Hui nationality is an inherent nationality bred and grown up on the land of China. Before the Hui nationality appeared in China, there was no such nation in the world. However, she is not a nation formed by the integration and development of a clan and tribe in ancient China, but is basically a nation formed by the people of all ethnic groups who believe in Islam at home and abroad in the long-term historical development. Therefore, the ethnic origin of the Hui nationality is a pluralistic combination of indigenous and non-indigenous people at home and abroad in terms of race and ethnic composition, and the emergence of various sources comes first and then comes. At the same time, the introduction and development of Islam in China also played an important role in her formation.

1. Muslim "Ke Fan" in Tang and Song Dynasties

The origin of the Hui nationality can be traced back to the Muslim "Ke Fan" who lived abroad in the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Tang and Song Dynasties were one of the important periods of the highly developed feudal society in China and its opening to the outside world. At that time, the Arabs in West Asia established a "grain power" with the Atlantic Ocean in the west and China in the east under the banner of Islam (China's title to the Arab Empire since the Tang Dynasty was the transliteration of Persian Tazi or Taziks, originally the name of a tribe). China and Arab countries, one east and one west, maintain frequent exchanges in politics, economy and culture. According to "Biography of the Western Regions in the Old Tang Dynasty", in the second year of Yonghui, Tang Gaozong (65 1), the third caliph Osman (reigned from 644 to 656) sent an envoy to China for the first time. After the formal establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Arab countries, food envoys and "tribute envoys" kept coming to China, sometimes once a year and sometimes twice a year. According to China's historical records, envoys of the Tang Dynasty visited China 37 times. In Arabia, Persia and other places, hordes of Muslim businessmen and missionaries of all ethnic groups came in an endless stream. After they came to China, they concentrated in Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Yangzhou, Hangzhou and other places on the southeast coast of China, and went deep into Chang 'an and Kaifeng in the mainland to sell spices, ivory, jewelry and rhinoceros horn, and brought back silk, tea, porcelain and other commodities from China. Because they are mainly engaged in business, people in China call them "rice merchants" and "Shang Hu". People of all ethnic groups in food-eating countries come to China for trade and generally return to China in winter. However, due to the frequent and profitable business and the encouragement of the Tang and Song governments to commercial trade, many people stayed in China and called it "living in the Tang Dynasty". This was a remarkable feature of China's friendly exchanges with Arab countries at that time, and it was also the reason why Arabs and Persians moved to China in the early days. After they arrived in China, they got married and had children, learned Chinese and gradually integrated into China society. At the same time, in order to meet the needs of their religious life, they built worship temples and cemeteries in residential areas, maintaining their unique cultural personality. It should be said that "Ke Fan" in this period was still an expatriate, so it was not called "Hui" and did not constitute a nation in China. Only in the Yuan Dynasty, due to the eastward migration of a large number of Hui people, their identities changed, and they were called "Ke Fan Hui people" and "Nanfan Hui people", which became an integral part of the origin of Hui people.

2. Hui people who moved eastward in Yuan Dynasty

In the Yuan Dynasty, Hui people generally referred to Turkic peoples who believed in Islam in Central Asia and Arabs and Persians in West Asia. The eastward migration of Hui people was closely related to the rise of Mongolian khanate in northern China at that time and the major political, military and social changes it triggered. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mongolian Khanate rose. On the basis of uniting the Uighur, Haziru and other ethnic groups in the east and west of the Green Ridge to attack and destroy the Western Liao, Genghis Khan and his successors launched three large-scale Western Expeditions, and conquered vast areas of Central Asia and West Asia within half a century, including various countries and ethnic groups that believe in Islam to the west of the Green Ridge, east of the Black Sea and south. As mentioned earlier, Mongolia's western expedition, one city and one land per gram, will routinely include craftsmen and women and children as slaves, and young people will issue conscription. In this way, with the victory of every war, turkic peoples in Central Asia and Persians and Arabs in West Asia were moved to the East as prisoners of war to participate in the war in the south. Among them were commissioned officers, craftsmen, women and children who were captured and plundered, and some scholars and elites, totaling hundreds of thousands. At the same time, due to Mongolia's western expedition and the extensive traffic between China and the West, the number of voluntary businessmen is unprecedented. These followers of Islam, who come from different regions, different nationalities and use different languages, are scattered all over the country, such as the Yellow River and the Great Wall, under the same name of Hui, and have different social identities, such as herding, artisans, businessmen, officials, scholars and teachers.

