1August 27th, 624 (July, 2004, the first year of Kuanyong, Japan14th), Zheng Chenggong was born in Kawaguchi, Japan. His father, Zheng Zhilong, is a maritime businessman and pirate leader, who has great influence in the southeast coast of China and the waters near Japan, Taiwan Province Province and the Philippines. Zheng Chenggong lived in Pinghu with his mother before he was six years old, and was taken back to Anping, Quanzhou (formerly Anping Town, Jinjiang County, Fujian Province, now Anhai Town) until his father Zheng Zhilong was recruited by the Ming court, which is now the former site of Anhai Chenggong Primary School. 1638 (in the 11th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty), Zheng Chenggong was admitted as a scholar and became one of the twenty "esophageal students" in Nan 'an County. 164 1 year, married Dong Yingxian, assistant minister of Fujian Huian Jinshi Department. 1644 entered imperial academy, Nanjing for further study, and studied under Qian, a famous philosopher in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. To encourage him, money gave him the word "big wood".

In the same year (1644, the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty), Li Zicheng, the leader of "hooligans", attacked Beijing, and Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself in Jingshan Park. Subsequently, Wu Sangui, the company commander of Shanhaiguan in the Ming Dynasty, led the Qing army into Shanhaiguan and defeated Li Zicheng to enter Beijing. Zhu Yousong, the heir of the Ming Dynasty, ascended the throne in Nanjing, and was renamed "Hong Guang" the following year (1645). 1645 (the first year of Hong Guang) In the fifth month of the lunar calendar, the prince of the Qing Dynasty led his troops south and defeated Yangzhou and Nanjing. Shi Kefa, minister of the Ministry of War, and others were martyred. Emperor Hong Guang was captured and killed, and so was Hong Guang.

Longwu period

1645 After the demise of the Hong Guang Dynasty, Zheng Zhilong and Zheng Hongkui became emperors of the Tang Dynasty, and in July of the same year they were changed to "Longwu". After the establishment of the Longwu regime, it was appreciated by the Ming Dynasty and was appointed as the commander-in-chief of the imperial army. Zhu was given the "national surname" and renamed "success", with the same surname as Xu. Zheng, the son of Zheng Hongkui, was also named by Shao Zongci; This is the origin of Zheng Chenggong's "national surname". From 1646 (the second year of Emperor Qianlong's reign and the third year of Shunzhi's reign in Qing Dynasty), Zheng Chenggong led an army to war and was ordered to enter and leave Fujian and Jiangxi for many times to fight against the Qing army, which was highly valued by Emperor Qianlong. However, Zheng Zhilong, who really holds the military and political power, has no intention of fully opposing the Qing Dynasty. Even when the Qing army went south to Fujian, he ordered Master Xian Xiaguan Shoujiang (also known as Shi Tianfu, uncle of Shilang clan) to withdraw his troops to Fuzhou, where Longwuge was located. This led to little resistance when the Qing army invaded northern Fujian.

Hong Chengchou, a great scholar in Qing Dynasty, was a countryman of Zheng Zhilong. Under the inducements promised to the governors of the three provinces, Zheng Zhilong decided to take several other sons to the north to surrender to the Qing Dynasty, regardless of the opposition of Zheng Chenggong and Zheng Hongkui. Zheng Chenggong failed to dissuade his father, so he had to leave Jinmen with some soldiers. Zheng Zhilong thought that after the Qing Dynasty, he should not only protect his family business, but also be promoted and knighted. Unexpectedly, Boluo, commander-in-chief of Fujian Province, was attacked by the Qing army. He not only took Zheng Zhilong and other scholars to Beijing, but also sent troops to attack Nan 'an, Zheng's hometown. Tian, his mother, had moved from Japan to Nan 'an at that time, and suffered this disaster and hanged herself in the war. When Zheng Chenggong learned of his mother's death, he strengthened his determination to resist the Qing Dynasty.

In the same year (1646, the second year of Ming Longwu and the third year of Qing Shunzhi), in August of the lunar calendar, the Qing army conquered Pucheng and Xiapu; Emperor Long fled to Jiangxi, where he was captured by the Qing army and died of hunger strike. Xuan Di in Nanming was inherited by Wang Gui and Zhu Youlang and changed to "perpetual calendar".

