Renaissance painting is an era from "God" to "Man". In the "dark Millennium" ruled by the Pope before the Renaissance, the Virgin Mary was just a symbol of a dead god. Cold-faced, rigid, stiff, waiting for death, high above. During the Renaissance, Angelico first integrated women's life into the statue of the Virgin Mary. His paintings adopted Ma Saqiao's new techniques of light and light and shade perspective, which not only increased the human factor, but also kept the traditional characteristics of religious art, and had a far-reaching influence on later painters. "Angelico's oil painting" The Virgin Son "is the first time in the early Renaissance to add the human factor-the appearance of the Virgin Mary, and for the first time to use the three-dimensional sense on the characters' clothes. At present, the value of this painting has reached 72 million euros. Sleeping Peasant Woman is an oval oil painting depicting a sleeping peasant woman, which was created by Piazzanta at the beginning of18th century. It is an integral part of a group painting depicting different rural figures (including farmers catching fleas, farmers carrying radish baskets and farmers holding radishes). Accurate contrast between light and shade is the similarity of all these works, which seems to replace all kinds of colors in reality. In this painting, the background is very tasteful, and the movements always seem to be calm. Especially the light that illuminates the girl's face and chest comes from the side, which is strong and strange. And the bright green of the clothes must be carefully checked to find out. Michelangelo's "Jesus Down the Cross" painted the body of Jesus as soft for the first time, because the author thinks that Jesus is not a god, and the body should be soft when the soul goes to heaven. With the method of painted pottery relief, the scene of Jesus coming down from the cross and returning to the world is vividly displayed. Titian, a painter, was an artist of Florence Renaissance in the16th century. He was very creative and later moved to Venice. He is good at depicting colors and light. He is a pioneer in oil painting, and his name is Titian. Titian's real name is tiziano v Celio, and all English speakers say he is Titian. He was born in Pieve di Cadore, a small town in northern Italy. The family of lawyers and teachers. Young Titian came to Venice in about 1500, which is a beautiful and rich city, full of vicissitudes and business opportunities. Titian was extremely talented. He first worked in several small galleries, and later became an apprentice to Giovanni Beligni. Johnny was the leading artist in Venice at that time. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, Venice's painting began to show its own personality, which was different from the artistic concept of design and craft in central Italy. The paintings in Venice show the artist's clever use of color and light effect. The light reflected by rivers and lakes urges painters to grasp their characteristics, and the jewels and dazzling luxury clothes across the ocean restore their characteristics through color. The humid climate in Venice makes wet mural painting, a method of painting on newly painted walls with water-based pigments, more difficult to realize. They guide artists to paint oil paintings. In this way, Venice artists' oil painting experiments will go further than other Italian painters. They paint with canvas instead of wood. Titian has made more efforts than any artist to carry forward this innovation. When Titian was a teenager, he worked with Joel Chonet, a new star in Venice art world, and learned a lot from him. This can be clearly seen in his early works, such as "GYSPY MADONNA" completed around 1550, which shows that the painting skills and the sense of coordination of complementary colors are perfect, emphasizing the description of scenery. Titian was commissioned to paint many pictures for the church. On 15 16, he received an important task, which made him famous in the world, that is, the Virgin Mary ascended to heaven. Now in Ferrara Church l. 1530, Titian came to Bologna to attend the coronation ceremony of Charles V, and he was introduced to the emperor of the new holy Roman Empire, who was also the most powerful man in the world at that time, and ruled. He ordered Titian to draw a portrait for him at once. Different from the usual portrait, the emperor looks like a standing portrait, giving people a sense of calm and majesty. When you approach the painting, the strokes of the portraits become soft as feathers, and some portraits will become clearer when you walk away. It seems that Charles emerged from the darkness behind him and was shrouded in light. This painting is one of Titian's most successful paintings. Unfortunately, it has been lost now, but at that time, he was immediately invited to be a court painter, serving the royal family, and held a ceremony to become a courtier. This is the most impressive and important. In the last few years before Titian's death, he continued to paint with great enthusiasm and increasingly free style, and created a lot of works. When Titian wrote Piata in 1576, he clearly felt the noise of death approaching, and Venice was being ravaged by another terrible plague. On August 27th of the same year, Titian died. Although the cause of death was not actually the plague, the plague eventually took the lives of his son and 70 thousand Venetians, so Titian was buried in the gorgeous Ferrara church, next to his two most famous masterpieces. Titian is the brightest star in the bright night sky of Venice in16th century. He rewrote the European art stone with color and light. His natural expression caused a revolution in painting. At that time, many of the most powerful people sought and owned his paintings, which may make him the first international artist in the world. Since the14th century, western society has entered a new era, that is, the Renaissance. The original meaning of Renaissance refers to the movement of acquiring new knowledge on the basis of reviving ancient Greek and Roman literary thoughts. The Renaissance is an era of intense awakening in the history of art. Engels wrote when talking about the European Renaissance: "This is an era when giants are needed and produced-giants in thinking ability, enthusiasm and personality, versatility and erudition. "The Renaissance is an era of bright stars and colorful schools in the art world. In the development and transformation of more than three centuries, different artistic schools have emerged, such as Florence School, Rome School, Venice School, Genoa School and Naples School. The