During this period, Uighur social activities played an important role in war and agriculture. In the nearly half century before the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, most of the Hui people who lived among the Hui people were classified as "Hui people's army" or "pro-Western region army", as well as "Ha Ci Lu Army" and "Al Xiongnu Army" which were famous for their national origins. Since the end of Genghis Khan's expedition to the west, he has been sent to the south to participate in the wars to destroy Xixia, Jin Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty, and has been transferred to various places. At this time, the war played a very important role in the social life of Uighur. But when they are not fighting, they are also cultivating pastures in the town. This life of "getting on the horse is for fighting and getting off the horse is for grazing" makes the Hui people gradually integrate into the local social life and become local residents.

After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, the social economy of Uighur entered a new period of development. The relative stability of the whole country provides a convenient social environment for their development in all aspects. From the Yuan Dynasty to the 10th year of Yuan Dynasty (1273), Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu ordered all kinds of garrison troops to "join the society, join the people, etc. anywhere". Since then, a large number of Hui Hui soldiers have been working in agriculture under the social system and gained the status of ordinary farmers. At the same time, however, some people still live a life of military and agricultural integration, farming fields and participating in local garrison, which is the so-called "garrison" population. The garrison population lives in compact communities, and people who join the society can live in compact communities or live together with other ethnic groups. The original intention of establishing cooperatives is to convince farmers. There are generally 50 cooperatives, and a chairman is appointed to supervise agricultural production. This is the basic unit of rural society, which can be said to be the beginning of returning to a camp, a village or a village where a camp and a person live together. The connection between "herding" and "herding" can also be said to be the beginning of later Hui farmers' sideline in herding cattle and sheep.

During this period, in addition to mainly participating in agricultural production, a considerable number of people engaged in handicraft production. The reason is that the Mongolian ruling class pays more attention to all kinds of skilled craftsmen. In the Western Expedition countries, craftsmen were mostly captured rather than killed, and were selected and moved to the East to engage in the production of munitions and daily necessities; After the war, the method of restraint was adopted to gather craftsmen of all ethnic groups for handicraft production. Of course, the number of Hui craftsmen moving eastward is less than the number issued by the chief officials of the Hui people, but the total number is also considerable. After the Hui craftsmen came to China, many of them were incorporated into the official handicraft bureau of the Yuan government and nobles, engaged in construction, textile, weapons, leather, felting, gold and silver utensils and brewing, and some were assigned to empresses and consorts as slaves. As a private group, they were called "Cha Cha Kou" and served the lords.

According to the Biography of Hassan in Yuan Dynasty, after Wokuotai Khan ascended the throne, Hassana took command of Ahe Hun Army, with 3,000 craftsmen, stationed in Xunmagan (Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province), set up a silk weaving bureau called Nayusi (translated in Persian as Nasij), and also set up Nayusi Department in Hongzhou (now Yangyuan, Hebei Province), which owns the western regions. Lost money is a western brocade inlaid with gold thread and pearls. Bright colors and novel styles are regarded as treasures. It is an essential raw material for the royal family to sew banquet dresses in the Yuan Dynasty. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the Ministry of Industry of the official handicraft bureau specially set up a department to relieve Sada's stabbing and bullying, and craftsmen led by Hui people Tie Dingding knitted Sada's stabbing and bullying. Sata is a kind of western brocade, made of dog and rabbit hair, imitating western silk. It is very beautiful. Hui Hui craftsmen are also good at weaving felt products. During the 30 years from the second year of Dade (1298) to the fifth year of Taiding (1328), craftsmen of various colors knitted as many as 13 kinds of carpets for Shangdu Palace, Model Ears and Emperor Cinema. Among them, "anti-shearing felt" is listed as a first-class product.

