At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, politics was extremely corrupt, eunuchs and consorts fought for power and profits, powerful landlords wantonly annexed land, peasants went bankrupt and went into exile, class contradictions were very sharp, and peasant uprisings occurred constantly. These peasant uprisings were directed at the imperial power of the Eastern Han Dynasty. However, the ruling class is still frantically exploiting the people. During the reign of Emperor Han Ling, the official titles were sold publicly, and corrupt officials cruelly squeezed the people. The people couldn't live any longer, and finally a large-scale, organized and prepared Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out. In the process of suppressing the Yellow turban insurrectionary, the landlords and bureaucrats in the Eastern Han Dynasty rose up one after another, each according to his own side, forming a separatist force of "inter-state county alliance", "countless", and the Eastern Han regime had long existed in name only. These separatist forces fought endlessly for their own interests and power. After nearly ten years of melee, Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan were divided into three parts, and the three countries were divided. The three countries have been at war for nearly half a century, but they can't unify China. Finally, it died one after another. These three families returned to Jin, unified the whole country and established a new feudal imperial rule. ?

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Yellow Scarf Uprising dealt a heavy blow to the decadent rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which gradually disintegrated and existed in name only. During the suppression of the yellow turban insurrectionary, landlords and bureaucrats in various counties gathered local forces to protect themselves. In this way, the separatist forces of local warlords developed rapidly and formed many armed separatist forces, large and small. After the yellow turban insurrectionary was suppressed, warlords from all over the country became independent and fragmented, and they began to compete in the Central Plains, fighting endlessly. In the war, some small separatist forces were gradually merged. Later, Dong Zhuo, Yuan Shao of Jizhou, Yuan Shu of Huainan, Tao Qian and Lu Bu of Xuzhou, Liu Zhang of Yizhou, Liu Biao of Jingzhou, Marten and Han Sui of Liangzhou, Gongsun Zan of Youzhou, Sun Jian and Sun Ce of Jiangdong, and Cao Cao Group and Liu Bei later. ?

Dong Zhuo and Lintao in Longxi (now Min County, Gansu Province) live next to the Qiang people. He is rough and resourceful. In suppressing the ethnic uprising and the Yellow Scarf Army, he was repeatedly promoted in leading the army to attack the court of the Northwest Rebel Army. His reputation and status are getting higher and higher, his power is gradually expanding, and his political ambitions are growing. After the death of Emperor Ling of Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo led his troops to Beijing, hijacked the little emperors Liu Bian and Wang Liuxie, and went to Luoyang to abolish the little emperor and made Liu Xie emperor and Xian Di of Han Dynasty. Since Ren Xiangguo, I have kept the affairs of state in my own hands. At this point, the Eastern Han Dynasty existed in name only. Since then, the warlord melee has become the main form of internal struggle of the ruling class. After Dong Zhuo took power, he thought he could rule the world by force, do whatever he wanted, plunder and kill the people, and all kinds of atrocities aroused the strong hatred of the people. The separatist forces around the country expanded their power in the name of crusade against Dong Zhuo. Due to customs clearance

Under the pressure of the eastern governors (east of Tongguan or Hanguguan), Dong Zhuo supported the imperial capital Chang 'an. When he left, he burned Luoyang Palace and looted all his property. It also forced millions of people around Luoyang to move westward. Along the way, the people were tortured, countless people died under the trampling and robbery of the army, and many people died of hunger. Dong Zhuo also ordered people to dig the tombs of emperors and officials and steal jewels. Dong Zhuo's various perversions have brought serious economic losses to the country and seriously damaged the ancient cultural heritage. Dong Zhuo's atrocities aroused the dissatisfaction of the warlords all over the world, but they all stayed put and saved their strength, and did not confront Dong Zhuo's army head-on, so Cao Cao decided to split up. ?