Italian Renaissance experienced four main stages in artistic development: the first stage was1late 3rd century to1middle 4th century, which was the preparation period of the Renaissance. Mainly centered on Florence, Italy, the representatives are Giotto and Ma Saqiao. The second stage, from the middle of14th century to the first half of15th century, is the middle or development period of the Renaissance. The main representatives are angelico, paul Uccello and Botticelli. The third stage, from the second half of15th century to16th century, is the heyday of the Renaissance. At this time, the center of the Renaissance turned to Rome. The main representatives are Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael and Michelangelo; The fourth stage, from the second half of16th century to the first half of17th century, is the late Renaissance. This stage is represented by the rise of Venice painting school. The main artists are Titian and giorgione. Renaissance is an ideological and cultural movement that rose in Italian cities in the14th century and prevailed in Europe in the16th century. It brought a period of scientific and artistic revolution and opened the curtain of modern European history. It is considered as the dividing line between the Middle Ages and the modern times. Marxist historians believe that it is the dividing line between feudalism and capitalism. It is generally believed that the Renaissance originated in Italy in the14th century (the word Renaissance comes from the Italian word Rinascimento, which means regeneration or revival), and then spread to western European countries, reaching its peak in the16th century. 1550, vasari officially took it as the name of the new culture in the biography of the celebrity of the Art Garden. This word is transliterated as Renaissance in French, and is widely used in European countries after17th century. 19th century, western historians further regarded it as the floorboard of western European culture from 14 to16th century. Western historians once thought that this was the revival of culture and art in ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, with the development of workshop handicraft industry and commodity economy, the capitalist relationship gradually formed within the European feudal system; Politically, the feudal regime caused widespread dissatisfaction, the national consciousness began to awaken, and the masses of European countries showed a strong desire for national unity. As a result, a new era reflecting the interests and demands of emerging capitalist forces began to appear in culture and art. The emerging bourgeoisie thought that medieval culture was a retrogression, while Greek and Roman classical culture was a bright and developed model, and they tried to revive classical culture-and the so-called "revival" was actually an unprecedented liberation and creation of knowledge and spirit. At that time, Italy was in a multi-city state, and each city was an independent or semi-independent country. /kloc-After 0/4th century, cities gradually moved from * * * harmony to dictatorship. Dictators indulge in pleasure and believe in neo-Platonism, hoping to get rid of the shackles of religious asceticism and vigorously protect artists' descriptions of secular life. At the same time, the religious radicalism of Franciscans tried to abandon the scholasticism of orthodox religion and praise the beauty of nature and the spiritual value of human beings. The Vatican is also moving towards corruption. The pope's enjoyment is more severe than that of secular dictators. They are also protecting artists and allowing art to deviate from orthodox religious dogma. Philosophy and science are gradually developing in a relatively relaxed atmosphere, and are also brewing the prelude to the religious reform. The Renaissance originated in northern Italy. It is generally believed that Dante was the first representative, and his masterpiece was The Divine Comedy. His works criticized and exposed the corruption and stupidity of medieval religious rule in an implicit way for the first time, and were written in local dialect instead of Latin, the official literary language of medieval Europe. Another representative figure is Petrarch, who believes that ancient Greece and Rome were the most perfect times of human nature, and it was against nature to suppress human nature in the Middle Ages. Although he studied Latin literature deeply and extensively, he wrote a large number of lyric poems in the form of sonnets in Italian dialect, which were warmly welcomed by the rulers of various cities and countries. Another important reason for the Renaissance was 1453, when the Ottoman Turkish Empire captured Constantinople and the Eastern Roman Empire perished. A large number of talents who were influenced by oriental culture and still retained the spirit of the Roman Empire fled to Italy, brought back many fresh ideas and arts, and opened schools in Rome to teach Greek, which promoted the formation of the Renaissance. The ideas of works in the Renaissance embodies humanism: advocating individual liberation and opposing asceticism and religious views in the Middle Ages; Advocate scientific culture, oppose obscurantism, and get rid of the shackles of the church on people's thoughts; Affirm human rights, oppose theocracy, and abandon all authority and traditional dogma as the basis of theology and scholasticism; Supporting centralization and opposing feudal separatism are the main ideas of humanism. The representative works include Dante's Divine Comedy, Boccaccio's decameron, Machiavelli's The Prince, and rabelais's Biography of the Giant. Renaissance art praised the beauty of the human body, claiming that the proportion of the human body is the most harmonious in the world, and applied it to architecture. Although a series of paintings and sculptures still focus on religious stories, they all show the scenes of ordinary people and pull God to the ground. Humanists began to study the Bible by studying classical literature and translated it into the national language, which led to the rise of the Reformation. Humanism praises the secular and despises the heaven, flaunts rationality rather than the revelation of God, affirms that "man" is the creator and enjoyer of secular life, requires literature and art to express people's thoughts and feelings, scientifically seeks for the welfare of people, educates and develops people's personality, and requires people's thoughts, feelings and wisdom to be liberated from the shackles of theology. Advocating individual freedom has played a great role in historical development.