The so-called wool refers to the raw jadeite stone that has not been processed after it is mined. Jade hair is generally composed of skin (epidermis), fog and jade meat.
The first part, skin (epidermis). Wool skin is divided into sand skin (rock) and Shui Pi (water stone). In addition, the skin of the half-mountain and half-water stone is thinner than the rock and thicker than the water stone.
The rock wool of Shui Pi Shell includes yellow Shui Pi, yellow white Shui Pi, yellow waxy Shui Pi, brown Shui Pi and yellow red Shui Pi.
Semi-hydrated stone and semi-hydrated stone wool include fine sand skin, water turned skin, reed leaf skin and wax skin.
There are fog, pythons, pine flowers, ringworm and so on. On the leather case, there are stripes, patches, spots and filaments on the switch. Knowing these characteristics well is an important basis for buyers and gamblers to judge the quality and color of jade.
The second part, fog. Fog is between wool skin and jade meat, including white fog, yellow fog, blue mist, black fog and red mist. And the color is obviously different from leather shell and jade meat. The fog in wool can be used to distinguish the origin and quality of products.
The third part, jade meat. Jade meat should generally be observed from four aspects: first, look at cracks, the size and location of cracks, so as to identify how to cut and use materials; The second is to look at the land, that is, the texture, such as glass land, water land, bean green land and so on; Third, look at the color, mainly green, such as brilliant green, sapphire green and so on; The fourth is to look at purity, such as flowers, black spots, dirt and so on. The performance of jade meat is an important basis for buyers to judge the quality and price of raw materials.
Emerald wool
1. Common types of fake jadeite wool
The ever-changing fake wool and fake leather can be summarized into two types: real jade fake leather with poor quality and fake jade fake leather with poor quality.
1. 1 genuine jade fake leather type shoddy
The low-grade and inferior jadeite wool is made into fake leather shell by forgery to cover up its shortcomings and improve the quality of jadeite wool.
1.2 fake jade fake leather type
Use original stones and pebbles from other rocks as jadeite wool, or use pebbles from other rocks as the main body, cut and paste jadeite fragments to make fake "doors" and paste jadeite fragments to make fake "pine flowers", so as to pretend to be jadeite wool.
2 jadeite fake method
2. 1 Fake method and characteristics of genuine jade fake leather type
2. 1. 1 fake leather bag stone method: on colorless low-grade jadeite wool, make fake leather shells to wrap inferior jadeite. Weighing methods of real jade and fake leather stones.
Features: Imitate natural leather shell with various colors, and make fake leather shell to wrap inferior jade materials. There are white sand skin, yellow sand skin, flower skin, black skin and so on. The outer layer of the leather shell is loose and unnatural, and it feels sticky after careful observation.
2. 1.2 Opening and capping method: refers to jadeite that has been opened. When the color is poor, artificial leather is made (the color, texture and color are very similar to the original stone). (For more jewelry identification knowledge, please add WeChat feicuibbs9. ) cover up the skin that has been opened as a high-quality jade raw material.
Features: the method of opening the door and capping only manipulates the door. Therefore, there will be hidden traces and adhesive traces at the junction of fake skin and genuine leather shell, and the color and luster of the two are different.
2. 1.3 hole probing and filling method: in order to find out the internal texture and color of jade with or without skin, the hole is probed. If the hole is found to be of good quality and color, which proves that the jade material is of poor quality and color, the hole will be found out and filled with ordinary jade material. This is the so-called probe hole filling method.
Features: This method is cleverly disguised, but after careful observation, it will be found that the color, texture and luster of the jade material used to fill the hole are very different from the original stone, especially the traces left around the leather shell are very different from the original stone. With the help of a magnifying glass, we can see the internal differences of jadeite.
2. 1.4 Erase decoration method is to erase the original jade stone first, and then erase it by some means to cover it up when it is found that the stone is inferior jade material, which is called erase decoration method.
