First of all, you should all know about printing in four great inventions of ancient china, right? Do you know the history of printing? There are many printing techniques besides printing in history.

Printing can be traced back to 3000 BC. People in the two river basins used roller printing to make printed matter, which was mainly used as decorations and witchcraft.

Engraving printing first appeared in China, which was gradually developed and synthesized by rubbings and seals. It is formed after a long time and accumulated the experience of many people, and it is the crystallization of human wisdom. The earliest extant documents and the earliest block printing objects are all in 600 years, that is, in the early Tang Dynasty.

In the 7th century, block printing appeared in the early Tang Dynasty. Shen Kuo's Meng Qian's Writing Skills: "Printed books have not flourished in the Tang Dynasty."

During the Song Renzong period of Qing Dynasty (104 1- 1049), Bi Sheng invented clay movable type printing.

From 124 1 to 1250, Yanggu printed Zhu's primary school and Jin He's collection of classics and history in movable type for Kublai Khan's counselor Yao Shu, which spread all over the country [1].

Wang Zhen (1260- 1330), a scientist in Yuan Dynasty, invented the wooden movable type edition (some people supported the wooden movable type edition in Song Dynasty, and put forward several versions to prove it. Among them, Shi Mao, which people often mention, is called the movable type book of Song Dynasty. Because the word "Zi" is arranged horizontally in a version of You Shan Book of Tang Dynasty, it can be completely proved to be a movable type book.

The earliest record of metal movable type in China was mentioned by Wang Zhen (1260- 1330), a scientist in Yuan Dynasty, in Making Movable Type and Printing Calligraphy (1298): "In modern times, tin was cast to make characters, iron bars were worn and helmets were embedded, but the above words were printed.

There were red and black color overprints in the Yuan Dynasty.

In the Ming Dynasty, there were two-color and four-color overprinting, which could print multi-level color prints.

German Johannes Gutenberg (1397- 1468) invented the type movable type.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the production technology of lead movable type was improved and spread all over the world.

1804, Charles Stanhope, an Englishman, invented clay movable type printing in view of its disadvantages.

1829, French Shero invented paper type letterpress printing.

1855, Frenchman M.Cillot invented the printing technology of photographic copper-zinc plate. Further development of letterpress printing.

187 1 year, American B.B.Blackwell improved paper-based cliche printing, created a thin cliche, and printed on a wooden base.

1882, German Meisendach invented photographic screen printing, which made photographic plate making a big step forward.

In fact, 3D printing and laser printing are also a kind of printing. 3D printing can print entities, movable type printing can only be printed on a plane, and laser printing can directly burn patterns on cardboard and paper shells with a small laser.

We made an appointment for these two classes last week.

In fact, 3D printing is the latest rapid prototyping equipment using photo-curing and paper lamination technology. Its working principle is basically the same as that of ordinary printers. The printer is full of "printing materials", such as liquid or powder. After connecting with the computer, the "printed materials" are superimposed layer by layer under the control of the computer, and finally the blueprint on the computer becomes a physical object. This printing technology is called 3D printing technology.

1986, American scientist Charles Hull developed the first commercial 3D printer.

1993, MIT obtained the patent of 3D printing technology.

1995, American ZCorp company obtained the exclusive authorization from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and began to develop 3D printers.

In 2005, Spectrum Z5 10, the first high-definition color 3D printer on the market, was successfully developed by ZCorp.

2010110/0 In October, Jim Kor's team created the world's first automobile Urbee printed by a 3D printer.

20 1 1 On June 6th, the world's first 3D printed bikini was released.

20 1 1 In July, British researchers developed the world's first 3D chocolate printer.

20 1 1 In August, 2008, engineers from Southampton University developed the world's first 3D printed airplane.

2012165438+10, Scottish scientists used human cells for the first time and printed artificial liver tissue with a 3D printer.

20 13, 10, a 3D printed artwork named "God of Xiao Ye" was successfully auctioned for the first time in the world.

2013165438+1October, SolidConcepts, a 3D printing company in Austin, Texas, USA, designed and manufactured a 3D printing metal pistol.

The design process of three-dimensional printing is: first, use computer modeling software to model, and then "divide" the built three-dimensional model into layers of sections, that is, slices, thus guiding the printer to print layer by layer.

The standard file format for collaboration between design software and printer is STL file format. STL files use triangular surfaces to approximate the surface of objects. The smaller the triangular surface, the higher the resolution of the generated surface. PLY is a scanner that scans the generated 3D files, and VRML or WRL files generated by PLY are often used as input for full-color printing.

? 3D printing technology cannot be applied to mass production, so some experts advocate that 3D printing is the third industrial revolution, which is just a gimmick. Foxconn has been producing iPhone for Apple for many years. Taking the mobile phone made by 3D printing as an example, Guo Taiming explained that 3D printed products can only be seen but not used, because these products cannot be added with electronic components, and it is impossible to mass-produce electronic products. Even if 3D printing does not produce electronic products, few other products can be produced due to the limitation of materials. "Even the products produced can't be mass-produced. If they fall, they will be broken.

