from the top of the tower to the earth, symbolizing that Quetzalcoatl wakes up at the vernal equinox and climbs out of the temple. Every time this illusion lasted for 3 hours and 22 minutes, every minute was not bad. This mysterious landscape is called "Light and Shadow Snake". The pyramid of Kuerkun is a wonderful display of Mayan architectural geometry knowledge, and the observatory next to the pyramid shows this superb knowledge of geometry and astronomy to the fullest.
2. Samurai Temple in Itza, Chen Chi
In the east of Kukulkun Pyramid, a magnificent four-story pyramid is called the Warrior Temple. In the front and south of the temple, there is a huge square or round stone pillar, called "Thousand Pillars Group", which is used to support a huge palace. The entrance to the samurai temple is a supine statue carved with huge stones. The ancient Mayans called it "Chakmore" statue, and behind it were two quetzalcoatl gods with big mouths. There are many stone buildings in the old town of Ithaca, Chen Chi, within a few kilometers around the central area of Fiona Fang, all of which are relics of the same era.
Compared with the ancient city built earlier by Mayans, Chen Chi Itza's architecture is a little late, but it has its own characteristics. It can also be said that this world-famous samurai temple was the most advanced masterpiece in the world at that time. The temple was built in 1 1 century and is famous for its vast internal area. The dome-shaped stone roof is supported by wooden lintels placed on stone pillars. Now, the roof and lintel are gone, leaving only stone pillars and walls. The samurai temple is carved with extremely rich relief decoration. There are two slender snake-shaped pillars on the gate. The snake head is beautifully carved. There are embossed patterns of the dragon head snake body on the walls on both sides. At the top of both sides of the ladder, there are warrior figures. On the top of the steps leading to the samurai temple, there is a portrait called "Chuck Moore". Archaeological findings show that the Toltecs left many such stone carvings in Yucatan Peninsula. At that time, the priests in Itza, Chen Chi, may have put the heart of the living sacrifice on this reclining portrait.
3. Shengjing
Maya worshiped the rain god very much, and held a grand sacrifice ceremony every spring. On the day of the sacrifice, the king will throw a beautiful girl of 14 years old into the holy well leading to the palace of Rain God, let her be the bride of Rain God, and pray for good weather. While offering sacrifices to beautiful women, priests and nobles also put all kinds of gold and jewels into holy wells to show their sincerity.
After the Mayans suddenly disappeared without a trace, the sacred well with huge treasure in legend gradually disappeared into the wilderness jungle.
In the19th century, an American named Thompson tried to find this "sacred well", and he found a mysterious artificial cave in this feathered snake city. It is said that Thompson once found a big stone in the middle of the temple floor when he was wandering in the temple near Shengjing, and made a hollow sound when knocking at the door. He pried open the slate and found a spacious basement with a big stone pier below. He tried to move the stone pier away, revealing a huge hole below, in which there was a 4-meter-long giant snake coiled in the middle of a square stone house. Thompson killed the snake and jumped into the hole. He found the bones of two people bitten off by snakes on the floor of the cave. There is a big slate under the dead man's bones. He pried open the slate, and there was another vertical hole below. In this way, Thompson pried open five stone slabs in succession. When he pried open the fifth stone slab, a step on the rock was exposed below. Walking down the stairs leads to a stone house carved by hand. The stairs and the house are full of charcoal. After cleaning these things, Thompson found a very big slate on the floor. He tried his best to move the slate, and as a result, a vertical hole with a depth of about 15 meters appeared below. There are countless vases carved with jade and precious stones, necklaces and bracelets made of pearls on the floor of the vertical hole.
1903, Thompson made the treasures found in the temple public. Although he found this artificial cave not far from the holy well and some hidden treasures in the cave, he didn't find the real Mayan holy well.
4. Ithaca Observatory, Chen Chi
The observatory in Ithaca, Chen Chi is an extremely important building in Mayan architecture. This round tower used to be the Maya Observatory, with a height of 12.5 meters. The observatory is built on a two-story platform. Like the Ku Ku Ku Kun Pyramid, the position of the steps on the platform is determined after careful calculation, which matches the important astronomical phenomena. The number of steps and terraces represents the number of days and months in a year respectively. The 52 carved stone tablets symbolize the 52-year cycle in the Mayan calendar. Obviously, the orientation of this building has been carefully considered, and its steps face due north, due south, due east and due west. There is a spiral staircase in the tower, which leads directly to the observation room in Baota Temple. There are some accurate observation well in the room for astronomers to observe and calculate the angle of stars very accurately.
