Ruyao is located in Ruzhou City, Henan Province. After liberation, it was named Linru County, which was called Ruzhou in ancient times. It is the first famous celadon kiln in the north. Founded in the Northern Song Dynasty, and fire in the Northern Song Dynasty. Short time consumption and small quantity. The shape of the vessel is simple, but the glaze color is warm and soft, like sheep fat jade in a semi-dull state. The decorative techniques of Ding kiln and Yue kiln are intercepted, forming a unique artistic style.
The late Linru kiln is called Linru kiln. Among them, the name "Fenghua" is the hall number of Song Gaozong Liu Fei, and some people say it was carved by later generations.
Ye Zhen's "Tan Zhai Bi Heng" in the Southern Song Dynasty said: "The white porcelain in Dingzhou was awned and could not be used, making Ruzhou a green kiln, so Ji, Tang, Deng and Yaozhou learned that Ruyao was the first." It shows that Ru kiln is accepting the task of the imperial court to fire Ru Guan kiln ware, so that the celadon technology in the north reaches the highest in the country. In the process of making porcelain, a fragrant gray tire was created, which surpassed all the celadon in the south before. In the firing process, the Zhi Ding imprint fired by full glaze firing method has unique fineness and regularity. Ru kiln mainly relies on a small amount of iron contained in the glaze to burn pure azure in a reducing atmosphere, which makes the split of the glaze of Ru kiln become a decoration, resulting in unconscious defects in the firing process (due to the inconsistency between the expansion coefficient of the tire and the glaze). As can be seen from the above, Ru kiln adopted the glaze color of Nanyue kiln, absorbed the printing technology of Ding kiln, and created a special style of printing celadon. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Hui Zhou's Qingbo Magazine said, "Burning in Ruyao Palace is forbidden, and agate powder is used as glaze." Ru kiln products have fine soil, hard fetal bones and moist glaze color, and the glaze contains agate powder, which produces special colors, such as egg white, azure and pink. In particular, sky blue is the most precious, pink is the best, sky blue is precious, and it has the reputation of "clouds break after rain". The glazed house is as thick as a pile of fat, as jasper, and as fragrant as a button. Glazed trachoma reveals crab claw pattern, roe pattern and sesame flower. Ru Ci was fired with a small glazed Zhi Ding.
Ruyao was the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty and was used by the imperial court. It is rarely circulated in the market and among the people. In the Southern Song Dynasty, there was a document saying: "Ru kiln ... can only be sold when it returns to the palace, which is particularly difficult to achieve." Explain that its value was extraordinary at that time. Its products are, of course, the best for the royal family, and those that are unqualified are allowed to be sold in the market, so most of the products of Ruyao are used to sacrifice to the imperial court. Mr. Li Kuchan, a famous master of Chinese painting, once said, "A museum in the world can't be perfect without you." Since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, court officials have used utensils and treasures as treasures, which are more expensive than Shang, Yi and Qing. There is also a popular saying in Ruzhou that "even if you have wealth, you are not as good as Ru Ci".
The official kiln has been burned for about 20 years, and there are few handed down products, so there are few things. According to the current statistics, Ru kiln wares are distributed in the following places: 20 pieces in Beijing Palace Museum, 265,438+0 pieces in Taipei Palace Museum, 8 pieces in Shanghai Museum, 7 pieces in British David Foundation, 65,438+0 pieces in Tianjin Museum, half in Guangdong Museum, 65,438+0 pieces in China Hong Kong collector Luo Guixiang, 4 pieces in Japan, 5 pieces in the United States and 65 pieces in British private collections.
