Send dongyang horse

Song Lian [Ming Dynasty]

I liked studying when I was young. Because my family is poor, I can't get books to read. I often borrow money from the library, copy it myself, and send it back on the appointed day. When the weather is cold, the water in the salt pond freezes into ice and I can't stretch my fingers. I still don't relax reading. After copying, please go back to China, and dare not exceed the agreed time limit slightly. So most people will lend me books so that I can read all kinds of books. It not only increases the crown, but also benefits the sage's way, suffering from the lack of masters, celebrities and tourists. Taste a hundred miles away and ask about your hometown. Senior honorary person, Yemeni students crowded his room, and his words and attitude were never slightly euphemistic. Around Lishi, he assisted the suspect and leaned over to ask questions; Or the more respectful and polite you are when you meet, you dare not say a word; Please ask again as soon as it is happy. So I was stupid and finally learned a lot.

When I was looking for my master, I was walking in the mountains of Otani with my book box on my back and Tara shoes on. In winter, the wind was cold and the snow was several feet deep, and my feet and skin were frozen and cracked. After entering the room, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The servant gave me hot water and covered me with a quilt. It took a long time to warm up. Stay in a hotel and eat two meals a day, without fresh fat and delicious enjoyment. All the students are all embroidered, wearing hats decorated with treasures, white jade rings on their waists, swords on their left and smelly faces on their right. In the meantime, I have no desire for beauty. I don't know if my mouth and body are not as good as people. My efforts and efforts are probably like this.

Translation:

I liked reading very much when I was young. The family is poor and can't get books to read. They often borrow books from book collectors, copy them by hand, and return them on time after calculating the date. Winter is very cold, the ink in the inkstone is frozen, fingers can't bend and straighten, and reading doesn't relax. After copying, he immediately ran to return the book, dare not exceed the agreed time limit. So many people are willing to lend me books that I can read all the books. As an adult, I admire the theory of ancient sages more, but I can't communicate with knowledgeable teachers and celebrities. Once I rushed hundreds of miles away, holding the scriptures and asking the elders with moral knowledge in the village. His predecessors were highly respected and his disciples crowded his room. His words and attitude have never been euphemistic. I stood beside him, asking questions, asking truth, bending down and listening respectfully; Sometimes, when he is reprimanded loudly, his expression is more respectful and his manners are more thoughtful, and he dare not say a rebuttal; He was happy and went to consult again. So although I was stupid, I finally learned a lot.

Go out for advice, carry a book box, drag shoes, and walk in the deep mountains and valleys. In the middle of winter, the cold wind blows hard and the snow is several feet deep. I don't know. The skin on my feet is cracked with cold. Back to school, my limbs were stiff and I couldn't move. The waiter gave me a hot bath and wrapped me in a quilt, which took me a long time to warm up. When staying in a hotel, the owner provides two meals a day, and there is no fresh, fat and delicious enjoyment. Everyone in the classmate's family is dressed in gorgeous clothes, wearing a hat decorated with red hair bands and jewels, with a white jade ring hanging around the waist, a treasure knife on the left and a sachet on the right, which is bright and dazzling, just like a fairy; I am in rags among them, but I am not jealous. Because there are enough happy things in my heart, I don't feel that the enjoyment of food and clothing is not as good as others. I just study hard.

Precautions:

Selected Works of Song Shixue (Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 1985).

Song Lian: (1310-1381), a writer in the early Ming Dynasty, was named Jingxian, and was named Pujiang Qianxi (now northwest of Yiwu, Zhejiang).

Dongyang, the place name, is in Dongyang, Zhejiang Province today.

Health, the elder's name for the younger generation.

Foreword: Stylistic name, which is a complimentary preface.

Y: Me.

Addiction: like, special hobby.

No way: no way.

To the book: get the book. To: I see.

Every time I borrow it from the library, I write it by hand: every time: often.

Borrowing: Synonymous compound words. Borrow.

Fake, borrowed.

Yu: preposition, from.

Nouns as adverbials.

Hand: nouns are used flexibly as verbs, and the same is true.

Dài: That is, you should be lazy in reading, and you can't slack off and relax.

Woman:No. Chi: It refers to copying books.

Go: Run.

Overdue: beyond the agreed time limit.

So: so. Take: think; Yes: So.

Guān: Ancient men held a coronation ceremony at the age of 20 to show their manhood.

Later generations often use "crown" or "crowned" to indicate that the year is 20.

I'm worried. .