2065438+July, 2004 1 day, the United States Navy conducted an experiment on rapid manufacturing of warship parts by using advanced manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing, hoping to speed up the task and reduce the cost.

20 14 From June 24 to June 26, 2004, the US Navy held the first exchange manufacturing festival and held a series of seminars on "printing ships", during which the 3D printing and additive manufacturing technologies were introduced to sailors and other related personnel.

The us navy is committed to training sailors in this field in the future. Using 3D printing and other advanced manufacturing methods can significantly improve the speed and preparation of task execution, reduce costs and avoid purchasing ship parts from all over the world.

Phil Cullom, deputy section chief of the logistics department of the US Naval Combat Fleet, said that considering the cost, the existing loopholes in the naval logistics and supply chain and the resource constraints, the application of advanced manufacturing and 3D printing is becoming more and more extensive. They envisioned a global network of advanced manufacturers, supported by skilled sailors, to find out problems and make products. "3D printing is indeed more suitable for some small-scale manufacturing, especially high-end customized products, such as auto parts manufacturing. Although the main material is plastic, metal materials will definitely be used in 3D printing in the future. " Crump said that 3D printing technology has successively entered the dental, jewelry and medical industries, and its application scope will be wider and wider in the future. [ 1 1]? 20 14165438+1At the end of October, 3D printing technology was rated as the 25 best inventions of 2014 by Time magazine. This is good news for consumers and businesses. In the past year alone, middle school students printed train carriages for physical experiments in 3D, scientists printed human organs and tissues in 3D, and General Electric Company used 3D printing technology to improve the efficiency of its jet engine. Avi Reichenthal, CEO of American 3D Systems, said, "This is really a wonderful technology." The company's 3D printer can print chocolates and musical instruments. ?

Engineers at GE's R&D Center in China are still studying 3D printing technology.

Just before this, they just successfully "printed" the important parts of the aero-engine with a 3D printer. Compared with traditional manufacturing, this technology will reduce the cost of this part by 30% and shorten the manufacturing cycle by 40%. Without time to celebrate this gratifying achievement, they hastily embarked on a new journey. Little known is that they have been "secretly" developing 3D printing technology for ten years.

An engineer named jim smith built the world's first 3D-printed kayak through 3D printing technology and successfully launched it.

It took him 42 days to build this "kayak" with a homemade large 3D printer. It is 5 meters long and is assembled from 28 kinds of colored ABS plastics. Each part is made by a 3D printer and then bolted together.

The manufacturing process seems simple, but it needs a lot of effort. It took Smith nearly six years from the beginning of planning to the completion of manufacturing, and the final adjustment before launch took 40 days. The finished product is 5.08 meters long and 0.52 meters wide, with a total weight of 29.29 kilograms, in which the ABS part weighs 26.48 kilograms, the brass threaded part weighs 0.86 kilograms and the bolt weighs 2.068 kilograms, and the total cost is only 500 dollars.

3D printing technology has become increasingly mature, and it is not impossible for people to use it to build houses, cars and even more things in the future.

On June 22nd, 20 15, it was reported that the state-owned Russian science and technology group company manufactured a prototype with a weight of 3.8kg, a wingspan of 2.4m, a flying speed of 90- 100km and a endurance of1-1.5h.. ..

Vladimir Kutakhov, a spokesman for the company, said it took the company two and a half months to leap from concept to prototype. The actual production time is only 3 1 hour, and the manufacturing cost is less than 200,000 rubles (about 3,700 US dollars).

In order to explore more applications of 3D printers, Rickard Dahlstrand created unique works of art with Lulzbot 3D printer ... In Stockholm Art Hacker Festival 20 13, Lulzbot 3D printer not only printed out the festival LOGO for participating artists and hackers, but also printed out visual music works while playing classical music as a performance project. The principle of Lulzbot 3D printer printing visual music is that by controlling the motion of stepping motor, the stepping motor can run at different speeds, and the tone of sound determines the speed, so music controls the printing process. The three motors each represent an audio track, and they move in a unique mode. Two motors control the Z-axis movement.

In the cultural relics industry, 3D scanning can be used for the restoration and reproduction of cultural relics.

In the future, surgeons may be able to print out bones of various sizes for clinical use by using printing equipment on site during surgery. This magical 3D printer has been made, and the printing materials used to replace real human bones are being tested intensively.

In laboratory tests, this kind of bone substitute printing material has been proved to support the growth of human bone cells in it, and its effectiveness has also been verified in mice and rabbits. In the next few years, better quality printed bone substitutes will help surgeons repair bone injuries, be used in dental clinics, and even help patients with osteoporosis recover.