Hui Hui occupies a special position in the production of weapons industry. For example, the manufacture and use of "Hui Hui Gun" depends on Hui Hui people. The Yuan government attached great importance to the training of Hui Hui's military craftsmen and gunners, and also set up an office, namely the General Administration of Hui Hui Gunners. In the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty (1279), 600 new soldiers attached to Huai River and Huai River were mobilized, most of them were Mongolian, Hui, Han and Xinfu who could make guns, and they were returned to the gunner's marshal's office. Later, it was changed into tens of thousands of houses of Hui gunner craftsmen, which was third-class. In the third year of Zheng Zheng (132 1), he took back his gunner and went to Runing (now runan county, Henan) and Xincai (now Xincai, Henan) to teach marksmanship. Xu Da, a general in the early Ming Dynasty, still used the Hui gun when attacking Suzhou City, indicating that this kind of gun was mass-produced in Yuan Dynasty.

Hui craftsmen have also made outstanding contributions to the construction of Mobei City and palaces. During the Khan period in Wokuotai, Helin City (also known as "Haci Helin") was built with Wan 'an Pavilion as the center, so many Hui craftsmen participated in Hal and Linger located in the upper reaches of the Orhun River in Mongolia today. According to witness Guillaume de Rubruquis, the French envoy, Helin City is a magnificent building complex. In addition to the magnificent palaces, the city has also built many official residences and warehouses. There are two urban areas, one is the urban area and the other is the Hancheng area. This is a place where businessmen and craftsmen live and build together. There are various religious buildings, including two Hui Hui worship temples. (1) and Lincheng's construction services have made craftsmen of all ethnic groups reach 1500, which lasted for more than ten years, including more than 500 craftsmen in Hui Hui. In addition, Wokuotai also hired Hui craftsmen to build another palace in Jiaxu Chahan Lake, north of Helin, called Sweeping Neighborhood City, as a spring hunting palace; In the south of Helin City, there is Tusu Lake City (Yingjia Hall), which is the place to return to Helin from Wengjinhe, the land of winter camp. In the era of Mongolian Khan, Kublai Khan was ordered by the military to cover up affairs in the desert south of the Han Dynasty, and built a city palace in the north of Luanhe River east of Zhou Huan, named Kaiping (east of Zhenglan Banner in Inner Mongolia today), which became the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. Kaiping City architecture is the essence of the architectural art of all ethnic groups in China at that time, with a large scale and great momentum. Hui Hui Street in the urban area of Outer City Street is a place where Hui Hui craftsmen or businessmen engaged in construction live in compact communities, and Hui Hui Temple in the area is a place where they gather for religious activities such as rituals.

Hui people's contribution to the construction of the capital of Yuan Dynasty is particularly outstanding. Back to the famous architect He Dieerding (? -13 12) is the designer and project organizer of the imperial palace and Miyagi in the Yuan Dynasty. He lived in China for four years (1263) and asked Qionghua Island (now the predecessor of Beijing Beihai Park) to repair it. Three years later, the Guanghan Palace on Qionghua Island was completed. In the third year of Yuan Dynasty (1266), Heidie Erding was appointed as the general manager of all kinds of craftsmen in Dieer Ding Bureau, and jointly built Miyagi with Zhang Rou and Duan Tianyou. Ye Heidie Erding made an overall plan for the metropolitan palace complex, such as the palaces of emperors and officials, memorial halls, pavilions where concubines lived and enjoyed, garden ponds, guards, chariots and horses and other courtiers' living rooms. Led and designed by Ye Heidie Erding, the building project of the Imperial Palace in Yuan Dynasty had a positive impact on the construction and development of the Forbidden City in Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties and even the whole city of Beijing. Yehei Dierdin is an Arab. At that time, many Arab craftsmen and artists moved to China. They are called "Hu Rao Liang Jiang" and are one of the main participants in Helin, Shangdu and Dadu buildings. During this period, the official handicraft industry coexisted with the family handicraft industry combined with the individual agricultural economy. This handicraft production should be said to be spread all over the Hui people's inhabited areas, mainly to meet the needs of agricultural production and make some tools and daily necessities for agricultural production. At the same time, operators engaged in animal husbandry also make simple tools for animal husbandry production, and some are engaged in fur products. Generally speaking, the cottage industry in this period developed under the influence of the official handicraft industry.