Although what we see today is only the remains of the Mayan Observatory, modern archaeologists can still check the calculation results of the Maya. The deviation angle measured by Maya is only 2 degrees at most, but in fact, the deviation usually does not exceed 0.005 degrees. Such accurate results do not depend on observation instruments such as theodolite. How could the ancients?
With the in-depth study of this observatory and the pyramid of Kuerkun, people are more and more puzzled about the Mayan calendar and astronomical knowledge. It has been found that since ancient Egypt, no nation in the world has been more troubled by the problem that time is gone forever than the Mayans.
So what is the Mayan calendar like? Interested students may wish to have a look with us. At present, it is no exaggeration to say that the Mayan calendar is the most accurate among ancient peoples. How accurate is the Mayan calendar? They divide a year into 18 months, with 20 days in each month, plus five taboo days at the end of the year, which is ***365 days. They calculated that the earth's year is 365.2420 days, while modern people's accurate calculation is 365.2422 days, with an error of 0.0002 days (that is, 24.48 seconds), which means that the error in 5000 is only one day.
The Mayans used a very complicated method to record the dates of important events. This method is based on three different timing methods: in addition to the solar calendar, they also have the Venus calendar and the Zuojin calendar. They calculated that the calendar year of Venus is 584 days, while the calendar year of Venus calculated by modern people is 583.92 days, and the difference between them is only 12 seconds per day. As for the Zorkin calendar, it is a special religious calendar, divided into 13 months, 20 days per month and 260 days per year. Where this calendar came from is really puzzling. Because this chronology is not based on any celestial movement that can be observed on the earth. Former Soviet scholar Kazachev and others believe that Zorkin's almanac was drawn up by the ancestors of Maya on the basis of the operation law of another planet that we don't know yet.
An expert on Mayan civilization wrote: Maya's thinking is moving towards the end of time step by step, and the route of time has been extended to ancient times, into the Millennium, into the Millennium, and finally into the eternal depths that human mind can't imagine and understand. On a stone tablet of the Mayans, they calculated a date more than 90 million years ago. And these are practical calculations, which accurately point out the positions of the sun and the moon. Facing the astronomical figures of Maya, modern people can't help but be at a loss.
Descendants of Quetzalcoatl
Today, the descendants of110 pyramid builders still live in the area of their ancient empire. They have survived tenaciously after a long period of conquest and have their own unique language. "India"-the word contains too many incredible explanations and sights.
1, Zozil people
In order to reach Sancristobal, casas, we have to cross the winding road in the pine forest and the Madre Mountain in Chiapas. Chiapas is the territory of Zozil, the largest indigenous people in Mexico. They are one of the ethnic minorities after the population expansion. Sancristobal is a colonial city, decorated with rose-red tiles. Its architectural appearance is baroque style, and aristocratic houses are carved like candy boxes. It is the capital of Chamra region and Zozil people in India. In the market, people respect people with bronzed skin as they did centuries ago. Their traditional dress is a black wool coat, and their flowing trousers are tied with colorful raw-edge belts.
Among several villages, the village of San Juan Chamra is the largest settlement of Zozil people.
2. Nava people
Puebla, 2162m above sea level, is located in the southeast of Mexico and is the capital of Puebla. This is a city built in 153 1 The original city name was city of angels. It is the glory of 1 10,000 residents. Many bell towers, chapels, spherical roofs of churches, cathedrals and the external walls of Spanish aristocratic houses are all shining with azra Huo tiles, which is really a colorful place.
The Nava region extends to the winding places of Puebla mountains, mountain plains and high-altitude slopes. In winter, the top of the mountain is covered with snow, and heavy rain floods in this area all year round. The farther you go to the hillside of the volcano, the less arable land there is, and the bottom of the valley is covered with residual forests. Since17th century, Spanish colonists have destroyed the forests in this area. They turned trees into charcoal and burned Puebla's ceramics and various bronze and iron handicrafts. 350,000 Nawa people live in this area, and they speak Uteka dialect. Nava people made outstanding contributions in Mexico's war against the French army that supported the Mexican emperor maximilian. Nowadays, people often see dancers in small villages. They wore red trousers and were defeated by the French Juafu regiment. It gives the impression that Indians are the first, followed by Mexicans.
3. Tahaske people
These nomadic people living on the shores of Lake Bazgualo believe in Vulcan and Sun God. They once offered sacrifices to the gods with prisoners decorated with symbols of the sun. Most residents in these villages make a living by fishing and hunting wild ducks with bamboo harpoons. On a big gondola made of tree trunks, you can see fishermen on Kayani Island fishing with slender and beautiful butterfly nets.