Cao Caozi Meng De, born in Peiguoqiao County (now Hao County, Anhui Province), was born in a bureaucratic landlord family in 155. His father Cao Song is the adopted son of eunuch Cao Teng. During the decades when eunuchs were authoritarian at the end of Han Dynasty, the influence of Cao Shi family was considerable. Cao Cao liked archery when he was young. "Ren Xia was dissolute and didn't cure the industry." But Cao Cao was well-read and especially liked the art of war. He collected all kinds of art of war, devoted himself to research, compiled a book, and annotated thirteen articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War. Cao Cao paid great attention to making friends with celebrities in order to embark on his official career and realize his ambition of running the world. /kloc-in 0/74, Cao Cao was elected as Lang Weixiao and became a captain in the north of Luoyang. He embarked on a career and was gradually promoted. After Emperor Han Ling died and Shao ascended the throne, Cao Cao participated in the killing of eunuchs by consorts He Jin. After Dong Zhuo entered Beijing, he tried his best to win over Cao Cao, but Cao Cao thought that Dong Zhuo was on a roll and refused to cooperate and escaped from Luoyang.

19 1 year, Cao Cao forced 300,000 Qingzhou yellow turban insurrectionary army to surrender to him by combining force suppression with induced surrender. Cao Cao selected the elite and trained them into "Qingzhou soldiers" with strong combat effectiveness. Since then, his armed forces have grown rapidly and stationed in Yanzhou, becoming a Yanzhou shepherd. 193, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shu and developed his power in Xuzhou. Just as Cao Cao entered Xuzhou and arrived in Pengcheng (now Zhou Xu, Jiangsu), there was an anti-Cao Cao rebellion in Yanzhou when Xuzhou was fighting Tao Qian. It turned out that this rebellion was started by Zhang Miao, the satrap of Liu Chen. He has a good relationship with Cao Cao, who is his ministry. Now Cao Cao is a fierce shepherd in Yanzhou, and he is dissatisfied with this. He was afraid that Cao Cao would destroy him one day, so he started first and welcomed Lu Bu to rule Yanzhou together. Until 195, Cao Cao finally recovered Yanzhou after a hard struggle, and the court officially worshipped him as Yanzhou shepherd. From then on, Cao Cao had a solid base, which laid the foundation for him to defeat his opponents and unify the north.

After Emperor Xian of Han supported by Dong Zhuo lived in Chang 'an, he was killed by Wang Yun and Lu Bu, and Wang Yun took power. Later, Liangzhou warlords Li Jue and Guo Si killed Wang Yun and drove Lu Bu away, and Xian Di fell into their hands again. Later, due to the war between the generals in Liangzhou warlord. 196, Xian Di returned to Luoyang. Although Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty is a waste, it is a symbol of supreme power. Whoever catches the emperor will have the initiative to give political orders. Therefore, warlords from all walks of life supported Xian Di in succession. Yu Xun, Cao Cao's counselor, said: "Now that the emperor has moved from the East to the West, people are worried about the fate of the emperor's position. It is in line with the wishes of the people to welcome the emperor at this time. It is a very important strategy to subdue the heroes who are divided up by each other by the actions of loyal ministers. We should act decisively and act as soon as possible. " This is exactly what Cao Cao wants. Therefore, Cao Cao sent Cao Hong to lead the troops to meet the west, and finally took Emperor Han Xian to Xu, making Xu (later changed to Xuchang) as the capital. Cao Cao was appointed as a general by Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty, and he was appointed as a general, sealing Wu Pinghou. Since then, state affairs have been in the charge of Cao Cao. After Cao Cao achieved the position of "relying on the emperor to make princes" politically, he continued to develop economically, reclaimed land to return refugees to the fields, and solved the problem of rations, which played an important role in Cao Cao's later development and defeated other separatist forces. ?

197, Cao Cao destroyed Lu Bu and Yuan Shu, and then personally conquered Liu Bei, who occupied Xuzhou. Liu Bei failed and defected to Yuan Shao. In 200 years, Cao Cao and Yuan Shao fought Guandu, Yuan Shao was defeated, and Cao Cao defeated many with less, and defeated the strong with weakness. Later, Yuan's remnants were gradually eliminated and the north was unified. ?