Southeast kangqing

After the demise of the Longwu regime, Zheng Chenggong avoided Kinmen, and then began to recruit troops in various coastal areas to incorporate Zheng Zhilong's old headquarters, and even raised thousands of troops in South Australia; 1647 1 (in the second year of longwu, in December), Zheng Chenggong swore an oath against the Qing dynasty in xiaojinmen (now Liyu township, kinmen county) in the name of "loyalty and filial piety".

In July 1647, Zheng Chenggong and Cai Zheng's army attacked Haicheng and failed. In August of the lunar calendar, Quanzhou Fucheng and Zheng Hongkui were successfully encircled. Wang Jin, deputy commander of Zhangzhou, led reinforcements, and Zheng Jun lost.

1648 (five years of Qing Shunzhi), the former governor of Zhejiang Lu Ruoteng and others came back. After Zheng Chenggong accumulated his strength, he attacked again and conquered Tongan County. In May of the lunar calendar, Zheng Jun besieged Quanzhou; In July, Chen Tai, the general of Qing Jingnan, Jin Chen, the governor of Zhejiang and Fujian, and Zhao Guozhuo, the magistrate of Fujian, turned to Tongan, and Zheng Jun was defeated, resulting in numerous casualties among commanders and soldiers. Soon, the Qing army reinforcements arrived in Quanzhou, and Zheng Chenggong lifted the siege of Quanzhou and returned to the sea.

In the same year, Jin Shenghuan and Wang Deren, the general commanders of Jiangxi in the Qing Dynasty, set out to fight against the Qing Dynasty in Jiangxi, and Li Chengdong, the magistrate of Guangdong and Guangxi in the Qing Dynasty, also invested in the Ming Dynasty, which made the momentum of fighting against the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight soar for a while. However, most of the anti-Qing forces have become local struggles without tacit understanding and fragmented. Soon after, the Qing court suppressed the forces of Jin Shenghuan and Wang Deren in Jiangxi. Li Chengdong's army in Guangdong also perished in 1649.

1649 (in the third year of Ming dynasty and the sixth year of Qing dynasty), Zheng Chenggong renamed the perpetual calendar as zhengshuo; Li Yong named him "King Yanping", and from then on some people called success "Zheng Yanping".

Battle of Chaozhou

At that time, the situation in southern Fujian was chaotic. In addition to the Ming and Qing dynasties, local tyrants and mountain thieves were everywhere, fighting with each other and collecting money and food from nearby people, just like local emperors. Compared with these local forces, Zheng Chenggong's armament is relatively complete, but because the army is too big and the territory is too small, he is faced with the major problem of raising wages. 1649 (in the third year of the Ming dynasty and the sixth year of the Qing dynasty) In October of the lunar calendar, Zheng Chenggong decided to send troops south. In addition to attacking the Qing army in southern Fujian, he also planned to subdue towns and villages along the way as food sources. More than a month later, Zhangpu, Xiao Yun and other places were captured by the Qing army, and villages such as Dahao and Xiamei were also settled; 1 1 month, Zheng Jun attacked Zhaoan, but decided to turn to eastern Guangdong and conquer uncooperative sporadic troops from fenshuiguan to Chaozhou. In May of the following year, Chaoyang and many surrounding cottages were conquered for the first time.

Although Hao Shangjiu, commander of Chaozhou County, fought against the Qing Dynasty with Li Chengdong in 1648, he attacked Shi Lang, Zheng Hongkui and other departments, refused the request of Zheng Chenggong's allied forces, and sent troops to make things difficult when Zheng Jun attacked Xinxu Village. He has a bad relationship with Zheng Chenggong. 1650 In June of the lunar calendar, Zheng Chenggong's troops arrived in Chaozhou. He sent troops to attack Hao Shangjiu on the grounds of "unclear position". Hao department fell and retreated to Fucheng, and Jieyang, Puning and Huilai counties fell into the hands of Zheng Jun. Soon, the Qing army invaded Guangdong again. Hao Shangjiu was caught between Scylla and Charybdis and led the Qing army into Chaozhou City to resist Zheng Jun.. Zheng Jun besieged Chaozhou City in March, and faced with the problem of food aid, so he had to retreat to southern Fujian in August.

