1. Feel the vivid metaphors in words, enrich the magnificent imagination, and boldly exaggerate.
2. Understand the writing characteristics described in this article, provide motivation for discussion, and increase the depth of description.
3. Understand the cause of Qin's death and the author's purpose of satirizing the present.
Second, understand the era background of Fu
1, Epang Palace, the palace built by Qin Shihuang, is located in this Xi 'an Epang Village. "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor" said: "In the thirty-five years (2 12 BC), the first emperor thought that Xianyang had many people, and the former king's court was small ... So he built a palace in Shanglinyuan, Weinan, and built an anteroom first, with 500 steps from east to west, 50 feet from north to south, with 10,000 people on the top and 50-foot flags on the bottom." When Qin died, all these projects had not been completed. Afang people said: "This palace is famous for its shape and is said to be wide in all directions." In order to build Epang Palace, Qin issued "more than 700,000 prisoners in the hidden palace", which was a huge project, consumed a lot of manpower and financial resources, aggravated the social crisis at that time, and prompted the outbreak of peasant uprising. After Qin's death, this palace was burned by Xiang Yu, and there is still a rammed platform base. This historical lesson is the allegorical significance expressed by Du Mu in Fu.
"A Fang Gong Fu" was written in the Yuan Dynasty of Bao Li, Jing Zong, Emperor Taizong, that is, in 825 AD, Du Mu said in "Intimate Articles": "Bao Li has a big palace, so she calls herself" A Fang Gong Fu ". Tang Jingzong Li Zhan 16 years old succeeded to the throne. He was lustful and lustful, built a lot of buildings, indulged in extravagant feasts, ignored state affairs, and visited strangers, hoping to get the immortal elixir. Therefore, he was killed by eunuch Liu Keming after three years in office. Anticipating the dangerous situation in the Tang Dynasty, the author used this poem to describe Qin's indulgence, extravagance and extravagance, wasting people's money and finally going to extinction. In fact, he used the precedent of Qin to satirize the current affairs of the Tang Dynasty, and advised the rulers of the Tang Dynasty to learn from the past, not to mourn but not to learn, and finally ended up with the result that "future generations will mourn but not die". "
2. Fu; Feed unit
What is a volt?
The genre of this article is "Fu". Fu: It is a special style between ancient prose and verse. That is to say, Chen Qi's story should be told by spreading truth and exaggerating decoration, and things (things) should be described by novel and beautiful words. In writing, more attention should be paid to the use of literary techniques such as description, spreading truth and exaggerating decoration. Fu has developed into a kind of "literary fu", with irregular sentence patterns, random rhymes and emphasis on freshness and fluency. Du Mu's A Fang Gong Fu is a literary fu. Generally speaking, Fu can be divided into three parts in structure.
Order in front, explain the reasons for fu, and use rhyming prose or parallel prose;
In the middle is Fu itself;
There is a "chaos" or "news" part behind, and make a summary of the whole article.
Third, the focus of learning
1. What is the structural level of this article?
Analysis: Four paragraphs can be divided into two parts.
The first part (paragraphs 1 and 2) describes the magnificent and luxurious Epang Palace from the outside to the inside, from pavilions to people's activities, and life in the palace is extremely luxurious.
Paragraph 1: Epang Palace is resplendent and luxurious.
The huge background cost behind the construction of the palace is 12 in front of the first floor.
On the second floor ("overpressure") ... "Take Xianyang directly"), we all know the rules of Hongwei and touch people's hearts.
The third floor ("Erchuan dissolution" ... "I don't know anything") rendered the grandeur, luxury, strangeness, grandeur and layout of the palace.
On the fourth floor ("singing platform is very warm" ... "uneven climate"), people in the palace are active.
The second paragraph: Describe the debauchery and luxury of the ruler's life.
The first floor (the first six sentences) is the source of imperial secretary's pleasure.
The second floor ("Starry Yingying" ... "Shame for 36 Years") is extremely extravagant. Palace life
The third layer (remaining sentences) reveals looting and jewelry display from the description of debauchery.
The second part (the third and fourth paragraphs) discusses and analyzes, pointing out that "Qin loves luxury and does not cherish people's resources, which will naturally lead to the fate of extinction, and exhorts not to repeat the mistakes of the Qin Dynasty.