Features: the color and texture of the rubbing mouth are similar to the original stone, but they are different. Sometimes there will be special colors, which are different from the original stone in luster and adhesion marks, structural morphology, groove-shaped, flaky and concave.
2. 1.5 Forgery of natural law refers to making artificial skin on inferior jadeite, which makes people look like natural weathered original stone. This method is to bury inferior jade in the soil for several years, let it be eroded by rain, and then take it out to pretend to be the weathered original stone in nature. It's called forging the laws of nature.
Features: At first glance, it looks like natural weathered original stone, but after careful observation, the color is not like the weathered original stone just unearthed, and the artificial fake leather shell has some traces of falling off.
2.2 Fake methods and characteristics of fake jade and fake leather
2.2. 1 Use the original stones and pebbles of rocks to pass off the genuine ones as jadeite wool.
(1) diopside marble is used as jadeite wool.
Features: the appearance is yellow-green white, like white sand skin, granular crystal structure, hard, hydrochloric acid bubbling, and the green part is diopside.
(2) using amphibole as raw jadeite cotton
Features: the appearance is black, partially green, like black sand skin, columnar crystal structure, and the density is lighter than that of jadeite. Density determination shows that the main minerals are amphibole and chlorite. Green is chlorite and hornblende.
2.2.2 Sticking jade pieces
Fake wool, such as making fake "doors", is covered with fake leather and pretending to be jade wool. Generally, it consists of four parts: jade patch, main part, adhesive part and fake leather. Jade pieces are usually made of a piece of glass or water jade with a thickness of 5 ~ 6mm, hollowed out (only 2mm thick at the thinnest part) and painted. From the appearance, people feel that there is a kind of green main body with granite and other rocks as fake "jade meat". The bonding part is divided into three layers, and the middle layer is tin foil paper or cardboard. (For more jewelry identification knowledge, please add WeChat feicuibbs9. The purpose is to strengthen the reflection and make the jade piece appear green and bright under strong light. There are 0.50mm thick adhesive layers on the top and bottom of tin foil or cardboard, and the fake skin bonded to the main part is generally about 2mm thick, often imitating red or yellow sand skin.
(1) Slice rocks and pebbles, paste jadeite flakes and pretend to be jadeite wool.
I have seen a piece of so-called "jade wool", yellow-brown yellow sand skin, oval, with a large green roof and delicate texture. The handheld density is lighter than that of jadeite, and the measured density is 2.97g/cm3. Detailed observation shows that the structure of the leather shell around the door is different from that of the lower leather shell, and there is an empty sound on the tapping surface. In fact, it is a colorful jade that opens the door. The main minerals of the fake skin are Yingshi, kaolinite and illite. The main body is felsic pebbles. Take the deception of replacing flowers with wood and transforming yourself.
(2) Make a fake "door" with pebbles of rock and pretend to be jade velvet.
I have seen two so-called "jade hairs", which are yellow in appearance and similar to yellow sand skins. They are cut into two petals of different sizes and then stuck on both sides. So when you open the door, it looks green, delicate in texture, mottled and intertwined, like a kind of jade with good quality. After further observation, at the opening of the door, the yellow crack on the surface was cut off by the skin, and the other large piece was different from the small piece with green shape. The skin has no naturally arranged grains and is very soft, unlike the wool shell of jadeite. The main minerals in shells are dolomite, calcite, jadeite and wolframite, and contain organic matter. These two wool pieces are made by cutting long English pebbles, sticking jade pieces on them, and then wrapping them with fake leather, which is used as high-quality jade wool.
(3) Cut the pebbles on the stone in half and put patches on both sides to pretend to be jade wool.
I once saw a so-called "jade velvet", which looked like fine yellow sand skin. I saw two pieces cut in the middle, and the doors were all green, with delicate texture and mottled crystal structure. There is no doubt that it is jade. After detailed observation, it is found that the green shapes of the large and small pieces at the doorway are different, unlike those cut by a stone, and the leather shell is soft, and there is no natural grain arrangement phenomenon unique to the jade shell. The main mineral components are jadeite, calcite, kaolinite, illite and organic matter. It turned out to be granite pebbles, sliced and stuck with jade pieces, and made fake skin to pretend to be jade velvet.