Master: A knowledgeable teacher.

Shuo, Da.

Travel: communication.

Taste: Once.

Trend: Arrival.

Inquire about the scriptures from the predecessors in my hometown: take the scriptures and ask the local moral and learned predecessors.

Sage: a moral and learned elder. Knock on the door and ask questions.

Take it.

Delong Wang Zun: High moral prestige.

Hope, prestige, reputation.

Dragon: High.

The disciples filled his room: the students filled his room.

Master, apprentice, student.

Fill, fill. It means crowded here.

Lower your tone slightly: speak your words gently and face them gently.

Words, words and faces. Color: skin color.

Help doubt: ask questions and ask the truth.

Help, offer.

Quality, inquiry

Bend over and ask with your ears askew: Bend over and ask with your ears askew (to show respect and concentration).

With: conjunction, and, come.

Or: sometimes.

Scold (chi) du not: reprimand, reprimand.

The more respectful the color, the more respectful the expression. Color: expression. Respect: respect

To: Thoughtful.

A: This refers to excuses and refutations.

As soon as possible: wait.

Pawn: Finally.

Qiè dragging: dragging shoes with a bookcase (indicating that the shoes are worn out).

Drag: Drag.

Basket: book box.

Li: Shoes.

Poor winter: severe winter.

Jūn: Because of cold and dryness, the skin is cracked.

House: refers to the school house and library.

Branch: pass "limb", limb.

Yìng people: here refers to the people who serve.

Soup: Hot water.

Officer: Take a bath. W, water and wash (limbs). Irrigation "washing"

Quilt (qρn): Quilt.

Hug: Covered.

And: the undertaking form.

Yes: only.

Daily refreshing (SI): Two meals are served every day. Again: twice.

Reverse travel: staying in a hotel.

Live, live.

Reverse, welcome.

Travel backwards, hotel.

Embroidered by (pρ) Qi (qǐ): Wearing beautiful silk clothes.

Cover it, put it on, put it on.

Zhu Ying: The Red Hat.

Fringe: hat band.

Waist: waist.

Waist, nouns as verbs.

Odor tolerance (xiù): sachet.

Smell, smell, here refers to the aroma.

Yèran: radiant.

Clothes: shabby clothes.

Old packing. Oh, that's shabby.

Slightly unsightly: no envy.

Slightly none: none.

Mu Yan was envious.

People who have had enough fun in it don't know if the oral service is not like people: because they have enough fun in their hearts (referring to reading), they don't feel that food and clothing are not as good as people.

China: Inside.

Oral and physical service: refers to food and clothing.

Gai: Verbal words, which are used to guide a sentence, are often emotional or argumentative and belong to mood auxiliary words; The translation is "probably".

Creative background:

Preface to Farewell to Dongyang is taken from Selected Works of Song Dynasty. That was in 1378 (the eleventh year of Ming Hongwu). In the second year of Song Lian's retirement, when he went from his hometown Pujiang to Yingtian (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) to meet Zhu Yuanzhang, Ma Junze, a fellow student in imperial academy, visited him. Song Lian wrote this preface to introduce his learning experience and attitude and encourage others to be diligent.

Analysis:

This article is intended to encourage students at that time to study hard, be reasonable, write simply and be very touching. Let's talk about it in several paragraphs.

1 paragraph describes his experience of reading as a teenager, which has three layers.

The first layer is about the hard work of studying when I was young. From the beginning, the article reveals the sharp contradiction between "studious" and "poor at home" "Addicted to learning" means that you like reading, but your family is poor and you can't buy books, so you have to borrow books from others, "take notes yourself" and copy them yourself. This has become a solution to the contradiction. The scene of "taking notes by hand" initially revealed his diligent learning attitude. Then use the scene of copying books in winter to further describe this fighting spirit. "The inkstone is hard in the ice, so your fingers can't bend and stretch." There is hard ice in the inkstone, and your hands are frozen stiff. This refers to both the weather and the poverty of the family. And "inkstone ice" and "finger" are written around the way of copying books. "Lazy" means lazy. This is the contrast between learning attitude and learning conditions, which further highlights the hard work of learning. The author begins with the most difficult winter, which is used to illustrate that it is the same all year round, and every day is the same, which is very general. The words "go" and "skip" of "go and send it, but don't dare to exceed the appointment slightly" are worth noting. "Walking" means running, and here it means "hurry up". "Send it away", borrow it in person, send it in person, and send it quickly. The word "slightly" emphasizes that he will stick to his promise and never delay, even if it is very difficult. Because of this, people are willing to lend him books, and it is possible for him to "read all the books". The apparent reason for the change from "I can't learn books" to "I can read a lot of books" is "I dare not be a little offside", but in fact it is "I am lazy", which is his learning spirit that is not afraid of hardship. This layer is the skill of writing and reading.