The third paragraph: Point out the fate that Qin will die.
The first floor (almost ... "Use it like sand") denounced the crimes of the Qin rulers who only cared about their own interests and ignored the people's low ebb.
Become poor, squander
On the second floor ("the pillar of the negative building" ... "Dare to speak and dare to be angry"), the first emperor was denounced by people, so that many people turned against each other.
Indulge in luxury
The third floor (the rest of the sentence) was written concisely, which led to peasant uprising, burning down the palace and then embarking on the road of self-destruction. Qin Huang had no choice.
The fourth paragraph: satirize Li Zhan, king of the Tang Dynasty, not to repeat the mistakes of Qin Shihuang. Don't make the same mistake
Describe Epang Palace from three aspects:
One is to write about the wonders of Epang Palace.
The second is to write about the beauty of Epang Palace.
The third is to write Epang Palace and Treasure Palace.
Write about architecture
A complete picture
The text begins with a broad and lofty panorama, and then
Fine painting is extremely fine and exaggerated, which embodies the style characteristics of Fu.
Write about architectural wonders, palace buildings, corridors, eaves, long bridges, singing platforms and dance halls;
Write beautiful women, describe their origins, describe their gfd, describe their beauty, tell their worries, draw vivid pictures and prepare for rendering;
Writing about treasures means that the six countries plundered mountains, and the Qin people abandoned them as our shoes and regarded them as rubble. These descriptions are brilliant and colorful, fully demonstrating the characteristics of Fu style.
Isn't the purpose of the author's fu to spread the story that Afang officials have large scale, many palaces, many beautiful women and rich treasures?
Through a tower, a palace and a picture of a golden jade, the author aims to show that the extravagance and corruption of the rulers of the Qin Dynasty have reached an unbounded level. In order to maintain this luxurious life, exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees were the root cause of the collapse of the Qin Dynasty. The moving description in the front of the article provides a solid foundation for the macro discussion of justice in the back, summing up the historical lessons of Qin's demise and satirizing reality at the end of the article.
3. The author only used 100 words to describe the magnificence of Epang Palace, but it left a vivid impression on readers. From what angles did the author describe the architecture of Epang Palace? Why is there a huge artistic appeal?
Analysis: In this part, the author adopts a combination of overall writing and detailed writing.
The overall writing part,
The author splashed ink with freehand brushwork and sketched it with a thick pen. "Covering more than 300 miles" means covering a wide range.
"Isolated from the sun" is like a castle in the air;
The sentence "Mount Li" is written to lean against mountains and waters, with extraordinary momentum.
The delicate part of writing,
external
One is to write pavilions and high eaves with overlapping corridors, which are too numerous to mention; Then take the long bridge as the dragon and the complex road as the rainbow (exquisite work)
Set off the grandeur of the palace, holding the pavilion (tall and exquisite. Numerous)
Grand occasion of internal song and dance
Singing on the stage and jumping off the stage is an intertextual writing. Both the stage and the temple can dance, which shows that the palace is full of light singing and dancing.
"In one day, between the palaces, but the climate is uneven" is followed by "warm sound" and "cold can", which further describes the grand occasion of singing and dancing in the palace from people's subjective feelings. These words not only set off many palaces with the complexity of singing and dancing, but also paved the way for the following beautiful women to flood the palaces.
Question, why do you say it's warm here but it's cold?
"The singing platform is warm and the spring is warm; Ballroom cold sleeves, wind and rain sad. Within one day, the climate is uneven between the palaces. "
(1) The "warm ring" causes the feeling of "spring" and the "cold sleeve" causes the feeling of "sadness", which is a kind of "synaesthesia" phenomenon, and everyone knows it.
(2) Someone answered the first question, saying that "cold sleeves" were used because the ancients often used "dancing sleeves" to chant "snow", or used "dancing sleeves" to "dance sleeves", such as "dancing sleeves back to snow and singing clouds" (Shu Shi); "It is like a swallow and its sleeves are like snow" (Zhang Hengshi).