Xiamen offensive and defensive

1650 (in the fourth year of Ming dynasty and the seventh year of Qing dynasty), the army of Cai Zheng and Zheng Chenggong's uncle Zheng Lian (brother) occupied Xiamen. After Zheng Chenggong returned to Minnan, in order to strengthen his own strength, he used Zheng Lian as an excuse to extort money in Xiamen and hurt the people. Take Shi Lang's advice and take Xiamen in a planned way. On the Mid-Autumn Festival every four years, Zheng Chenggong took advantage of Cai Zheng's departure from Xiamen to visit Zheng Lian. Zheng Lian was unprepared and was assassinated. Soon, when Cai Zheng learned of Zheng Lian's death, he was even more afraid of fighting with Zheng Chenggong. After returning to Xiamen, he surrendered all the military power. Since then, it has received some troops from Hezheng, and actually gained Xiamen and Jin as base areas.

In November of the same year, King Qingpingnan and King Jingnan led tens of thousands of fighters into Guangzhou. Zheng Chenggong ordered his uncle Zheng Zhiguan to stay in Xiamen. /kloc-in October/February, Zheng Chenggong arrived in Jieyang, Guangdong, and joined forces with Zheng Hongkui; He said that he would lead his troops south, and Zheng Hongkui would lead his troops to guard Xiamen. In the same year, accompanied by Ceng Ying and others from the Cabinet Department, King Lu came to Xiamen to take refuge in Zheng Chenggong and was placed in Kinmen.

Zheng Chenggong arrived in South Australia in the first month of 165 1 (the fifth year of the Ming Dynasty and the eighth year of the Qing Dynasty). On February 25th of the lunar calendar, Zheng Jun's fleet was hit by a storm near Yanzhou Port. Zheng Chenggong's main ship almost disintegrated and capsized, and almost all the vessels on board, including Ding Zao, were lost. According to records, even food could not be prepared on the ship at that time, and Zheng Chenggong himself was even hungry for two meals. It was not until the next afternoon that the wind and rain gradually subsided that Zheng Chenggong's main and auxiliary ships could return to the shore to meet the fleet. This is the biggest disaster that Zheng Chenggong himself encountered at sea. Afterwards, Zheng Chenggong also rewarded two main and co-pilots of China warships.

In March of the same year, Zheng Jun arrived at Guangdong Daxing Institute. On the other hand, Zhang Xuesheng, the governor of Fujian in the Qing Dynasty, learned that Zheng Chenggong's main army had gone to Guangdong, and Xiamen-Zhangzhou's defense was loose, which seemed to have an opportunity. He ordered Ma Degong, Wang Bangjun and others to attack Xiamen. Ma Degong held Zheng Zhibao hostage in Nan 'an, and ordered him to hand over the ship to ferry the Qing army to Xiamen, and successfully defeated Zheng Jun at sea. In the face of the attack of the Qing army, Zheng Zhiguan, who was in charge of Xiamen's defense, trembled before the war and only cared about carrying property to escape on a private ship. It made the Qing army break Xiamen quite easily and plundered the savings and equipment of the Zheng family. Due to the sudden accident, Mrs. Dong and Zheng Jing, the eldest son of Zheng Chenggong, only had time to escape from the sea with their ancestral tablets. After the successful sneak attack, the Qing army had no intention of staying in Xiamen to fight Zheng Jun, so it returned to the inland with a large number of trophies. Just then, Zheng Hongkui, who rushed to Xiamen to help, was besieged by Ma Degong's returning army at sea, but Ma Degong threatened to kill his mother and brother (Zheng Zhilong). In desperation, he had to let go. Soon, Zheng Chenggong learned of the attack on Xiamen, Guangdong. At first, he insisted on working hard in the south, but in the end, because the officers and men were homesick and cried everywhere, they had to move back to Xiamen. After recovering Xiamen, he was held accountable and beheaded his uncle Zheng, afraid to fight and escape; Zheng Hongkui, on the other hand, surrendered the relieving power, retired to Baisha, dongshi town, and stopped asking about politics.