At the beginning of the second floor, the word "Du" is used to inherit the above, and "Du" means adult. Ancient men held a coronation ceremony at the age of 20, tied their hair and wore a hat to show their manhood. The previous layer is about studying hard, and this layer is about finding a teacher. It's a scene of "leaving home for a hundred miles to ask". The so-called "first to reach the countryside" refers to the local learned predecessors. "Looking up the scriptures" means asking for advice with the scriptures. "Hundred Li" means a journey of a thousand Li, which shows the urgency and determination to seek a teacher. This scene was written at three points. The first point is about the strictness of teachers. "First, Delong looked up at the statue and his disciples filled his room", that is, "Delong looked up at the statue". This is a general evaluation, and the scene of students crowding the room is further highlighted. It can be seen that this teacher is indeed knowledgeable and famous. However, even though many people came to ask for advice, the teacher didn't "lower his body a little", and his words and attitude were very serious and not casual at all. This is a contrast technique. The reason why the teacher is strict is to highlight the author's sincerity in seeking a teacher. So the next second point is to write the scene of asking the teacher at ordinary times, "standing by the waiter" and "leaning over the ear", which vividly shows his pious and respectful attitude. The third point is to ask for advice when the teacher is angry. "The more respectful and polite you are, the more you dare not say a word." His attitude is so modest that he dare not speak out. The word "Yu" here is quite vivid. "As soon as the teacher is happy, please ask again." As soon as the teacher is happy, he will continue to ask for advice. This layer is difficult to write.

The third layer is mainly about the hardships of reading. The author chose a specific scene to describe it. "I dragged my feet and walked in the mountains and valleys." "Drag", carrying a book box and dragging shoes, shows poverty; "Deep Mountain Canyon" means that the road is dangerous. Poor winter, strong wind and heavy snow focus on the characteristics of season, environment and climate respectively. "I wonder if my skin is chapped" and "my limbs are stiff and I can't move", which sets off the cold weather and the bitterness of walking. This is a writing line. At the same time, I wrote about food, clothing, housing and transportation, living in a hostel, wearing shabby cotton robes, eating only two meals a day, and having no fresh fish and meat to enjoy. All this shows a "bitter" word. Focusing on bitterness has two purposes: one is to compare "roommates", those rich children who live in the same hotel; The first is to show yourself as a "person with enough fun", that is, inner fun. The author uses verbs such as Bei, Dai, Yao, Pei and Bei to describe the splendor of rich children's costumes and outline their magnificent image. This is a metaphor. The more prominent this metaphor is, the more vivid the following contrast is. "The robe is in the clothes", with bright clothes on one side and tattered clothes on the other. This further highlights the author's shabby appearance. After such a contrast, the author's pen and ink began to turn, revealing the spiritual realm, which shows that he is not envious or ashamed at all. So, why is he like this? Because the "man who has had enough fun" has spiritual comfort and ideological sustenance, he will not compare himself with others in food and clothing. Next, the author ends this chapter with "I am hard-working", explaining that this is just an example, a specific situation, so as to illustrate the general with concrete and sum up many similar situations.

The central meaning of this article is clear, but the author does not make sense with a straight face, but adopts the method of narration and discussion. The use of this narrative speech technique, through self-presentation, contains one's own personal experience and feelings, which makes people feel cordial and sincere. From the narration, the article seems to be off topic on the surface, but in fact it is very closely related internally. I wrote about my childhood experience of reading, being a teacher and reading, and chose something related to the topic, so I have a vague discussion intention in the narrative. Writing about one's own hard experiences is positive education, while writing about the situation of rich children studying is negative teaching material. All this is to encourage Ma Sheng. Therefore, the full text structure is tight, and the final topic is natural.

Another important writing feature of this paper is that it is good at using contrast skills. What is more obvious is the contrast between the luxury of rich children and the author's own poverty. The conclusion of this chapter is drawn from these comparisons, so it is very clear and convincing.

Key sentences:

1, a sentence that dominates and sets the tone for the full text: I was eager to learn when I was young.