My opinion is that the words "platform", "ballroom", "enthusiasm" and "noise" in the previous sentence are actually intertextual. When writing "song", it includes both "dance" and "song". The "climate" in the latter sentence is not the "climate" in modern Chinese, but is often used to refer to "festivals" or environmental atmosphere in ancient times (see Ci Hai for both). Together, these two sentences mean: in one palace, cheerful songs and dances are being played, while in another palace, sad songs and dances are being played, giving people a feeling of "in one day, between palaces", with different seasons or different environmental atmosphere.
(4) or write the grand palace with the grand occasion of singing and dancing.
Read and experience rich associations and imaginations.
Fourth, basic knowledge such as words and syntax.
1. Guide yourself to read the text 1 and paragraph 2.
You need to study three times over and over again. The specific process is:
For the first time, with the help of notes and reference books, read carefully, focus on understanding the words and dredge the meaning. After reading, the teacher nudged some key words and difficult sentences;
The second time, with the help of the content outline provided by the teacher, I read it carefully and focused on sorting out the two content levels. After reading it, the teacher guides the students to answer the first question "Thinking and Practice".
The third time, with the help of the rhyme provided by the teacher, read aloud softly, focusing on appreciating the beauty of words and the harmonious rhythm of arrogance and dispersion. After reading, guide the students to answer the third question "Thinking and Practice".
On key words and difficult sentences.
Key words:
The original meaning of "Lang Yao Hui" is that it is also "slow" and has the meaning of "lenient" and "slow"; The word "person" in this sentence is annotated as "rope winding", which comes from the meaning of "generosity". The word "person" in the following paragraph is annotated as "long", which is an extension of the meaning of "slow". "Back", the annotation twists and turns. Hui lists the common notional words in classical Chinese as the notional words that should be mastered in this course. Its original meaning is "turn" and "turn" ("drive the cattle to the north when entering the car"), and its extended meaning is "turn, turn" ("green pool, clear reflection"), "twists and turns" and "turn".
① From which aspects do the two paragraphs describe Epang Palace respectively?
(2) From what aspects did the two sides elaborate? Purpose. What is this?
③ What are the functions of these two paragraphs in the full text?
Write two paragraphs separately.
Palace architecture,
In some aspects, we should try our best to write what the rulers at the end of Qin Dynasty pursued, that is, the grand scale, the exquisite eaves of pavilions, the beautiful mystery of long bridges and the magnificent pavilions were all built at the expense of the wealth of the "six kings" and the human and material resources of the "four seas", which shows to what extent they were "extravagant"
Life in the palace,
Mainly write imperial secretary, followed by treasure. The purpose of writing imperial secretary is to highlight its wide source, emptiness of life and tragic fate, and to reflect the degree of dissolute evil of many emperors; The purpose of writing treasures is to highlight the extravagance of Qin Huang. These two paragraphs belong to the "physical object" part, which is the basis of the part discussed later. Its function is to pave the way for revealing Qin Shihuang's decadent and extravagant central idea of self-destruction and give readers a full, concrete and vivid feeling.
About the rhyme of these two paragraphs.
Let me give you two suggestions first:
(1) rhymes basically according to the levels in the above two paragraphs (that is, the required points listed in the outline), and the reason why it doesn't rhyme completely according to the levels is because the combination of parallel prose and parallelism should be considered.
② Rhyme is based on the medieval phonology, not the phonology since Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is more different from modern phonetics; The rhyming method is also different from quatrains and quatrains. It doesn't rhyme at the end, but in the middle.
The specific rhyming situation is as follows:
Paragraph 1: "Bi, Yi, Wu, Chu and Japan" rhymes; "Yang Bi" rhymes; "Pavilion, peck, horn and fall" rhymes; "Dragon, rainbow, east and harmony" rhyme; "Sorrow and qi" rhymes.
The second paragraph: "Sun, Qin and Man" rhymes; "Yan, fade, year" rhymes; "Camp, English" rhymes; "Year, mountain and house" rhymes; "Stone, gravel and pity" rhymes. The six clauses from "Ying Ying Xing" to "I don't know where it is" are a set of parallelism sentences, and the word "Ye" is repeatedly used instead of rhyme, which enhances the momentum of parallelism in one go.
④ What rhetorical devices are used in the four sentences such as "Stars Yingying" in the second paragraph? What are the advantages of writing like this?