In the Yuan Dynasty, if the Hui people had a great economic impact on society, they should first promote their commercial and trade activities. As early as before the founding of Mongolia, Huizhou merchants traveled to and from the Western Regions, Mobei and the Central Plains, exchanging grain, silks and satins, cloth, etc. for animal products such as hides of nomadic people and selling them by hand. After Genghis Khan founded the People's Republic of China, some Hui businessmen operated or lent money for Mongolian aristocrats. Mongolians call it "Wotuo" (transliteration of Turkic name, meaning businessman, official businessman), who manages luxury goods such as gold, silver, jewelry and brocade for khans, nobles and friends, and some of them also participate in Genghis Khan's early entrepreneurial activities, and they are in trouble with * * *. The trade between Genghis Khan and Central Asia mainly depends on Hui businessmen. Later, with Mongolia's Western Expedition and the establishment of the Post Road, especially after the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, from Mobei to Hainan, from the northeast to the western regions, no matter "those who are thousands of miles away from this border, such as those who leave their homes and live in Wan Li, live next door", the traffic between China and the West is very smooth, and Mongolian rulers give various preferential treatments to Hui businessmen, so the number of businessmen in the western regions far exceeds that of the previous generation. Their activities spread all over the country, including Quanzhou, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang and other cities in the southeast coast, which are important places for their business activities, and some of them also went deep into the northernmost Tibetan areas of Lingbei Province, such as Jilikis, Bahu, Holly and the southwest frontier. Yuan people said that "Dajia is good at land and water, and it is a famous city in the world, and it must be in Tianjin, specializing in its fat." Spices, jewels, gold and silver vessels, medicinal materials, etc. Is their main commodity. Some Huizhou merchants are also good at maritime trade. They have been to more than ten countries and regions in Asia and Africa, including the present Philippine Islands, Indian zhina Peninsula, Indonesian and other South Asian regions, the Persian Gulf coast, Arabian Peninsula and the east coast of North Africa. The taxes they paid played an important role in the fiscal revenue during the Yuan Shizu period, which was "funded by the army". During the Yuan Dynasty, there were merchants who bought and sold treasures called Zhahu Dazhu, and the price was as high as 600,000 ingots. During the reign of Wu Zongshi, the China Municipal Government needed to eat sheep, which was supplied by Alau Wading, a returning businessman who trafficked Zhejiang salt for profit. These facts can reveal the abundant capital of Huizhou merchants at that time. In the Yuan Dynasty, the royal family often gave Huizhou merchants tiger symbols, round cards and post office letters, and sent them to the western regions to buy exotic things. After the goods they trafficked were presented, they demanded a huge "return", which was called "selling China" and became the burden of the Yuan government.

Huizhou merchants not only have the ability to make money, but also have the ability to manage money, so many people are valued by the emperor and enter the official career. For example, during the Taizong Wokuotai period, Guidu stabbed the full tax collector to death; At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Quanzhou Pu Shougeng was appointed as a city merchant. After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, he became Zuo Cheng, a Chinese book, and the governor of Fujian. His son, Pu Ren, was the commander-in-chief of Zuo Fu, and his father and son were hereditary and prosperous for a while. During the sai-jo period, Ahema was good at managing money, that is, worshiping the politics of Zhongshu and being the left prime minister; Umar regards businessmen as Zuo Cheng, Gansu Province, and so on.

Most of the Hui merchants in Yuan Dynasty were small-scale operators except big businessmen. Most of them are engaged in small-scale trade and long-distance trafficking of daily necessities, which has played a positive role in promoting material exchanges in various regions.

The above is the economic life of Hui people in Yuan Dynasty. Politically, because they entered the feudal society of China from the feudal society of Central Asia and West Asia, they had different social identities. Under the new historical conditions, due to political, military, economic and other reasons, some upper-class Hui people directly entered the ruling group of feudal countries in the Yuan Dynasty, and were basically upper-class people, enjoying various feudal privileges; Due to the feudal system of Mongolian nobles, women and children captured from the East are generally assigned to Mongolian nobles for possession and use as slaves. Their identity and life changes depend on their master's mood. The decrees of the Yuan Dynasty affirmed this relationship many times. Both Sergeant Hui Hui, who was incorporated into the "army", and Hui Hui craftsmen, who were incorporated into the official handicraft bureau, were slaves and semi-slaves of feudal countries and Mongolian nobles, and their personal status was not completely free. At this time, the Uighurs already had the economic conditions mainly based on agriculture, and at the same time, some people were famous for being good at business. With the emergence of the landlord economy and the further establishment of the four-tier system of Mongolian aristocrats, especially under the strong influence of the feudal system with a long history of Han nationality, the Chinese law was widely adopted in the Yuan Dynasty, which led to great changes in Uighur politics, economy and culture. In this case, the Hui society gradually became feudal, and it was divided into the ruling class that enjoyed various feudal privileges and the ruled class that assumed various feudal obligations.