2.2.3 Use pebbles of rocks to paste jadeite scraps, make fake "pine flowers", cover them with fake skin, and pretend to be jadeite wool.
I have seen two pieces of so-called "jade wool", which are yellowish brown in appearance, like yellow sand skin, and there are several green spots. When I zoom in, green has a mottled crystal structure, which is undoubtedly jade. Careful observation shows that the leather shell is soft and the unique grains of jadeite shell are naturally arranged. Green exposed places have the same hue and uniform structure. One shell is composed of jadeite, calcite and wolframite, and the other shell is mainly composed of calcite, dolomite, yingshi, illite and kaolinite, containing organic matter. It turns out that granite and felsic pebbles are made into fake "pine flowers" by sticking jade chips, and covered with fake skin to serve as high-quality jade wool.
3 Identification of jadeite wool
In working practice, through the study of various types of fake jadeite wool, we can understand the manufacturing method of fake jadeite wool, and then master the characteristics of fake jadeite wool, and summarize the methods to distinguish between true and false jadeite wool.
3. 1 Look, weigh, pat, carve, knock, touch, burn and measure? Wait, it is the basic method to identify the true and false jadeite wool.
Look: Observe the external characteristics, texture, color, structure, cracks and mending of wool with naked eyes, magnifying glasses and microscopes? And other characteristics, to identify the authenticity of wool.
Weighing: weigh by hand or by test. Real wool is heavy, and its density is above 3.00g/cm3. False wool is light, and its density is below 3.00g/cm3.
Lighting: under strong light or sunlight, use opaque metal cards or lamps to observe the color tone around and inside the leather shell, the trend of green, the change of luster and the intensity of reflection. Real wool has bright and natural color, obvious green trend, strong luster and light resistance, and has a gradual relationship with the surrounding parts. False wool is gray, unnatural in color, irregular in green trend, with weak luster and dark reflection, which is completely related to the surrounding parts.
Carving: Carve with a knife or hardness pen and measure its hardness. Real wool has a dense and solid surface, high hardness and Mohs hardness. (For more jewelry identification knowledge, please add WeChat feicuibbs9. ) There is no sand shedding in carving. The surface of the fake wool is evacuated and soft, and the Mohs hardness is less than 7, so there is sand removal in the engraving.
Tap: To tap a sound with a hard object. Real wool, dense structure, solid and crisp sound, the same as the surrounding sound. False wool, soft structure, dull sound, different from the surrounding sound.
Touch: Touch to distinguish. Real wool feels smooth and the particles will not peel off. The fake wool feels hard and the particles have sand falling.
Burn: burn on an electric stove or alcohol lamp or blanch with boiling water. Real wool, tasteless, non-smoking, non-discoloring, fake wool, smelly, smoky and discolored.
Detection: Gem microscope, polarizing microscope or conventional instruments such as polarizer, gravimeter, hardness pen, refractometer, dichroic mirror, color filter, spectroscope and fluorescent lamp are generally used. If further research is needed, modern instruments such as infrared spectrometer, Raman spectrometer, fluorescence spectrometer, electron probe and scanning electron microscope are used.
3.2 Contents and procedures for identifying genuine and fake jadeite wool
3.2. 1 authenticity of leather shell
(1) External characteristics of leather shell
Leather shell: it has the unique natural grain arrangement phenomenon of jadeite shells, and its texture is hard. In addition to the phenomenon of mineral particles peeling off by hand rubbing, the water stone shell is solid, hard objects are not easy to peel off, the sound is crisp, the color is natural and the structure is uniform. If there is any change, there is no obvious boundary with the surrounding parts, and there is a gradual relationship with cracks and late filling, which represents the product of multi-stage geological processes.