Analysis: "Xing Yingying" and "Kaihua makeup mirror" are inverted metaphors. "Starry Yingying" is a metaphor, and "civilized makeup mirror" is the noumenon. The contrast between the shining stars and the cosmetic mirrors opened one after another is both appropriate and vivid. Putting the vehicle in front gives a vivid picture first, and then the ontology explains the reasons, leaving a deeper impression on the readers, which is surprising. "The disturbance of Lv Yun, combing the small joys" is similar to the expression in the previous sentence. In the third sentence, it is exaggerated to say that throwing away fat water annoys Liu Wei, and it is said that there are many beautiful women to wash and dress. In the fourth sentence, it is exaggerated to write that burning pepper orchids causes smoke and fog, and the effect is the same as that in the third sentence. Four-word equivalence, rhyme, fresh metaphor and ingenious exaggeration make people see things in a blur. It is with the help of opening mirrors, combing hair, abandoning fat water and burning pepper orchids that the author vividly wrote the number of beautiful women in the palace and the width of the palace. Writing a palace is to undertake the above; To write beauty is to open the following paragraph. Therefore, the author went on to write about beauty and hope for luck. This floor is all about beautiful women, but from the life experience of beautiful women, we can also see the extravagance of Qin Shihuang. Many works of Da Fu in Han Dynasty were spread out and piled up by themselves. Du Mu, on the other hand, gave full play to the advantages of Fu, deliberately exaggerating, but all the descriptions were for the later discussion and for expressing the theme. It can be seen from the description of beauty in this section.
2. Guide yourself to read the third and fourth paragraphs of the text.
These two paragraphs are not difficult and need to be studied a little faster. The specific process is:
For the first time, I taught myself with the help of notes and reference books. After reading, the teacher puts forward some words and sentences to check the students' understanding and give some instructions.
The second time, you can read silently, quietly or intermittently. While reading, you can appreciate structural ideas and expression skills. Before reading, the teacher suggested the rhyme. After reading, the teacher asked some questions for the students to answer and gave some guidance.
Inspection and guidance on words and sentences;
These words are commonly used in classical Chinese, and there are notes in the textbook, so you should remember them firmly. Pay attention to the writing of "penny" and "pound"; "Nine places", namely "Kyushu". Using "Kyushu" to refer to China originated from the record in Shangshu that Dayu traveled all over the world after harnessing water and divided the world into Kyushu. "Du Fu", from Mencius, refers to a cruel monarch who betrayed his loved ones and ignored others; "Clan", as a solution to "genocide", was a severe punishment in feudal times.
"One person's heart, the heart of the world is also"-that is, "people are connected, the reason is the same", saying that you are doing well, you are like this, and so is everyone in the world.
"Qin loves luxury, people miss home"-"contention", more; The combination of "luxury" refers to luxury and luxury. "read", gu nian. Nian lists the common notional words in classical Chinese as the notional words that should be mastered in this course. The original meaning is "missing", and it is extended to "thinking, thinking" and "missing and caring". These two sentences are the concrete explanations immediately following the previous one.
"Nanmu"-namely "Tian Mu". Language "The Book of Songs in July": "Washing Nanmu". Note that in ancient times, most farmland was facing the sun in the south. Later, in classical Chinese, "Nanmu" was often used to refer to "Tin Muk".
"Chun"-refers to the battens on the roof beams. Pay attention to the pronunciation and writing of "Rafter"
"Orchestral instruments are dumb"-"Orchestral instruments", the collective name of orchestral instruments and stringed instruments, is often used to refer to music in ancient poetry. "Spitting dumb" describes loud music.
"Qin people can't bear to mourn themselves, and later people mourn; Later generations mourned it without learning the lesson, which made them mourn it again. The original meaning of' leisure' is' leisure', and' too late' is often used in classical Chinese. " Mourning ",lamenting mourning. According to "Ai" and "List of Content Words Commonly Used in Classical Chinese" as the content words that should be mastered in this course. The original meaning is "sorrow, sorrow", and it is extended to "pity, sorrow" ("you will be born sad") and "lament, sorrow". The four "descendants" all refer to people who entered after Qin's death, but the third "descendant" refers to the other three "descendants". The latter clause implicitly warned Tang Jingzong that if he did not learn from Qin Wei's death, future generations would lament his suicide.