Because the documents are unknown and the sites are rarely unearthed, where is the entrance to Ruguan Kiln? The mystery of Ruyao has been puzzling the researchers of ancient ceramics in China. The search for Ru kiln began in 1950s, and it was not discovered until 1980s in Baofeng County, Henan Province. After decades of unremitting efforts by the central and Henan local cultural relics and archaeologists, the imperial kiln mouth of Ru Ci, which was burned for the Northern Song Dynasty court, was finally found in Qingliangsi Village, Baofeng County, Henan Province. Starting from 1987, Henan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology conducted a trial excavation on the Ruins of Ruyao in Baofeng Liang Qing Temple, and found for the first time the imperial Ru porcelain kiln mouth in the Northern Song Dynasty, thus giving an answer to this important historical unsolved case. So far, the Ruyao site has been excavated five times. In addition to the same complete wares and fragments as the original wares, some new wares were unearthed, such as hollow incense burners, breast nails, glass carved goose neck bottles, etc., and a number of important physical materials were obtained, which provided feasible physical basis and new materials for the identification and appreciation of Ru kiln wares handed down from ancient times. With the deepening of archaeological work, I believe there will be more discoveries in Ruyao.
[Edit this paragraph] The history of Ru kiln
From the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Linru, Baofeng, Lushan and other places under Ruzhou's jurisdiction are rich in clay and dense in trees, from Yanhedian on Luanchuan slope to luoquan, Taogou and Liang Qing Temple in the southeast, until Lushan Duandian, a hundred miles away in Fiona Fang. Calcite, potash feldspar, feldspar sandstone, pyrophyllite, fluorite, hard kaolin, soft kaolin and timely are widely distributed. 1September, 988, broken glass ru porcelain jar was also found at Duandian ancient kiln site in Lushan County, which was an early product of the Tang Dynasty). When the industrious and intelligent Ruzhou people made pottery utensils out of clay, they made different pottery products because of high burning. The surface is smooth and delicate, and the color is charming, which is rare in the world. It has stimulated the intelligent skills of Ruzhou ceramic people, and through continuous exploration and improvement, this discovery has become more and more mature.
Ruzhou, which is rich in products, is originally a place where merchants gather and has a long history of cultural accumulation. The prosperity of Zhenguan has made Ruzhou's economy unprecedentedly prosperous. The development of Ruzhou pottery promoted the prosperity of ceramic industry. The prosperity of Ruzhou porcelain industry shows that as early as ancient times, Ruzhou porcelain technology has been advanced.
Ru Ci ranks first among the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty in China, including Ru kiln, Jun kiln, Guan kiln, Ge kiln and Ding kiln. In the early years of Yang Di's great cause (AD 605), he was born in Linru, Henan Province. Linru was named Ruzhou, hence the name "Ru Ci".
Ru Ci was first burned in the mid-Tang Dynasty and became famous in the Northern Song Dynasty. It occupies an important position in the history of China ceramics. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the Song and Jin Dynasties were constantly in war, and the prosperity lasted only for more than twenty years, so it was precious. Ru Ci is rare, with only 65 pieces left in the world, including 17 pieces in Beijing Palace Museum, 23 pieces in Taipei Palace Museum, 8 pieces in Shanghai Museum, 7 pieces in Sir David Foundation of Britain, and about 10 pieces in famous museums and private collections such as Victoria Abbott Museum, Toyo ceramics museum in Osaka, Japan, Clifford, St. Louis in the United States.
From 65438 to 0952, Premier Zhou Enlai instructed to "develop the cultural heritage of the motherland and restore the production of Ru kilns". After hundreds of experiments and studies, 1958 fired the first batch of bean green glaze crafts, and 1983 in August, the azure glaze of Ruyao passed the expert appraisal, all reaching and exceeding the level of Ruyao in Song Dynasty. Since then, Ru Ci has become a business card of Ruzhou people.
Ru Ci takes precious agate as glaze, which has a unique color and is known as "Agate is the glaze handed down from generation to generation". With the change of light, the glaze color is as beautiful, moist and simple as "after the rain clears, the clouds open and the fog clears" The surface is small and has cicada wings, which are called "pear skin, crab claw and sesame flower". In the Northern Song Dynasty, the word "Fenghua" was often engraved on your porcelain table, and Cai Jing, the minister of both capital city, also engraved the surname "Cai Zi" as a souvenir. Since the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, court officials have used utensils and treasures as treasures, which are more expensive than Shang, Yi and Qing. It is called "Ru Ci is rich, but it is not as good as it".