In May of the same year, Shi Lang, the general of Zheng Jun, executed Zeng De, a subordinate of Zheng Chenggong without authorization. Zheng Chenggong wanted to punish the Shi Lang family on this ground. Shi Lang escaped with the help of his friends, but his father and brother were executed. After this incident, Shi Lang and Zheng Chenggong forged a deep hatred, but they reconciled again.

Battle between Zhangzhou and Haicheng

165 1 year (the fifth year of the Ming Dynasty and the eighth year of the Qing Dynasty), Zheng Jun fought in Xiaoyingling and Haicheng (now Longhai City) in southern Fujian, and won the battles of Cizao, Qianshan and Xiaoyingling, and recovered Heping, Zhangpu, Zhao 'an and Nanjing. At the end of the year, Zhang Houmingzhen and others from Dingxi came to take refuge, which made the momentum of Zheng Jun increasingly high.

The following year (1652, the sixth year of Ming dynasty and the ninth year of Qing dynasty), in the first month of the lunar calendar, He Wenxing, commander of Qinghai City, surrendered to Zheng Chenggong. In February, Zheng Jun attacked Changtai, and the Qing Dynasty sent Jin Chen to lead the army to rescue him. The two armies fought at Jiangdong Bridge. Zheng Chenggong, who is familiar with the topography of southern Fujian, arranged many ambushes near Jiangdong Bridge, defeated Jin Chen, wiped out most of the Qing army and won the battle of Jiangdong Bridge. Soon, Changtai was captured.

After conquering Changtai, Zheng Chenggong assembled an army to attack Zhangzhou Fucheng, surrounded by layers. In April, in order to solve the siege of Zhangzhou, the Qing army raised hundreds of ships to invade Xiamen, and the attack could survive. Zheng Chenggong sent more than 0/00 warships from Chen Hui and Zhou Ruihe to meet him. Yu Chongwu defeated the Qing army and won the battle of Chongwu. Zheng Jun won a great victory at sea, so the pressure on Zhangzhou City increased instead of decreasing. However, the defenders in Zhangzhou were also quite tenacious, which made the siege situation last for half a year.

A few months later, there was no water and no food in Zhangzhou, and a bowl of gruel cost four taels of silver. Residents eat rats, sparrows, roots, leaves, duckweed, paper and leather, and countless foot soldiers and people starve to death. It is said that at that time, the soldiers and civilians in the city competed for food with each other, and even people who had food at home were afraid to cook, because once they were found to have lit cigarettes, people would be robbed, and it was even said that some people ate human flesh. In history, "the people in the city feed themselves, the people die eight times, and the soldiers and horses are hungry." 1652 (6th year of Qing dynasty and 9th year of Shunzhi) In September of the lunar calendar, Li Jing, a general of Qing army, led an army of 10,000 people to Fujian and entered the state capital. Zheng Chenggong ordered the lifting of the enemy's siege of Zhangzhou. Zheng Chenggong arranged troops in Jiangdong, trying to ambush Jin Lijun by defeating Jin Chen, but was caught by Gionee Gushan, and the two armies started a scuffle. Zheng Jun's prefect of Huangshan Mountain, Chen Feng of the town, Hong of Youxianfeng Town, Qinding Town and Youzhenshou Town were all killed in the fierce fighting. After losing the battle, Zheng Jun had to retreat to ensure the safety of Haicheng and Xiamen. The Qing army recovered Nanjing, Zhangpu, Pinghe and Zhaoan.

1653 (the seventh year of the Ming Dynasty and the tenth year of the Qing Dynasty) In April of the lunar calendar, Li Jing invaded Haicheng and fought fiercely with Zheng Chenggong. Both sides use spears, guns and gunpowder as their main weapons. Under the heavy artillery fire of the Qing army, Zheng Chenggong's troops suffered heavy losses and many people will die. When Zheng Chenggong saw that the morale of the army was low, he went to the front and shouted, and as a result, he was also shelled. On the seventh day of May, at 5 o'clock, Li Jing ordered the use of empty artillery to cover, sent green camp to take the lead, followed by flag soldiers, and poured into the river to fill the door, in an attempt to climb the city in one fell swoop, which was rejected by Qin Shihuang. After dawn, Zheng Chenggong found that the Qing army had no gunpowder and money, so he lured the enemy to a decisive battle. While the Qing army was crossing the river on a large scale, he attacked gold with fire and won the battle of Haicheng, and Haicheng was safe and sound. After the war in Haicheng, Li Jing was recalled to the capital by the Qing court, and the two sides were once again deadlocked.