Fake leather shell: There is no natural grain arrangement unique to jadeite shell, with loose texture, hard hand feeling, sand falling when touching the knife, dull knocking sound, unnatural color and too uniform structure. If there are changes, there will be no cracks, and there will be no late filling.
(2) Material composition of the shell
X-ray powder crystal analysis, infrared spectrum analysis and polarizing microscope research. The leather shell is mainly jadeite minerals, while the artificial leather shell without organic matter includes jadeite, calcite, dolomite, kaolinite and sodalite. It contains organic matter, but mainly jadeite and carbonate minerals. Emerald is mainly the crushed products of other jadeite wool skins. Carbonate minerals are mainly broken carbonate rocks, which will bubble when encountering hydrochloric acid. The presence or absence of organic matter is the main basis for distinguishing true and false skins. Because rubber is needed to make fake leather shells, scrape some crumbs on the suspected parts, burn them on an electric stove or scald the leather shells with boiling water. If it smells, smokes or changes color, it is a fake leather shell.
3.2.2 Authenticity of the "door"
False "door", the jade on the door is attached. Look carefully, there are stitches on the skin. The hollowed-out "door" always gives people the feeling of green inside. When you knock, the sound of the hollowed-out place becomes very weak and stuffy, which is different from that of the place without hollowing out.
3.2.3 Authenticity of "Songhua"
If the green fake "Songhua" is pasted, the relationship between the green jade fragments and the surrounding fake skin is completely different, with the same color, similar texture and uniform structure. If it is a green resin substance, it is easy to paddle with a steel needle. The oily oil is shiny and the hot needle reaction is obvious. There are crater-shaped holes, such as green stained with chromium salt, which are pink under the Charles mirror.
3.2.4 Authenticity of "tinea"
"Tinea" refers to black, gray and light gray marks of different sizes and shapes appearing on jadeite wool. "tinea" is composed of sodium fluoride amphibole, a subclass of alkaline amphibole, which shows that jadeite has residual structure and its formation is later than jadeite. The "ringworm" of real wool is closely related to jadeite, and there is a genetic relationship between them: ringworm is easy to color, and at the same time, ringworm eats color, walking with green and living with green. The amount of green depends on the black alkaline amphibole. The more thoroughly jade is explained, the less likely it is to be green. Imitating "tinea" means sticking wolframite powder on the leather shell. The "tinea" of real wool is generally gray-black, with earthy luster and a gradual relationship with the surrounding parts. Imitation of tinea is dark black, smooth and clean, with metallic luster, which is completely related to the surrounding parts.
3.2.5 Density of true and false jadeite raw cotton
According to statistics, the density of real wool is above 3.00g/cm3, with an average of 3. 15g/cm3. The density of fake wool is below 3.00g/cm3.
The identification steps of the above contents are as follows: the authenticity of the leather shell (the external characteristics and material composition of the fake leather shell) → the authenticity of the door (whether it is pasted, hollowed out or painted) → the authenticity of the pine flower (whether it is jade paste, resin or cannon color) → the authenticity of the spot (identifying the luster and the relationship with the surrounding) → the wool density and other tests (the true wool density is 3).
The density of wool is below 3.00g/cm3).
4 conclusion
(1) The fake types of jadeite wool can be divided into two categories: genuine jade fake leather with poor quality and fake jade fake leather with fake quality. (For more jewelry identification knowledge, please add WeChat feicuibbs9. )
(2) Common counterfeiting methods include fake leather bag stone method, door opening and capping method, hole probing and filling method, mouth wiping and decoration method, fake natural method, patch fake skin covering method, and chip fake skin covering method.
(3) Seeing, weighing, patting, knocking, engraving, touching, burning and measuring are the basic methods to identify the authenticity of jadeite wool, which are simple, easy, rapid and effective.
(4) The procedure of identifying the true and false jadeite wool-the authenticity of the leather shell-the authenticity of the door, the authenticity of the pine flower, the authenticity of the tinea, etc.