According to Chen Wanli, an expert on ancient ceramics, "Wei Song Zongchongning five years to the first year of Zhezong Yuanyou was the heyday of Ru Ci's development. At that time, the royal family in the Northern Song Dynasty spared no expense in making celadon in Ruzhou. Because the white porcelain in Dingzhou was too bright, the rulers thought it was useless, so they ordered Ruzhou to make celadon. Ru Ci has since been chosen as a royal treasure, also known as the official porcelain.
During the Northern Song Dynasty, the center of firing celadon in the north was in Ruzhou (then Zhili, now Ruzhou). At that time (A.D.1102 ~1127), Ruzhou had jurisdiction over Jiaxian County, Longxing County (now Baofeng County), Lushan County, Ruyang County (Yiyang) and Ruyang County. There are many ancient kiln sites burning celadon in the four directions of Ruzhou, forming a prosperous scene of "hundreds of miles of mountains and rivers on both sides of Ruhe River are full of fire everywhere". North and South porcelain areas; The north area extends from Zhanggong Lane and Confucian Temple in Ruzhou City on the north bank of Ruhe River, Donggou and Chenjiazhuang in Dayu Township to Huangyao in Linru Town. Second, it extends from Yanhedian on the south bank of the North Ruhe River to luoquan, Taomugou, Liang Qing Temple and Liangwa in the southeast direction, and reaches Duandian and Fiona Fang, covering more than 300 square kilometers and thousands of kiln sites. At its peak, there were more than 300 kilns all over Neixiang, Yiyang, Xin 'an and the north of the Yellow River. This is a prosperous period in the history of Ru kiln production.
Celadon with decorative patterns was fired in the northeast of Ruzhou, and its glaze color was extremely moist and green, which was an early product. Fired in the south, mostly decorated with prints or carvings, looming under the transparent wormwood glaze, but the production time may be later than the Southern Song Dynasty; Most of the new kiln furniture unearthed in urban areas are Ru kilns, and most of them are azure Ru Ci. Ru Ci also produces Tianmu porcelain, white porcelain, flower porcelain and tea glaze porcelain.
Linru, Baofeng, Lushan and other places under the jurisdiction of Ruzhou in the Tang Dynasty are rich in clay and dense in trees. A large number of calcite, albite, feldspathic sandstone, pyrophyllite, fluorite, hard kaolin, soft kaolin, timely and other main raw materials are widely distributed, which provides convenient conditions for Ru Ci's production (a broken glass Ru Ci bowl was unearthed from the Tang tomb in northern Ruzhou)/KLOC-0 was also found at Duandian ancient kiln site in Lushan County in September, 988. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the government set up a kiln in Ruzhou, and its products were called "Ruyao". After the decline of Yue Kiln in the period when "Ru Kiln" appeared, the products were mainly used by the court, and only part of them were allowed to be returned for sale, which was particularly rare recently. Ru kiln tire is fine and moist, as much as burning incense ash. It is slightly pink through the glaze bottom, which is different from other celadon in the same period. Unique style, showing a faint sky blue, some slightly deep, some slightly shallow, but can not be separated from the basic tone of sky blue. Your glaze juice is bright and moist, full of bean green, pink green, moonlight white, green and so on. The whole thin slice, with sesame seeds and tiny Zhi Ding at the bottom, is the trace of burning. The existing "Ruyao Striation" and "Wash" in the Palace Museum are rare treasures in ancient ceramics.