Make peace with Qing dynasty

In the same year (1653, Ming Taizu Yong reigned for seven years and Qing Shunzhi reigned for ten years), in May of the lunar calendar, after the Qing army was defeated twice, the emperor shunzhi named Zheng Chenggong as "Hai Chenggong", but Zheng Chenggong did not accept it. In August, the two sides made peace with Anping Hongzhi, Quanzhou Prefecture, and Zheng Jun was able to take a leave of absence and make a little rectification. 1 1 month, the emperor shunzhi sealed it again and promised to place soldiers in a prefecture (Quanzhou), but Zheng Chenggong still refused to accept it.

1654 (in the eighth year of Ming Dynasty and the eleventh year of Qing Dynasty), Hou Mingzhen of Dingxi saw that the Qing army had concentrated its troops in Fujian, and the defense in Jiangsu and Zhejiang was bound to be empty; So he invited a teacher from Zheng Chenggong, led hundreds of warships to the north and captured the area south of the Yangtze River. The division of the Northern Expedition in Zhangming Town attacked along the river and reached Jinshan Temple, threatening Jiangning Fucheng. However, due to lack of backup, I had to return to Li. In February of the lunar calendar, the Qing court sent an envoy to Zheng Chenggong again, promising to give the place to Xinghua, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou and Chaozhou; Zheng Chenggong refused again on the grounds that "there are many soldiers and horses, and there are not enough places to save." In August, the Qing dynasty sent envoys to discuss; Zheng Chenggong's brother Du Zheng and Andrew are also among the envoys. Zheng Chenggong said that "the Qing Dynasty was not sincere" and that "as long as I am not summoned, my father will be honored in North Korea", and once again rejected the conditions put forward by the Qing Dynasty.

In the same year, Li Dingguo, the king of Xining in Nanming, contacted Zheng Chenggong, hoping to jointly attack Guangdong from the east and west, so that the forces of the Ming Dynasty could be integrated; If we go north along the Yangtze River and attack Jiangxi, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, the great cause of rejuvenation can be expected. Zheng Chenggong sent Lin Cha and Zhou Rui to the Western Expedition, but he postponed his appointment with Li Dingguo for some reason. As a result, Li Dingguo fought alone. Although Zhaoqing was recovered, it was still defeated outside Guangzhou. Li Dingguo had high hopes for the joint Northern Expedition, and even promoted the marriage between Li and Zheng Lian to consolidate the alliance. But to Li Dingguo's great disappointment, Zheng Chenggong missed this great event because of his repeated victories.

In November of the same year in the lunar calendar, Liu Guoxuan, the garrison commander of Zhangzhou in Qing Dynasty, surrendered to Zheng Chenggong and led Zheng Jun into Zhangzhou Fucheng. Zhang Shiyao, a general town in Zhangzhou, saw that the tide was running out, and all the following officials surrendered to Zheng Jun. In December, Zheng Jun divided his forces to attack and captured five counties, namely Tong 'an, Nan 'an, Hui 'an, Anxi, Yongchun and Dehua, and the army entered Xinghua.

Establishment of official system reform

1655 (9th year of Yongzheng in Ming Dynasty and 12th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty), because Zhao Zong in Ming Dynasty was far away from Zheng Chenggong's forces, Zheng Chenggong was authorized to set up six departments, and was allowed to appoint official positions, with one military attache and six civil servants. Every time Zheng Chenggong pays homage to an official, he will invite Ning Zhushugui and other members of the Ming royal family to watch the ceremony to show respect for the system. Zheng Chenggong also renamed Xiamen (then the center-left school) as Siming House, and built a martial arts school so that Zheng Chenggong could personally supervise the officers and men to practice.