In the imagination of Tahaske people, the universe is divided into three worlds: heaven, earth and the underworld. The most important religious ceremony of the Tahaske people is held in San Deronimo every year1October 5th and 6th. This is Holy Dream Day, and people will dance a special dance on this day. Dancers grimaced, wore masks and trousers, imitated hunchbacked old people, pretended to be mature and imitated their past achievements, and suddenly jumped up with the reckless attitude of a smart card. Then, the weight of the years suddenly fell on everyone, making them look like the old man again. The giant mask that plays the old man is made of the pulp of a plant-a very delicate technique that the Spanish had before. The frame of the mask is first bound together with some fine wheat straw and then coated with a layer of mucilage. To make this kind of chewing gum, firstly, the mucus of orchid plants should be dried in the sun, then it should be screened out from rocks containing lime, and finally it should be soaked with special care to make a slurry. This kind of pulp will have good hardness when it is dry, and it can shelter from the wind and rain and cope with other bad weather.
The ancient Maya lived in present-day southern Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. In the long ancient times, the Mayans created brilliant Mayan culture with their intelligence and blood and sweat. Kuerkun Pyramid, Samurai Temple, Holy Well, etc. These wonderful buildings are treasures in this treasure house.
=================================================================================
Quetzalcoatl and the God of Darkness
During the reign of Quetzel Koyatel, the Quetzel God, various products needed by people's life were very rich. Corn God, Flower God, Rain God, Water God, etc. Help people farm and get rich, and harvest corn. The gourd is as thick as a human arm, and cotton of various colors grows by itself without being dyed by people. Birds with full plumage are flying and singing in the sky. Rich in gold, silver and precious stones. The Trzan world has become peaceful, and life has become rich and peaceful.
But this happy period is not long. The three militant and bloodthirsty gods are very jealous of the peaceful and peaceful life of Koyatel and his subjects, and feel that they are ignored by people, so they plot to subvert them. These three gods are Keiko Bo Chetri, the God of Darkness, Diskett Tripoka and Trakhupan, the God of Demons.
They bewitched the capital city of Turan under the leadership of Diskett Tripoka. The god of darkness, dressed as a white-headed old man, came to the palace of Ketzkel Koyatel and said to his attendants:
"Please take me to the Quetzalcoatl. I want to talk to him."
The guard advised him to step down because Quetzker Koyatel was not feeling well and could not receive visitors.
But the dark god tried to get them to tell him that he had come to heal him, so the guards went in and told him for him that Quetzalcoatl was allowed to meet him.
After the cunning dark god entered the bedroom of Quetzalcoatl, he pretended to care about the sick god: "How is your illness?" He asked, "I brought you a panacea specially." Just drink it! "
"You're just in time," Quetzalcoatl replied. "I have been thinking about your arrival for many days. My illness is already quite serious, and my whole body has been affected, and my hands and feet can't move. "
The dark god told Quetzalcoatl that his medicine was of great benefit to Quetzalcoatl's health. Quetzalcoatl drank some medicine and felt his spirit improved immediately. One of the treacherous darkness persuaded Quetzalcoatl to drink one cup after another. In fact, this medicine is the latest wine brewed in Dionysus. Soon, Quetzalcoatl got drunk and was at the mercy of his secret enemy.
After Diskette Tripoka charmed Quetzalcoatl with tequila, he decided to seduce the daughter of King Weimar, who managed Turan's secular affairs according to Quetzalcoatl's wishes. The dark god wants to destroy the inheritance of Quetzalcoatl and his image in people's hearts.
The God of Darkness disguised himself as a handsome Indian and went to Weimar's palace under the pseudonym of Tuweiyu.
Weimar's daughter is so beautiful that the king regards her as the apple of his eye. Although many suitable princes and nobles went to propose marriage, they were rejected because they couldn't get the favor of the princess whose eyes were higher than the top. The princess saw Tu Yu Wei in disguise by chance, and was attracted by his vigorous and wild naked body, which aroused the love desire of men and women who had been suppressed for too long. And the fire is getting stronger and stronger, which makes you swoon, eat, sleep and indulge in it. After discovering the cause of his daughter, King Weimar decided to summon the strange Tuweiyu out of love for her.
Du Weiyu was taken to the king and fell to the ground in fear.
"The villain deserves to die, and your highness is seriously ill with his dirty body, which makes sense."