Song Zhouhui's Qingbo Magazine, Lu You's Notes on the Old Learning Temple, His Past in Wulin, His Shipu, Ouyang Xiu's Collection of Returning to the Field, Zhao's A Brief Introduction to Gegu, and Ruzhou Records all record Ru Ci's first feelings. "Burning is forbidden in Ruyao Palace, and there is agate powder as oil (glaze), which can only be sold if it is retrieved by the imperial court. It is particularly rare recently. " In Tan Zhai, the poet of the Song Dynasty clearly pointed out that "Dingzhou white porcelain is useless, so that Ruzhou can be used as a green kiln, which is well known to Ji, Tang, Deng and Yaozhou, and Ruyao is the first." Great. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin Bing invaded and the Song Dynasty moved south. Due to the long-term war disaster, your kiln was destroyed and your skills were lost. Although the kiln continued to be fired in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, it failed for various reasons. From 27 to 30 years of the Republic of China (1938 to 194 1 year), Li Shaochu, a capitalist, tried to imitate Ru Ci and built a kiln in the former site of Ruyao in Yanhedian, Mangchuan, Ruzhou, but he failed. Feng Xianming, former president of China Ancient Ceramics Research Association, said: "The glaze color of Ru kiln is the most difficult to imitate, much more difficult than that of Ding kiln, Jun kiln and Yao kiln, and it is not easy to imitate, so there is no authentic product handed down from generation to generation." As Sun Hao, the governor of the Qing Dynasty, said in a poem, "There is no carving on celadon, and it was not Yuan's first cultivation. The famous gentleman paid tribute to Shaoxing that year, and the bottles and lanterns moved. Brother Guan deserves you, the price of the voice at that time. The vegetable worm is a moth of tragedy, and it is difficult for people to stay long. The golden plate and jade bowl can be called a treasure of the world, refined in the soil. The kiln is cold and the wild coal is Changchun. " The poet spoke highly of Ru Ci, but also expressed his feelings about the loss of Ru Ci.
Where is the Ruins of Ruguanyao? This is a big unsolved case. Since the founding of New China, archaeologists have found many kiln sites in Ruzhou, Jia Lian, Lushan, Baofeng, Yiyang and Xin 'an 10 counties and cities, all of which belong to the folk kiln system.
1987, according to the physical specimens provided by Baofeng County, the Ruins of Ruguanyao were finally found on the terraced fields beside the south river of Liangsi Village, Xidaying Town, Baofeng County, with an area of about 250,000 square meters and rich connotations. Kiln furniture and porcelain fragments piled up like mountains, 2 ~ 3 meters thick. The thickest is over 6 meters. Agate stone is abundant near the kiln site, which is the unique color glaze of Ru kiln. The celadon is bright in color and beautiful in opening. During the Yuanhu period in Song Zhezong, a patrol inspection department was set up in Qingling Town to take charge of the pit management. During the trial excavation, more than 20 pieces of Royal Ru Ci were unearthed, including goose neck bottles, shoulder-folded pots, narrow neck and small mouth bottles, bowls, plates, washing utensils, pots, tea tray racks and lids. This new archaeological discovery solved a big unsolved case in the history of China ceramics, and discovered the ruins of five famous kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty.
[Edit this paragraph] The glaze color of Ru kiln
Blue as the sky: the sky-blue glaze of Ruguan kiln is the main color. But under different illumination and different angles, the color will change differently. Ordinary experience, in bright light, the color will turn green and yellow, just like the golden sunshine on the clear blue sky after the rain. In the dim light, the color is blue and blue, like a clear lake. The reason is that Ru Ci agate enters the glaze, resulting in different oblique slice angles, and bubbles with different sizes reflect light differently.
Face as jade: The key is translucent crystalline glaze, which is extremely sensitive to color and light, but the green glaze can reflect a blush from it. Where the glaze is slightly thicker, it will solidify green like oil, and then hang up like wax drops melting agate. Where the glaze is slightly thinner, such as a girl's shy face is faintly red, and like morning dew, the thin clouds are slightly dyed red. The glaze is moist and soft, pure as jade, and the ghee is obvious. It is silky, moist and simple, bright and lustrous, glazed like a pile of fat, quiet and elegant, moist and pure in color, and glittering and translucent in grain. See its green as jade peak, its beauty as jade. Your glaze is not as bright as Guan and Ge porcelain, or even as bright as Longquan celadon. The luster of your glaze is only slightly better than that of Ding and Longquan porcelain specimens found in imperial vessels and unearthed ones. This shows that when agate is added to the glaze, the vitrification degree of your glaze and the corrosion resistance of enamel are reduced.