In September of the same year, Zheng Qinwang, the general of Dingyuan, led 30,000 troops into Fujian and prepared to attack Xiamen with the troops stationed in Fujian. Zheng Chenggong decided to abandon the occupied cities such as Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, and demolished the city walls, so that the Qing army had nowhere to camp, in order to consolidate the defense of Kinmen and Xiamen. At the same time, the dispatch department will also lead the boat division to attack in two ways, all the way up to Zhejiang and all the way down to Guangdong. It is difficult for the Qing army to take care of both the head and the tail. In the north, Zheng Jun won Lien Chan and attacked Zhoushan. Although Zheng Jun once marched south to Jieyang, he was defeated by the Qing army reinforcements and suffered heavy casualties. In April of the following year, Du Ji mobilized various naval divisions to attack Xiamen, and was defeated by Zheng Jun in the waters around Weitou, and the Qing army was defeated. Zheng Jun won the battle of Quanzhou. 1656 (10th year of the Ming Dynasty, 13th year of the Qing Dynasty) In December of the lunar calendar, Zheng Chenggong's troops won a battle to defend the national ridge in northeast Fujian.

Zheng Chenggong's theory on the crime of defeat. Originally, Du Hui was to be executed, but under the mediation of the generals, he decided to behead himself, and Huang and Du would try to atone. After Zheng Chenggong ordered Huang Wu to guard Haicheng, he also specially told Huang Wu to make contributions by apologizing as much as possible. But Huang Wu knew that Zheng Chenggong had always been strict in running the army, fearing that he would die if he made another mistake, so he discussed with lieutenant Su Ming and decided to surrender to the Qing Dynasty and give Haicheng County. Haicheng is a strong fortress that Zheng Chenggong has invested a lot of manpower and material resources to build for many years. Huang Wu's surrender undoubtedly dealt a heavy blow to Zheng Chenggong.

More than ten years after the founding of the army, Zheng Chenggong's land is still dominated by coastal islands in southern Fujian, such as Jinmen and Xiamen. However, Zheng Chenggong completely controlled the sea power. On the one hand, it went deep inland, set up a commercial stronghold of "Mountain Five Merchants", opened up sources of goods for trade smuggling with foreigners and accumulated funds; On the one hand, it is used to recruit soldiers (including foreign mercenaries such as Japanese, whites and blacks) and import weapons such as armor, guns and swords to prepare for military strength and armaments; On the basis of commercial strongholds in the mainland, the anti-Qing intelligence organization Red Gate was developed.

The battle between the Yangtze River and Nanjing

1658 (12th year of Ming dynasty and 15th year of Qing dynasty), Zheng Chenggong led170,000 water army to join forces with Zhang Huangyan in eastern Zhejiang and launched a massive Northern Expedition. Before the army entered the Yangtze River, it was hit by a hurricane in Yangshan waters, which caused heavy losses and had to be temporarily returned to Xiamen.

The following year (1659, 13th year of Ming Dynasty, 16th year of Qing Dynasty), Zheng Chenggong once again led a great army to the Northern Expedition, and together with Zhang Huangyan troops, successfully entered the Yangtze River, successively conquered Zhenjiang and Guazhou, successively won the battles of Guanzhou, Guazhou and Zhenjiang, and surrounded Jiangning Fucheng (formerly Nanjing in Ming Dynasty). Zhang Huangyan also recovered more than a dozen counties in Wuhu area, causing a temporary shock in the south of the Yangtze River. People cut off their braids, took off their cheongsam and cried that Daming had not worn clothes for a long time. Later, due to Zheng Chenggong's plan to slow down the troops of the Qing army, he was unexpectedly attacked by the Qing army, which led to the defeat of the Ming army and the loss of soldiers, including Gan Hui, Wan Li, and so on. After Zheng Chenggong's defeat, he tried to capture Chongming County as a position to attack the Yangtze River again, but after a long time, he had to return to Xiamen. The battle of Nanjing was the most brilliant and important battle in Zheng Chenggong's life, but it flourished first and then declined, and ended in great defeat, which made Zheng Chenggong's great cause of anti-Qing suffer fatal setbacks.

1660 (14th year of Ming Dynasty and 16th year of Qing Shunzhi), more than 40,000 navy men led by Qing general Dasu were completely annihilated in haimen port, Fujian (now Long Haidong), and the battle of Xiamen won a great victory and gained prestige again.