2. A sentence that can best express the author's pain in copying books when he was young: it's freezing, the inkstone is hard, and his fingers can't bend and stretch.

3. Sentences that show that the teacher is angry and humbly asks for advice: or when being scolded (chi) and (du), the more respectful, the more humble, and dare not say a word; Have a nice time (s √), please ask again.

4. Revealing the sentence of spiritual pursuit to overcome material poverty: People who have played enough in it don't know that their mouths and bodies are not like people.

Revelation:

1. The road to study is difficult and bumpy. Only if you are not afraid of difficulties, have the courage to explore, have perseverance and perseverance can you succeed in your studies. Hard work is the root of your success. The key to learning success lies in whether you work hard subjectively, which has little to do with the objective study and living conditions. In learning, we should have the thoughts and feelings of taking pleasure in suffering and enjoying pleasure, and at the same time, we should cherish our existing superior learning environment and conditions and study hard.

Teachers should be respected. You should respect and be modest in front of the teacher.

We should learn from Song Lian's diligence, modesty and sincerity, and respect the quality of teachers.

Article center:

Based on his personal experience of studying hard under difficult conditions when he was young, the author urged Ma Sheng to live up to his good conditions and study hard to succeed.

Problem research:

1. Contrast effect

The contrast between the superior learning conditions of too many students and the poor learning conditions of the author shows that the author is rich in spirit and noble in interest. From the comparison, we can draw a conclusion whether academic achievements depend on subjective efforts, enhance the appeal and persuasiveness of the article, and make the article complicated and ups and downs in the comparison.

2. What is the author's intention in writing this article?

Encourage Ma Sheng to cherish imperial academy's excellent learning conditions and study hard with his own personal experience.

3. Combined with the text, what kind of bitter optimism should modern middle school students have in reading?

If the learning conditions are poor, we should study hard and not be afraid of hardship; Good study conditions, we should cherish the superior study conditions and study hard.

4. What did Song Lian's schooling experience tell Ma Sheng? Although times have changed, what can we learn from Song Lian's spirit of studying?

In this article, Song Lian told Ma Sheng with his own personal practice and experience: study must be diligent, and the content and purpose of study are very different today, but what he said is still enlightening and instructive to us. The author's spirit of not being afraid of difficulties, being diligent and eager to learn, being content with poverty but not greedy for money, his enthusiastic concern for future generations' learning, his attitude of inculcating, his honesty and trustworthiness, and his spirit of respecting teachers and valuing morality are also worthy of recognition and learning.

The author doesn't feel a little inferior because the conditions of food, clothing, housing and transportation are a little worse than "living in the same family", which shows that his heart is full and his ambition is high. Please combine his reading life to create a couplet:

I am dragging my feet, asking the teacher to work hard, and I am leaning over to study hard.

6. Why did the author start with the most difficult winter?

Used to show that you study so hard all the year round and the effect is average.

7. What is the reason for "I am stupid, but I heard something"?

Don't give up your dream of studying because you are poor, and keep studying under extremely difficult conditions. Ask for advice with an open mind and be extremely respectful.

8. What is the hardship of writing about food, clothing, housing and transportation for?

Use food and clothing as a metaphor to "share life with others" to express one's "enough play", that is, inner pleasure. Highlight the author's spiritual pursuit of not fearing the hardships of life and studying hard.

9. What do you prefer between "oral service" and "enjoying it"?

I agree that having enough fun, being rich in spirit can overcome material poverty, knowledge accumulation and spiritual enrichment are the necessary conditions for students to learn, and spiritual enjoyment is the greatest enjoyment of life and a noble taste.

10. What did you get from this article?

You must study hard, be dedicated, and work hard to get good grades. The formation of academic mastery and good quality mainly depends on subjective efforts.

1 1. What aspects did the author write to create conditions for reading?

Borrowing books is not trustworthy; Copying books is not afraid of hardship; Traveling in Wan Li, ask the wise with an open mind.

12. specifically point out the stable description and discussion sentences, and talk about their functions in the text?

Description: "I never made a slip of the tongue" vividly wrote the teacher's serious manner; "Bend Down and Ear Up" vividly writes the attitude of middle school students' merits and demerits in strange cases; "Ye Ran Ruo Ren Shen" vividly wrote the gorgeous appearance of sharing a house; "My robe and clothes" vividly describes the author's humble clothes.