After Liu Bei's defeat in Xuzhou, he attached himself to Liu Biao's door in Jingzhou. In order to develop his own strength, he pays attention to visiting talents. Liu Bei was born in Zhuoxian County, Zhuo Jun (now Zhuoxian County, Hebei Province). His ancestor was the imperial clan of the Western Han Dynasty, and he was a descendant of Liu Sheng, the son of Wang Jing of Zhongshan in the Western Han Dynasty. When Liu Bei arrived, his family had already declined. In the last years of Lingdi, he organized armed forces with the support of Zhang Shiping and Su Shuang, businessmen in Zhongshan (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province), and began to develop his own power with the support of Guan Yu and Zhang Fei. He served as the county magistrate and county magistrate of Gaotang (now Gaotang Cave in Shandong Province), and later served as the secretariat of Yuzhou. After Tao Qian died, his subordinates made him a shepherd in Xuzhou. After being driven away by Lu Bu, he attached himself to Cao Cao and worked as a shepherd in Yuzhou. But Liu Bei is a man with political ambition and unwilling to rely on others, so he always wants to leave Cao Cao and find another career. 199, Liu Bei participated in the coup to overthrow Cao Cao, broke away from Cao Cao, and publicly played the banner of opposing Cao Cao. In the spring of 200, after Cao Cao put down the coup, he led troops to attack Xuzhou in order to relieve his worries. Liu Bei failed and defected to Yuan Shao. Guandu attached himself to Liu Biao after the war. Over the years, Liu Bei has never had a chance to expand his influence, and has been attached to Gongsun Zan, Tao Qian, Cao Cao, Yuan Shao and Liu Biao. Live a life of running around as a sponsor. In order to get rid of the predicament and quickly expand his strength, he pays attention to recruiting talents. So someone recommended Wolong to him. So Liu Bei went to the thatched cottage and invited Zhuge Liang. From then on, with the help of Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei set a goal according to Zhuge Liang's "Longzhong Dui", striving to complete the great cause of reunification and restore the Han Dynasty.

While Cao Cao expanded his territory in Henan and Yuan Shao expanded his territory in Hebei, Sun Ce also developed his power in Jiangdong. At this time, there were many separatist forces in Jiangdong, among which the larger ones were Liu You, Xu Zhen, Wang Lang, and Yan Baihu, a local strongman. If Sun Ce wants to develop its forces in Jiangdong, it must strive for these forces. When Sun Ce crossed the river to Jiangdong, he met Liu You's troops for the first time. Because Lu You didn't pay attention to talents and the army lacked training, his army was large, but it lacked fighting capacity. Although Sun Ce's army was small, with only six or seven thousand men, it was very effective. It soon defeated Liu You's army, occupied Qu 'a and seized Danyang County (now Xuancheng, Anhui Province). After Sun Ce arrived in Jiangdong, Yan ordered the soldiers not to plunder the people, which was very popular with the masses. At the same time, Sun Ce also issued an order asking Liu You to surrender and make appropriate arrangements. Those who are willing to join the army are exempt from family tax corvee; Those who are unwilling to join the army will not be forced. In this way, Sun Ce's momentum turned to prosperity, "a sublime jiangdong". Later, Sun Ce drove out Xu Zhen, the satrap of Wu Jun, occupied Wu Jun (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province), crusaded Huiji (now Shaoguan, Zhejiang Province), surrendered the satrap of Huiji, Wang Lang, wiped out the local armed forces, and became strong rapidly. ?

After Sun Ce's death, his younger brother Sun Quan inherited his father's business. Although it has six counties, its rule is unstable. Later, with the help of Zhang Zhao and Zhou Yu, Sun Quan gradually pacified Sun Ce's old staff. Later, Lu Su was recommended by Zhou Yu to assist Sun Quan. For Sun Quan, he proposed that "keep the east of the Yangtze River, watch the success or failure, take advantage of the busy military affairs in the north of Cao Cao, enter the army to destroy Huang Zu, crusade against Liu Biao, take the first line of the Yangtze River as his own, and then claim the title of emperor, try to win the world, and establish achievements like Emperor Gaozu." ?

Sun Quan appreciated Lu Su's suggestion. In 2003, according to Lu Su's suggestion, Sun Quan attacked Huang Zu, and Huang Zu retreated to Xiakou (now Wuhan, Hubei), unable to leave the city. Sun Quan's siege is impossible. In 2007, Sun Quan attacked Huang Zu again. On the way, he heard the news that his mother Wu was critically ill and led the troops back. In 2008, Sun Quan sent troops to Huang Zu again. After fierce fighting, Huang Zu and its forces were destroyed.