Hui officials with "roots" and "doors", as well as descendants of officials, wealthy businessmen and landlords, are all ruling classes in Hui society. Together with Mongolian aristocrats and Han landlords, they oppressed and exploited people of all ethnic groups. Huizhou merchants who specialize in commercial usury exploitation are a special class of this class, which is called "Hantuo" in history. Most of them are "dajia and wealthy businessmen", whose characteristic of releasing money is to charge high interest, which is called "taking off money" or "taking off official money". The annual interest is almost equal to the debt, and after the interest is paid, the interest doubles year by year, which leads to the borrower "often selling farmland houses, but his wife can't afford them", so many people go bankrupt.

Ordinary farmers, craftsmen and domestic slaves in Hui society were the ruled class and direct producers in Yuan society. Hui farmers should provide real land rent and labor land rent to feudal countries, Mongolian nobles and landlords; Hui craftsmen are limited to handicrafts. They can't produce independently, have no personal freedom, and are in a more difficult situation; Domestic slaves live at the bottom of society. In the families of kings, royals and nobles, they undertake all kinds of complicated housework or herding livestock. They have no freedom and private property, and their work is extremely heavy. Under certain conditions, although they may be allowed to establish a family and own a small amount of property, the next generation will continue to transform into herders who rely on nobles. Generally speaking, the ancient Bimeng people, as a part of the Semu people in the Yuan Dynasty, were not as good as the Han people, but better than the Han people, so they were treated better than the Han people in official positions, imperial examinations, cover-up punishment and private soldiers. According to documents, there were many officials in the Yuan government, including as many as 32 people who held important positions such as prime minister of Zhongshu province, political affairs in Pingzhang, and participation in politics. There are as many as 65 people in Lingbei, Liaoyang, Henan, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang and other provinces who hold important positions such as prime minister, peace chapter and participation in politics. As for the central departments of the Yuan Dynasty and local government agencies at the provincial, state and county levels, there are officials such as Lu Huachi. On the one hand, it reflects the important position and power of Uighurs in the central and local governments of the Yuan Dynasty, on the other hand, it also shows that the class differentiation within Uighurs is extremely obvious. Different from some people engaged in usury exploitation. Some people can hold imperial edicts, wear tiger symbols, ride post horses, practise jobbery and enjoy various feudal privileges. According to the decrees of the Yuan Dynasty, the palm religion of Islam, like monks, Taoists, Jezsik (meaning "elders") and other clergy, is often not a servant and enjoys tax-free preferential treatment. In fact, in the real life of the Yuan Dynasty, only the descendants of officials, valve readers and other upper-class Uighurs could get these privileges. The Uighur people are in a position of powerlessness, exploitation and oppression. They were forced to move eastward and come to China for the rest of their lives. Many of them became slaves of Mongolian nobles. Under the heavy labor, land rent, station service and military service, some even married and had children, and their families were ruined.

Religiously, the Hui people in the Yuan Dynasty basically maintained their own Islamic beliefs and customs evolved from teachings. They have established many worship temples in residential areas all over the country. In some large worship temples, there are already specialized personnel responsible for teaching, paging worship, teaching methods and temple affairs. The person in charge of Islamic law is called "Hade", who is a clergyman in charge of trial. He can handle marriage and property disputes between Muslims according to Islamic law and judge the rights and wrongs between them. In the imperial edicts, decrees and other documents of the Yuan Dynasty, the worship hall was called "Mishiji" (Arabic Mesjid transliteration) or commonly known as "Hui Hui Temple"; Call palm teaching "Hui Hui palm teaching" and "Hui Hui master"; Call Islamic law "returning to law" and "returning home law", and so on. At this time, Muslims spread all over the country, so Islam naturally spread to the whole country. This is a major change in Chinese Islam since the Tang and Song Dynasties.