On the other hand, the lack of obvious glass texture is an important feature of agate glaze; The enamel is thick and moist, the glaze color is uneven, it is uneven for a long time, there are a few bubbles, and the glaze shrinks. Cicada pattern: It is the most vivid to describe the opening of your glaze with "cicada pattern". Predecessors used "crab claw pattern" to describe it. There are two ways to say this. One is "the brown eyes in the juice are like crab claws", which means the brown eyes on the glaze caused by the bursting of bubbles, like the crab claw marks left by crabs walking on the beach. The second is to describe the length of the openings on the surface of porcelain, which are irregular and staggered, especially like crab claws. The author's point of view: the so-called "crab claw pattern" is to form a secondary pattern on the main pattern of a porcelain, forming a "Y" shape (crab claw), and then forming a secondary pattern on one side of the secondary pattern, forming another smaller "Y" shape (crab claw), ... just like a trunk gives birth to a big branch, and a big branch gives birth to a middle branch. In fact, one of the Chinese painting techniques originated from the dead tree painting method in the early Song Dynasty, which is called the crab pincer method. It is the simplest method to explain the primary and secondary direction of porcelain opening by crab claw technique. But it is not enough to describe the opening of your official glaze with crab claw pattern, because it only describes the primary and secondary direction of opening, but not the oblique opening of your official glaze. So some people use "fish scales" or "ice cracks" to describe this aspect. Therefore, using "crab claw pattern", "fish scale pattern" and "ice crack" to explain the opening of your official glaze only captures one point and ignores the rest. The cicada wing pattern has crab claw pattern, fish scale pattern or ice crack, which is the most vivid metaphor to describe your official glaze.
Crab claw pattern describes the primary and secondary direction of porcelain lighting.
The morning star is rare: Ru kiln ware has thick glaze and a small amount of bubbles, which was called "the morning star is rare" by the ancients. It appears and disappears in the light, just like the twinkling morning star. On the section of Ruyao porcelain, some sparse bubbles are embedded in the middle and lower part of the glaze layer. Observing with a magnifying glass on the glaze, these bubbles in the middle layer are sparse stars in the glaze layer, as big as the stars. Another part of the bubbles hidden at the bottom of the glaze layer is difficult to see through from the glaze. Ru Ci has a row of bubbles visible to the naked eye between its carcass glazes, which is different from the arrangement of bubbles in celadon glazes such as Song Longquan and Imperial Kiln in Southern Song Dynasty, and is another feature of agate glazes. At the same time, it shows that agate is too sticky, and the air in the glaze and matrix can not escape normally during the firing process, and more of it is enclosed in the lower glaze. Sesame Zhi Ding glaze meets:. Gao Lian's "Eight Notes on Respect for Life" said that Ru kiln "has a little sesame seed at the bottom to earn a needle". Zhi Ding traces as thin as sesame seeds can be seen at the bottom of the object. These traces are shallow and as big as millet. Most nail marks in Ru kilns are as big as sesame seeds, which is rare in other porcelain kilns.
Brown eyes, small holes naturally formed by explosion when glazed bubbles are fired in a kiln.
Caviar pattern: Caviar pattern refers to the yellow patches on the enamel surface of Ru Ci, which is different from the azure glaze surface.