At this time, Cao Cao defeated Wu Huan and wiped out the remnants of Yuan. He was not satisfied with reunifying the north, but decided to send troops to the south to realize the ambition of reunifying China. Cao Cao first settled the internal rule, officially became the prime minister, was in charge of state affairs, and completely mastered the real power of the imperial court. Subsequently, Liu Biao led an army to conquer Jingzhou. Shortly after Cao Cao's army went south, Liu Biao died of illness. The second son, Liu Cong, succeeded to Jingzhou as a shepherd. I heard that Cao Cao's army was besieged. After some discussion, he decided to surrender and sent messengers to welcome Cao Cao into Jingzhou. ?

At this time, Liu Bei was training in Fancheng (now Xiangfan, Hubei) to meet the enemy. When Cao Cao heard the news of Liu Cong's surrender, it was almost to Fancheng. So Liu Bei and Zhuge Hao led the troops out of Fancheng and retreated in the direction of Jiangling (now Jiangling, Hubei). When Liu Beijun retreated to Changsakan in Dangyang (now northeast of Dangyang, Hubei), Cao Cao's cavalry arrived. Liu Bei was caught off guard and was defeated by Cao Jun. Even his wife was scattered by Cao Jun, so he had to escape with a few people. At this time, the road to Jiangling has been cut off by Jun, so Liu Bei had to meet Guan Yu and Liu Cong who came to meet him and retreat in the direction of Xiakou. Cao Cao successfully occupied Jiangling. At this time, Cao Cao's army and Liu Cong's army had more than 200,000 people. After the occupation of Jiangling, Cao Cao concentrated his land and water forces and went down the river, ready to destroy Liu Bei. At the same time, he sent people to challenge Sun Quan in Jiangdong, threatening that he had 800,000 people on land and water and wanted to fight Sun Quan in Soochow.

At this time, Lu Su suggested to Sun Quan to unite with Liu Bei and form an alliance with Liu Bei. * * * agreed to Cao Cao's suggestion and went to Jingzhou to find out the news. When Lu Su met Liu Bei, he told Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang that Sun Quan of Jiangdong wanted to form an alliance with him. Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang were very happy, because it was in line with their intention. After consultation between the two sides, Sun Quan appointed Zhou Yu as the left commander (general commander) and Cheng Pu as the right commander (deputy commander). A captain of Zanjun (similar to the commander) led 30,000 elite soldiers Lu Su back to Jiangxi to meet Liu Bei's army and fight Cao Cao. In 208 AD, Sun and Liu joined forces in Chibi. Sun Liu's allied forces adopted the strategy of false surrender and fire attack and defeated Cao Cao's sailors greatly. Cao Cao led the defeated army and fled to Jiangling by land via Huarong (now northeast of Jianli, Hubei). Battle of Red Cliffs ended in the defeat of Cao Cao and the victory of Sun Liu's allied forces. Battle of Red Cliffs is of great significance. It was an important battle in the formation of the Three Kingdoms. After the war, Cao Cao returned to the north, unable to go south for a while, and then developed his power to the west. Liu Bei gained a foothold in Jingzhou and was able to March into Yizhou. Sun Quan stabilized Jiangdong and was able to expand to Lingnan. In this way, the three countries gradually formed a tripartite confrontation.

After Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei was powerful, occupying Jingzhou and taking Yizhou. At this time, Cao Cao occupied Hanzhong. Both Ye Liu and Sima Yi suggested Cao Cao, which was a good opportunity to take Shu. But Cao Cao didn't follow. In fact, the people of Shu were in turmoil at that time, and Cao Cao sent troops, which might destroy Shu. If Shu is destroyed and Wu is isolated, Cao Cao can rule the whole country. However, Cao Cao once again lost the opportunity to unify the world. Since then, Sun and Liu have been big players, and the three countries have formed a tripartite confrontation. Liu Bei, in West Shu, has no objective conditions to unify the world, but Liu Bei has the ambition of "reviving the Han Dynasty" and is assisted by Zhuge Liang, who is resourceful and superhuman. From Battle of Red Cliffs's victory to Liu Bei's proclaimed himself emperor, the most important foundation was the alliance between Shu and Wu. Later, the two countries had differences on Jingzhou. Shu wants Jingzhou for use, and Wu also wants it to protect the security of Jiangdong. The contradiction is irreconcilable. After Jingzhou was attacked, Guan Yu was killed and the contradiction intensified. Liu Bei decided to attack Wu, and the battle with Xiaoting broke the alliance between the two countries. After the defeat of Xiaoting, Liu Bei died in Baidicheng. Zhuge Liang was ordered to entrust an orphan and exhaust his wisdom, and made an old alliance with Sun Wu in an attempt to make a comeback. Although Sima Yi started from Qishan for the Central Plains six times, he stuck to Qinchuan, which made Zhuge Liang futile. Sun Quan is not without ambition in the world, but cautious and realistic. He expected that it would be difficult for troops to conquer Wei, and because of the dangerous terrain of Shu and the close relationship between Shu and Wu, he made up with Shu after capturing Jingzhou. In order to develop and strengthen the power of Wu, we wait for opportunities to seek the world, mainly attacking Jingzhou, relying on the Yangtze River graben to expand the frontier to the southeast. In 230, Sun Quan sent a fleet of 10,000 people to Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province) and other places. But after all, the strength of Wu and Wei is far from each other, and Sun Quan dare not take risks. Throughout his life, he has only one quiet corner.

Historically, Cao Cao, Liu Bei and Sun Quan were all great heroes, but none of them accomplished the great cause of unifying the world. On the other hand, Sima Yan finally established the Jin Dynasty and brought the three clans into the Jin Dynasty. The main reason is that his grandfather Sima Yi and his father Si Mazhao laid a solid foundation for him to replace Wei peacefully.

Sima Yi, a native of wen county, Hanoi (now wen county, Henan), was born in a bureaucratic landlord family for generations. Sima Yi has considerable military talent and is also a resourceful figure. Replacing Wei, this is the foundation he laid. During the Cao Cao period, Sima Yi gained the trust of Cao Cao because of his friendship with Cao Pi, which laid a certain foundation for his development. After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he paid more attention to Sima Yi and gradually improved his position. Cao Pi was critically ill and Sima Yi was appointed assistant minister. After Cao Zhen succeeded to the throne, he extensively cultivated and developed his own power. After Cao Zhen's death, he was fully responsible for the war against Western Shu. He prevented Zhuge Liang from succeeding in the Northern Expedition and created extremely favorable conditions for him to control the Cao Wei regime in the future. Sima Yi seized the military and political power of Wei, and it took a great effort to avoid the danger of being beheaded again and again. He humbly expressed his loyalty countless times before winning the trust of three generations of Cao Shi. Later, after the death of Cao Rui, Cao Wei was in the hands of Cao Shuang. Cao Shuang is a mediocre man, but he won't give in to power and power struggle. Seeing that Sima Yi held the military and political power, he secretly invited the emperor Cao Fangsheng Sima Yi as a teacher, with a high position but no real power. Dissatisfied, Sima Yi pretended to be ill at home and waited for an opportunity. When Cao Shuang was convinced that Sima Yi was really ill and no longer cared about him, Sima Yi suddenly staged a coup and regained military and political power. In the end, with his strategy and political skill of keeping a low profile, he constantly promoted power and finally seized Cao Zhi's power. ?

Since Sima Yi seized the military and political power in Cao Shuang, Sima Shi has become the actual ruler. Wei has existed in name only. When he arrived in Si Mazhao, he was the actual ruler, although he didn't force Cao Shi to meditate. In 263 AD, Si Mazhao destroyed the State of Wu and unified the world. Throughout the history of the Chinese nation from the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the founding of the Western Jin Dynasty, there are countless competitors and several who dominate the world. In the end, only three people were on their own. But in the end, all three failed to unify China for their own reasons, and the important task of reunifying China fell on Sima Yan's shoulders. This is the inevitable result of historical development. On the basis of the accumulation of the first four generations, Sima Yan finally realized the peaceful transfer of political power, established the Western Jin regime, destroyed the State of Wu, and achieved national unity.