The rapid rise of 3D printing technology has become a hot emerging industry, and the types of 3D products it can print are also increasing rapidly. In order to print bone materials, Bos and her colleagues used a commercial ProMetal 3D printer for testing. This 3D printer was originally designed for printing metal parts. It will spray plastic colloidal particles on the powder substrate layer by layer, and shape them layer by layer. Each layer is only half the width of human hair.

The main material component of this kind of bone scaffold is calcium phosphate, in which silicon and zinc are additionally added to enhance its strength. When it is implanted into human body, it can temporarily support bones and help normal bone cells grow and develop in the process, thus repairing previous injuries, and then this substance can be naturally dissolved in human body.

It took scientists four years to find a suitable formula for this material, which involves many disciplines such as chemistry, material science, biology and technical science. ?

? Another technology is called laser printing, which uses a laser beam to quickly "project" digital graphics or documents onto a photosensitive surface (photosensitive drum). The electron discharge will occur at the position hit by the laser beam. Then, like a magnet, it attracts some tiny iron powder particles called "toner". For monochrome printers, these toners are black, while for color printers, they are cyan, magenta, yellow and black. Toner will be transferred from the photosensitive drum to the paper surface. At the same time, the toner is "fixed" on the paper because the paper passes through the high temperature roller. All these steps can be completed in a few seconds-except for printing images, it is almost comparable to ordinary photocopiers. Most laser printers can use ordinary and cheap copy paper, thus effectively reducing costs. The output quality of laser printers is very high, especially those words and line drafts, which truly realize "what you see is what you get".

The development of laser printer originated from 1948 Xerox Company's first electrostatic copier in the world. Since then, scientists have begun to study the application of laser technology and laser modulation technology in printers. When it comes to the birth of laser printers, we can't help but mention Gary Starkway, who is known as the "father of laser printers". 1970, Gary Starkweizer was transferred to PaloAltoResearchCenter (PARC for short),1971year, and the world's first laser computer printer was developed. 1977, Xerox 9700 laser printer was put on the market, marking the epoch-making beginning of printing industry. At first, laser printers were bulky, noisy, with long preheating time and unsatisfactory printing quality. Few enterprises could pay quite expensive fees, but the speed of technological innovation was very fast. With the development of semiconductor laser and the maturity of microcomputer control and laser printer production technology, the cost is decreasing. In the 1990s, production and sales increased by leaps and bounds, and laser printers became popular.

Xerox launched the first electrostatic copier in 1948, which initiated the development of laser printers.

Xerox 1977 invented the world's first laser printer.

197 1 year, Gary Starkweizer, the "father of laser printers", developed the world's first laser printer at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.

1977, Xerox commercialized laser printing technology and released the world's first laser printer, Xerox 9700, with a printing speed of 120 pages per minute.

1984, HP released its first HP LaserJet Classic desktop laser printer.

1986, HP introduced the world's first dual-carton desktop laser printer-HP LaserJet 500plus.

199 1 year, HP demonstrated the world's first LAN printer-Laserjet III SI.

199 1 year, Xerox 42 13 released the world's first laser printer that can provide double-sided printing.

1992, Xerox released the color network laser printer with the fastest output speed at that time-Xerox 4700.

1993, Lenovo cooperated with Xerox to develop the world's first Chinese laser printer-Lenovo Chinese laser printer LJ3A.

1997, HP HP LaserJet 6L appeared in China market, becoming the first black-and-white laser printer with sales volume exceeding 1 10,000 units.

1997, Xerox DocuPrint C55, the lowest-priced color laser printer in the industry, was released.

1998, HP introduced the world's first color laser printers-HP color laser printers 4500 and 8500, which support automatic double-sided printing.

In 2000, laser printers became popular rapidly and became an indispensable output device in enterprise office.

In 2002, black and white laser printers flourished, and color laser printers began to develop rapidly.

In 2004, Fuji Xerox released the color laser printer DocuPrint C525A, which also won the most awards in the history of printers.

In 2005, the demand for color applications increased greatly, and color laser printers were given a new mission.

In 2007, Fuji Xerox released the fastest printing speed A4 color laser printer Phaser6360, with a color output speed of 40 pages per minute.

In 2008, Hewlett-Packard horizontal imaging laser technology was released, which indicated that the competition of color laser printing technology was upgraded again.

The working principle of laser printer is copying, and the printing adopts electronic imaging expansion technology. Specifically: first, the computer converts the content to be printed into the original image in the form of data sequence, and then transmits these data to the printer. The microprocessor in the printer decodes these data into a lattice pattern, and the decoded lattice pattern is sent to the laser generator. The laser generator quickly performs switching reaction according to the pattern content, and projects the laser beam onto the charged rotating drum. All the charges on the drum surface are released where the laser is irradiated, but the places where the laser is not irradiated are still charged, and the toner adsorbed by the charged charges is transferred to the paper to complete printing.

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