Discussion: "Although I am a fool, I am a pawn or something I have heard of", and the benefits of asking for advice modestly are named; "Those who enjoy it don't know that the battle of mouth and body is not like human beings" points out the reason why they are not ashamed of food and clothing; "Diligence can make up for mistakes" points out the purpose of the paragraph; "If the cause is not refined, the morality is not successful, and the nature is not inferior, then the heart is not specialized" indicates the main idea of the paragraph; "Yes, it can be said that he is an excellent scholar" points out Ma Sheng's character; "I'm too old to tell" points out the purpose of this paragraph.

13. What do you think of the learning attitude of being diligent, persistent in learning and willing to forget your worries?

This attitude of studying hard and being willing to forget worries still has positive reference significance today, because a scholar must be persistent and bear hardships, and only by studying hard can he achieve something.

14. Why doesn't this article have a straight face and a sense of preaching?

The author puts forward his own views, makes sense and empathizes with others, so that the younger generation can understand the essence from the kind and beautiful story narration. The essence is more touching than simple discussion, and it is easier to be accepted by Ma Sheng. It is convincing to compare the difficulty of learning with the superior learning conditions of Taiwanese students.

15. What's the difficulty?

It was difficult to borrow and copy books when I was a child; It is difficult for adults to ask questions from teachers; The difficulty of trudging from teacher to teacher; Poor food and clothing, simple life.

16. What do you think of the author's attitude of respecting teachers?

A. In study and life, we should respect teachers, respect questions, listen carefully to teachers' criticism and education, and not criticize teachers for perfection. Only by respecting teachers and attaching importance to teaching can we achieve something.

B. The author is respectful in front of the teacher and "dare not say a word", which is the most common phenomenon in China's old-style education. Although it contains positive factors of respecting teachers and attaching importance to teaching, it also seems too pedantic. (only makes sense)

17. What qualities should a "good scholar" possess?

A good scholar must have perseverance, the spirit of daring to bear hardships, the attitude of respecting teachers and attaching importance to teaching, the attitude of learning with an open mind, and the character of being dedicated and not ashamed to ask questions. Only by studying hard can you achieve something.

18. Couplets about the theme of the article?

Famous all over the world, it is said that the four seas have no distractions.

Is it because the industry is not good or virtuous?

19. What is the author's learning attitude? Please talk about your learning experience on a certain point.

The author's learning attitude is: love learning, enjoy forgetting worries, and be respectful to the teacher during the learning process, and dare not say much.

20. What is the reason for "I have read many books"?

Borrow books from others and copy them, and return them at the appointed time. So others are willing to lend books to Song Lian. Song Lian can enjoy these books, too.

Genre introduction:

Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang is a gift preface. "Preface" is a style, in which "preface" is not "preface" but "gift". There are two kinds of prefaces: book prefaces and gift prefaces. The preface of the book is relatively early, mostly describing the author's interest and writing origin, such as Yi Xu and Tai Shi Gong Xu. The preface of the book and the preface of the book are different in nature. It began in the Tang Dynasty. Generally, it is a kind of thoughts and feelings expressed in words between literati. Arguments are often put forward to clarify some viewpoints, which is equivalent to a style of argumentative writing. Most of the contents are words of encouragement, praise and emphasis, such as preface to Meng Dongye by Han Yu and preface to Xue Cunyi by Liu Zongyuan. Song Lian was an official in Beijing Jiankang (now Nanjing), and Ma Jun, a fellow countryman and a young man from Dongyang County, Zhejiang Province, was also in Beijing and studying in imperial academy. Ma Sheng went back to his hometown to visit relatives. Song Lian wrote this article, and combined with his own practice realized that "Tao is difficult to learn", and set an example to encourage hard study. This preface is not a deadpan sermon, nor a compliment to the other side, but a statement of self-expression, which criticizes the shortcomings of the present, so it is faithful, true and reasonable, and the words are fluent, and the truth is also very enlightening to us today. ?

Song Lian?

Song Lian (1310-1381) is called Jingxi, also known as Xuanzhenzi, Xuanzhendao and Xuanzhendun. Han nationality, a native of Pujiang (now Pujiang County, Zhejiang Province), was a writer in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. He was praised by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and scholars called him Taishigong. Song Lian, Gao Qi and Liu Ji are also called "the great poets in the third day of Ming Dynasty". Because his eldest grandson was involved in the Hu Dang case, he was demoted to Maozhou and died in Kuizhou on the way. His representative works include Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Dongyang and Zhu Yuanzhang's Northern Expedition in the Early Yuan Dynasty.