About the rhyme of these two paragraphs:
The third paragraph: "luxury, home and sand" rhymes; "female, wisp, language" rhymes, "anger, solidity" rhymes; "Elevator, torch and earth" rhymes.
The fourth paragraph: "Man, Qin (rejecting Qin), Man, Jun" rhymes. A typical sentence reflecting the early characteristics of "Wen Fu". From the content, the author gives a full and exaggerated description of Qin Huang's extravagance and extravagance from two aspects: "Imperial Secretary" and "Treasure". Syntactically, this kind of exaggeration is basically a four-sentence style of parallel prose (parallel prose mainly uses four sentences and six sentences alternately), but it is not as rigorous as parallel prose. There is only a jump between sentences, but it has prose meaning and is clear-cut. Sometimes, it uses pure prose syntax, such as rhetoric, which is concise and flexible, and comprehensively uses rhetorical methods such as parallelism, exaggeration and metaphor In particular, the use of "stars" to describe the complexity and diversity of cosmetic mirrors, "Lv Yun" to describe the beauty of hair, and "smoke and fog" to refer to the richness of cigarettes is even more peculiar and novel, which can give people a full sense of beauty. Because of the flexible use of syntax, rhetoric, rhetoric, rhyme and other techniques, the whole paragraph is not boring, although it is trying to perfunctory; Although it is exaggerated as much as possible, it is not frivolous and has strong expressive force and appeal. After repeated reading, you will appreciate the beauty of the author's writing.
2. Guide yourself to read the third and fourth paragraphs of the text.
These two paragraphs are not difficult and need to be studied a little faster. The specific process is:
For the first time, I taught myself with the help of notes and reference books. After reading, the teacher puts forward some words and sentences to check the students' understanding and give some instructions.
The second time, you can read silently, quietly or intermittently. While reading, you can appreciate structural ideas and expression skills. Before reading, the teacher suggested the rhyme. After reading, the teacher asked some questions for the students to answer and gave some guidance.
Inspection and guidance on words and sentences;
These words are commonly used in classical Chinese, and there are notes in the textbook, so you should remember them firmly. Pay attention to the writing of "penny" and "pound"; "Nine places", namely "Kyushu". Using "Kyushu" to refer to China originated from the record in Shangshu that Dayu traveled all over the world after harnessing water and divided the world into Kyushu. "Du Fu", from Mencius, refers to a cruel monarch who betrayed his loved ones and ignored others; "Clan", as a solution to "genocide", was a severe punishment in feudal times.
"One person's heart, the heart of the world is also"-that is, "people are connected, the reason is the same", saying that you are doing well, you are like this, and so is everyone in the world.
"Qin loves luxury, people miss home"-"contention", more; The combination of "luxury" refers to luxury and luxury. "read", gu nian. Nian lists the common notional words in classical Chinese as the notional words that should be mastered in this course. The original meaning is "missing", and it is extended to "thinking, thinking" and "missing and caring". These two sentences are the concrete explanations immediately following the previous one.
"Nanmu"-namely "Tian Mu". Language "The Book of Songs in July": "Washing Nanmu". Note that in ancient times, most farmland was facing the sun in the south. Later, in classical Chinese, "Nanmu" was often used to refer to "Tin Muk".
"Chu á n" refers to the wooden strips on the roof beams. Pay attention to the pronunciation and writing of "Rafter"
"Orchestral instruments are dumb"-"Orchestral instruments", the collective name of orchestral instruments and stringed instruments, is often used to refer to music in ancient poetry. "Spitting dumb" describes loud music.
"Qin people can't bear to mourn themselves, and later people mourn; Later generations mourned it without learning the lesson, which made them mourn it again. The original meaning of' leisure' is' leisure', and' too late' is often used in classical Chinese. " Mourning ",lamenting mourning. According to "Ai" and "List of Content Words Commonly Used in Classical Chinese" as the content words that should be mastered in this course. The original meaning is "sorrow, sorrow", and it is extended to "pity, sorrow" ("you will be born sad") and "lament, sorrow". The four "descendants" all refer to people who entered after Qin's death, but the third "descendant" refers to the other three "descendants". The latter clause implicitly warned Tang Jingzong that if he did not learn from Qin Wei's death, future generations would lament his suicide.