There are different opinions on the analysis of caviar patterns, which are generally considered as small glazed slices as thin as caviar. Xu zhiheng <> "Ruyao was founded in Ruzhou, Henan Province in the Northern Song Dynasty. The soil veins are fine and moist, such as copper, thick and juicy. Those with bronze bones and no lines, those with bronze bones and jade ... ". There are various descriptions about Ru Ci's title, such as crab claw pattern, ice crack, cicada wing pattern, caviar pattern and so on. But I think the cicada wing pattern is more suitable. However, your enamel is flushed. Some are like going out to sea in the morning, some are like sunset clouds, some are like rain after a calm, and some are like hanging Changhong. They are all beautiful image metaphors, which are a bit exaggerated. After all, the red spots on the glaze are exposed on the blue glaze, like caviar floating on the water. That's all. I even think this is Ru Ci's defect. But for Ru Ci, there is another atypical feature.
It is worth mentioning that: the bronze bones are not tattooed. Therefore, caviar pattern is a typical feature of Ru Ci.
The inscription "Cai" is painted with purple-brown protective glaze, and the color is dark. Cai Jing (1047 ~ 1 126) was a native of Xianyou (now Fujian) in Song Dynasty. Official to vulgar, worship a surname. Cai Jing's stationery. Cai Jing was one of the four great calligraphers of "Camouflage Su Huang" in the Northern Song Dynasty, and his study and other articles were presented by local officials. One of China's four well-known ancient classical novels: Yang Zhi escorting a gold and silver bear; Wu Yongzhi took a delivery class. The birthday procedure here is that Liang Zhongshu, a famous Beijing official, bought one hundred golden balls, treasures, toys and other things and sent them to Tokyo to celebrate his birthday with his father-in-law Cai Taishi. It can be seen that officials all over the country were bribing Cai Jing at that time. Cai Jing has been in chaos for twenty years. Advocating "prosperity" exhausted the national treasury and dragged the Northern Song Dynasty to the brink of extinction. In the seventh year of Xuanhe (A.D. 1 125), when Cai Jing fled the capital in the Northern Song Dynasty, he carried away the gold, silver, jewelry and literary treasures he had accumulated on weekdays and loaded them with a full boat. In order to prevent bandits from looting, Cai Jing also sent 40 loads of gold, silver and jewels to people's homes in Haiyan, Zhejiang. In the first year of Jingkang (A.D. 1 126), Song Qinzong demoted Cai Jing to be our envoy of Chongxin and Qingyuan Army, and placed him in Shaozhou (now Shaoguan, Guangdong), where he died in Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan).
Ruzhou and Baofeng are the ruins of Ru Ci! I hope everyone knows more about Ru Ci!
[Edit this paragraph] Lotus Warm Bowl
Lotus-style warm bowls in Ruyao are decorated and shaped with lotus flowers or lotus petals, which became popular with the introduction of Buddhism. Later, it adopted the habit of getting rid of mud without dyeing, which means honesty and is widely used in various utensils. This device is shaped like a blooming lotus with soft lines, elegance and beauty. The original vessel should be equipped with a pot, which is a warm wine vessel, which is common in the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty. Ru kiln used to be used in the palace, but its mouth was defective due to the way of over-burning, so there was a move of "the palace ordered Ruzhou to burn celadon". One of the reasons for choosing Ru kiln is full glaze. Another purpose of burning is to prevent the kiln bottom from collapsing. The Zhi Ding used in Ru kiln is very small, leaving nail marks like sesame seeds. The five Zhi Ding marks at the bottom of the kiln are also commonly known as "sesame nails". The fine lines on the glaze are known as "crab claw marks". Lotus warm bowl, elegant in shape and soft and opaque in glaze color, is even more precious among a few pieces of Ru kiln utensils handed down from generation to generation.
"Rusong Kiln" powder blue glaze. Blue glaze porcelain, the porcelain of Ru kiln in Zong Wei period in Song Dynasty, is one of the most precious national treasures in the world, and also a milestone in the history of porcelain, representing the level of the whole exquisite culture in Northern Song Dynasty. Ru kiln is a monochrome blue glaze system. According to Hui Zhou (Qingbo Magazine) in the Southern Song Dynasty, the blue glaze of Ruyao is mixed with agate powder, and the composition of agate is silica, which is one of the raw materials for glaze matching.