Weimar was distressed to think that if she killed the stranger, her daughter would be dead, so she had to take a step back and say:
"In that case, do you have any good ways to make my daughter recover?"
"The villain is neither a wizard nor a good doctor. Only this naked body can be controlled by the princess. " The cunning dark god said with ulterior motives.
Weimar thought so, so she went to the princess palace to wait on him. Soon, the princess recovered from her illness and her face became more rosy and beautiful. The lingering affair with Tu in the palace spread all over the palace all day. King Weimar had no choice but to let them get married.
This strange incident between Tu Yu Wei and the princess made all the subjects very dissatisfied. They often talk one after another: "How can such a lovely princess marry an immoral person?" This must be a demon, specially to seduce the princess. "
Weimar was ashamed when she heard the complaints of her subjects. In order to distract his subjects, he decided to go to war with his neighbor, Cotpunk, at the instigation of the dark god.
The Toltecs were drafted into the army, armed to the teeth and actively preparing for war. When they came to Cotpunk, a neighboring country that also believed in Quetzalcoatl, they planned to let Tu Yu Wei lead his entourage, hoping to kill him by the enemy. But the dark god and his men attacked the city and plundered the land all the way, killing people like hemp, and soon conquered a large area of land in neighboring countries. Weimar held a grand celebration for Tuviu's victory. Tuviu has Indian warrior feathers in his head and strange yellow and red patterns on his body in recognition of his great military achievements.
The convinced God of Darkness began to carry out his second plan.
In the name of King Weimar of Duran, he held a grand banquet in the city, inviting young men and women from neighboring countries to attend the banquet, where they sang and danced with drums and enjoyed themselves. Diskett Tripoka sang a wonderful song and asked the participants to dance to the beat of his song, so people jumped faster and faster. In the end, his pace made them crazy. They involuntarily followed the beat of the death song of the god of darkness and rolled into a deep valley, turning into messy stones.
Later, under the guise of a warrior named Dejiwa, the dark god invited the residents of Duran City and its suburbs to visit a garden named Hotitra. When people gathered together, he used magic to make a big hoe attack them unscrupulously, killing many people present, and the rest of the people who fled in panic trampled on each other, killing and injuring all.
Then, Diskett Tripoka and his partner Trahupan came to the biggest market in Turan. There, Destri Boca held a very small baby in her hand. He made him care about dancing and playing magic. This baby is the god of war Keiko Bochetelli. When the Toltecs saw this strange trick, they rushed to see it. As a result, many people were trampled to death. This made the Toltecs (a branch of the Aztecs) very angry. They killed the dark god and the god of war according to the trick of Trahupan.
Who knows, after the death of these two gods, the bodies gave off a poisonous stench, which made thousands of Toltecs sick and died. So the demon god Trahupan urged people to throw away the bodies. But when people were ready to move the body, they found that it was too heavy to move at all. They gathered hundreds of soldiers to tie the body with a rope, but it broke when they pulled the rope. Everyone who pulled the rope fell to the ground and died.
Trahupan's dark magic made the Torteks in Duran very uneasy. It is obvious to them that their country is declining in chaos, as if the end is coming.
Quetzalcoatl was very disappointed and angry when he saw that his subjects had driven the country to such a state. He decided to leave Turan and return to his native land, Trabaland. He set fire to all the palaces he built and buried all his treasures. He made the fields barren, the trees withered, and drove the livestock to the southern plateau; He dimmed the sun. He ordered all the full-fledged birds to leave the Annawak Valley and follow him to the distant old country.
Sadly, he came all the way to a place called Gua autran. He is resting under a big tree there. He asked his entourage to bring him a mirror.
He looked at his face in the mirror and shouted, "I am old!" " "Then, he walked forward again, accompanied by a flute player. Tired of walking, he sat on a stone to have a rest. He left a handprint on the stone, which was later called "handprint".
At Koapan's place, he met a god who opposed him.
"Where are you going?" They asked him maliciously, "Why did you leave your capital?"
"I'm going back to Tlapa," said Quetzalcoatl. "That's where I came from."
"Why do you want to go back?" The demon gods asked.
"I must go back to our father," Quetzalcoatl replied. "One day, you must also go back there. At that time, I will come back here! "
"Then, you can go happily," they said, "but please teach us everything you know!"
"You don't need these, you will only destroy, bloodthirsty and war. Unless one day when I come from the sea, people will need them. " Quetzalcoatl said proudly.
Then he came to the seaside, set foot on a raft made of snakes and drifted to Trabaland.