In the Yuan Dynasty, if the Hui people had a great economic impact on society, they should first promote their commercial and trade activities. As early as before the founding of Mongolia, Huizhou merchants traveled to and from the western regions, Mobei and the Central Plains, exchanging grain, silks and satins and cloth for animal products such as skins of nomadic people and selling them by hand. After Genghis Khan founded the People's Republic of China, some Hui businessmen operated or lent money for Mongolian aristocrats. Mongolians call it "Wotuo" (transliteration of Turkic name, meaning businessman, official businessman), who manages luxury goods such as gold, silver, jewelry and brocade for khans, nobles and friends, and some of them also participate in Genghis Khan's early entrepreneurial activities, and they are in trouble with * * *. The trade between Genghis Khan and Central Asia mainly depends on Hui businessmen. Later, with Mongolia's Western Expedition and the establishment of the Post Road, especially after the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, from Mobei to Hainan, from the northeast to the western regions, no matter "those who are thousands of miles away from this border, such as those who leave their homes and live in Wan Li, live next door", the traffic between China and the West is very smooth, and Mongolian rulers give various preferential treatments to Hui businessmen, so the number of businessmen in the western regions far exceeds that of the previous generation. Their activities spread all over the country, including Quanzhou, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang and other cities in the southeast coast, which are important places for their business activities, and some of them also went deep into the northernmost Tibetan areas of Lingbei Province, such as Jilikis, Bahu, Holly and the southwest frontier. Yuan people said that "Dajia is good at land and water, and it is a famous city in the world, and it must be in Tianjin, specializing in its fat." Spices, jewels, gold and silver vessels, medicinal materials, etc. Is their main commodity. Some Huizhou merchants are also good at maritime trade. They have been to more than ten countries and regions in Asia and Africa, including the present Philippine Islands, Indian zhina Peninsula, Indonesian and other South Asian regions, the Persian Gulf coast, Arabian Peninsula and the east coast of North Africa. The taxes they paid played an important role in the fiscal revenue during the Yuan Shizu period, which was "funded by the army". During the Yuan Dynasty, there was a merchant who presented a treasure for sale, named Zhahu Dazhu, and the price was as high as 600,000 ingots. During the reign of Wu Zongshi, the China Municipal Government needed to eat sheep, which was supplied by Alau Wading, a returning businessman who trafficked Zhejiang salt for profit. These facts can reveal the abundant capital of Huizhou merchants at that time. In the Yuan Dynasty, the royal family often gave Huizhou merchants tiger symbols, round cards and post office letters, and sent them to the western regions to buy exotic things. After the goods they trafficked were presented, they demanded a huge "return", which was called "selling China" and became the burden of the Yuan government.

Huizhou merchants not only have the ability to make money, but also have the ability to manage money, so many people are valued by the emperor and enter the official career. For example, during the Taizong Wokuotai period, Guidu stabbed the full tax collector to death; At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Quanzhou Pu Shougeng was appointed as a city merchant. After the demise of the Yuan Dynasty, he became Zuo Cheng, a Chinese book, and the governor of Fujian. His son, Pu Ren, was the commander-in-chief of Zuo Fu, and his father and son were hereditary and prosperous for a while. During the sai-jo period, Ahema was good at managing money, that is, worshiping the politics of Zhongshu and being the left prime minister; Umar regards businessmen as Zuo Cheng, Gansu Province, and so on.

Most of the Hui merchants in Yuan Dynasty were small-scale operators except big businessmen. Most of them are engaged in small-scale trade and long-distance trafficking of daily necessities, which has played a positive role in promoting material exchanges in various regions.

The above is the economic life of Hui people in Yuan Dynasty. Politically, because they entered the feudal society of China from the feudal society of Central Asia and West Asia, they had different social identities. Under the new historical conditions, due to political, military, economic and other reasons, some upper-class Hui people directly entered the ruling group of feudal countries in the Yuan Dynasty, and were basically upper-class people, enjoying various feudal privileges; Due to the feudal system of Mongolian nobles, women and children captured from the East are generally assigned to Mongolian nobles for possession and use as slaves. Their identity and life changes depend on their master's mood. The decrees of the Yuan Dynasty affirmed this relationship many times. Both Sergeant Hui Hui, who was incorporated into the "army", and Hui Hui craftsmen, who were incorporated into the official handicraft bureau, were slaves and semi-slaves of feudal countries and Mongolian nobles, and their personal status was not completely free. At this time, the Uighurs already had the economic conditions mainly based on agriculture, and at the same time, some people were famous for being good at business. With the emergence of the landlord economy and the further establishment of the four-tier system of Mongolian aristocrats, especially under the strong influence of the feudal system with a long history of Han nationality, the Chinese law was widely adopted in the Yuan Dynasty, which led to great changes in Uighur politics, economy and culture. In this case, the Hui society gradually became feudal, and it was divided into the ruling class that enjoyed various feudal privileges and the ruled class that assumed various feudal obligations.