Clear: the third paragraph focuses on revealing the debauchery, extravagance and cruel oppression of the people in Qin Dynasty, which led to the peasant uprising and the destruction of Epang Palace;
The fourth paragraph focuses on revealing the lessons of the self-destruction of Qin and the six countries, satirizing and exhorting "future generations" to take warning. The latter paragraph is the extension and inference of the previous paragraph.
(2) What's the difference between these two paragraphs? Why is it written differently?
Clarity: the expression in the third paragraph is narrative and discussion, the focus is narrative, but the discussion is about the framework and context;
Paragraph 4 is purely deductive. Between the two paragraphs, the former paragraph is the foreshadowing of the latter, and there is no power without incisive display; In the latter paragraph, the reason is very clear. If you write it again, it will become a wart. The more detailed the text, the more people can think and sigh.
(3) How does the second paragraph follow the first two paragraphs? Similarities and differences in syntax and expression?
Clarity: In the third paragraph, the description of the last two paragraphs is closely followed by "Hehu", and then it turns to the discussion of the lessons of Qin's death, which leads to the style of sighing later. This paragraph, like the first two paragraphs, also adopts the four-word method of parallel prose, and adopts the methods of laying out, exaggerating and parallelism, but the prose is heavier in brushwork, more energetic and more distinctive in "prose".
(4) The author wrote "Epang Palace Fu" in order to summarize the historical lessons of the demise of the Qin Dynasty and satirize the state affairs. But why did you write that Epang Palace was burned, but said that "the Chu people were burned and the earth was burned"? What thoughts and feelings did the author reveal here?
Analysis: "Pity" means "worthy of pity" in modern Chinese, but in classical Chinese, besides explaining "worthy of pity", it also means cute and pitiful. The "pity" here is interpreted as "pity". The author uses these two words to fill the lines with infinite emotions. The Qin dynasty, once a world power, collapsed under the impact of the peasant uprising and soon perished; Epang Palace, which covers an area of more than 300 miles, was also reduced to ashes in a fire. The historical facts of the rapid demise of the Qin dynasty show that it is difficult to love the people and seek long-term stability. However, at that time, the rulers of the Tang Dynasty ignored the historical lessons, indulged in debauchery, expanded the palace, and lived a life above the accumulated salary, still thinking that they were safe. History ups and downs, stirring the chest; Seeing the reality, I was filled with emotion. Unfortunately, the magical and magnificent Epang Palace was set on fire. Unfortunately, the once famous Qin Renchao was destroyed. The remembrance of the past is the teacher of the future Unexpectedly, today's people are behind Qin people. Isn't the fate of the Tang Dynasty also worrying? The author's anxiety and anger are beyond words. Cifu is different from essays, and it is not straightforward in many places. You need to think carefully when reading to understand the author's intention.
3. Guide to read the full text, summarize and expand.
About ideological content.
Question: What is the central idea of this article? Compared with the six countries, what are the similarities? What is unique about each argument?
Hugging: The central idea of this paper is to reveal the self-destruction of the Qin Dynasty through the extremely luxurious architecture, extravagant life in the palace and cruel oppression of the people, and to satirize that the same dynasty cannot repeat the same mistakes. twofold
* * * Similarities are based on the rise and fall of the Qin and Six Kingdoms, and they are all aimed at the promising political affairs at that time, urging the current dynasty to take a warning.
Difference:
(2) The uniqueness of Su Xun's The Six Kingdoms lies in that, unlike many previous writers who always discussed it from the perspective of lashing Qiang Qin's atrocities, for the first time, he discussed it from the perspective of the internal causes of the collapse of the six countries, and his analysis of the internal causes was all-round, involving politics, economy, diplomacy, military and other aspects, showing his unique views everywhere.
(3) Although Epanggong Fu is a "Fu", it accounts for half of the discussion. It can be said that the paper is written in the form of fu, which is original in itself; Secondly, its originality lies in that the author chose a concrete and vivid thing as the angle of argument, and regarded Epang Palace as a symbol of the arrogance and extravagance of the Qin Dynasty, as a witness of the oppression of the people by the Qin Dynasty, and as a symbol of the collapse of the Qin Dynasty. This way of argument is even more unique.