Hui officials with "roots" and "doors", as well as descendants of officials, wealthy businessmen and landlords, are all ruling classes in Hui society. Together with Mongolian aristocrats and Han landlords, they oppressed and exploited people of all ethnic groups. Huizhou merchants who specialize in commercial usury exploitation are a special class of this class, which is called "Hantuo" in history. Most of them are "dajia and wealthy businessmen", whose characteristic of releasing money is to charge high interest, which is called "taking off money" or "taking off official money". The annual interest is almost equal to the debt, and after the interest is paid, the interest doubles year by year, which leads to the borrower "often selling farmland houses, but his wife can't afford them", so many people go bankrupt.

Ordinary farmers, craftsmen and domestic slaves in Hui society were the ruled class and direct producers in Yuan society. Hui farmers should provide real land rent and labor land rent to feudal countries, Mongolian nobles and landlords; Hui craftsmen are limited to handicrafts. They can't produce independently, have no personal freedom, and are in a more difficult situation; Domestic slaves live at the bottom of society. In the families of kings, royals and nobles, they undertake all kinds of complicated housework or herding livestock. They have no freedom and private property, and their work is extremely heavy. Under certain conditions, although they may be allowed to establish a family and own a small amount of property, the next generation will continue to transform into herders who rely on nobles. Generally speaking, the ancient Bimeng people, as a part of the Semu people in the Yuan Dynasty, were not as good as the Han people, but better than the Han people, so they were treated better than the Han people in official positions, imperial examinations, cover-up punishment and private soldiers. According to documents, there were many officials in the Yuan government, including as many as 32 people who held important positions such as prime minister of Zhongshu province, political affairs in Pingzhang, and participation in politics. There are as many as 65 people in Lingbei, Liaoyang, Henan, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang and other provinces who hold important positions such as prime minister, peace chapter and participation in politics. As for the central departments of the Yuan Dynasty and local government agencies at the provincial, state and county levels, there are officials such as Lu Huachi. On the one hand, it reflects the important position and power of Uighurs in the central and local governments of the Yuan Dynasty, on the other hand, it also shows that the class differentiation within Uighurs is extremely obvious. Different from some people engaged in usury exploitation. Some people can hold imperial edicts, wear tiger symbols, ride post horses, practise jobbery and enjoy various feudal privileges. According to the decrees of the Yuan Dynasty, the palm religion of Islam, like monks, Taoists, Jezsik (meaning "elders") and other clergy, is often not a servant and enjoys tax-free preferential treatment. In fact, in the real life of the Yuan Dynasty, only the descendants of officials, valve readers and other upper-class Uighurs could get these privileges. The Uighur people are in a position of powerlessness, exploitation and oppression. They were forced to move eastward and come to China for the rest of their lives. Many of them became slaves of Mongolian nobles. Under the heavy labor, land rent, station service and military service, some even married and had children, and their families were ruined.

Religiously, the Hui people in the Yuan Dynasty basically maintained their own Islamic beliefs and customs evolved from teachings. They have established many worship temples in residential areas all over the country. In some large worship temples, there are already specialized personnel responsible for teaching, paging worship, teaching methods and temple affairs. The person in charge of Islamic law is called "Hade", who is a clergyman in charge of trial. He can handle marriage and property disputes between Muslims according to Islamic law and judge the rights and wrongs between them. In the imperial edicts, decrees and other documents of the Yuan Dynasty, the worship hall was called "Mishiji" (Arabic Mesjid transliteration) or commonly known as "Hui Hui Temple"; Call palm teaching "Hui Hui palm teaching" and "Hui Hui master"; Call Islamic law "returning to law" and "returning home law", and so on. At this time, Muslims spread all over the country, so Islam naturally spread to the whole country. This is a major change in Chinese Islam since the Tang and Song Dynasties.