Question 2: What is amber? Amber's English name is Amber, which comes from the Latin Ambrum, meaning "essence". Some people say that it comes from Anbar, which means "glue", because the Spanish call the buried glue and amber amber amber. In ancient China, amber was regarded as a "tiger spirit".
The earliest recorded resin fossil was Carboniferous, but amber did not appear until the early Cretaceous. The famous amber sedimentary rocks come from the Baltic Sea and Dominica. Amber is mainly the resin of ancient gymnosperms, and now there are also gums produced by flowering plants. Amber in the Baltic Sea sometimes contains insect or plant residues. It is speculated that amber may have been formed in the forest of primitive pine tree amber pine. Unlike amber, Holocene semi-fossil hard resin will melt in organic solution.
Amber is a kind of resin fossil, which was buried underground tens of millions of years ago and formed through certain chemical changes. It is an organic mineral. Amber has a variety of shapes, the surface often retains the lines produced when the resin flows, and bubbles and ancient insect or plant debris are often seen inside. The color is generally yellow and red, and the front is transparent. Amber will soften at 150℃. High-quality amber can be processed into handicrafts, and inferior amber can be used as chemical raw materials. Amber is the product of sedimentation, mainly produced in the sediments of Cretaceous or Tertiary glutenite and coal seam. China, Liaoning, Fushun and Henan Xixia are rich in amber.
Amber is the resin of tertiary coniferous plants, which was buried underground by geological processes. After a long geological period, resin lost its volatile components and polymerized and solidified to form amber. Often accompanied by coal seams. Amber is a hydrocarbon containing succinic acid and amber resin. Its chemical composition is C 10H 16O, of which 79% is carbon, 10.5% is hydrogen, 10.5% is oxygen, and sometimes it contains a small amount of hydrogen sulfide. The shape of amber is mostly pie-shaped, kidney-shaped, tumor-shaped, slender water-drop-shaped and other irregular shapes. It belongs to amorphous body. Most of the colors are yellow, orange, brown, brownish yellow or dark red, and light green, yellow and lavender varieties are extremely rare. Grease luster, transparent to translucent. The refractive index is 1.539- 1.545, multicolor. Hardness 2-3, density1.1-1.16g/cm3. Brittle, cleavage-free, conchoidal fracture. Amber is an organic substance, which softens when heated to 150℃ and melts at 250℃-300℃, giving off an aromatic rosin smell. Amber is soluble in alcohol. It usually contains insects, seeds and other inclusions.
At present, resins are collected commercially, such as hard resins produced in New Zealand. Baltic amber is used for jewelry and hard resin for decoration. Spencer et al. recently re-studied these coba resins from New Zealand based on the samples provided by the Institute of Gemological Society of New Zealand and the samples obtained from New Zealand coal mines. In his research, the most important gemological discovery shows that the ether introduced in classic gemological books to identify cobalamin and amber is not ideal for kauri, that is, some kauri is actually insoluble or only slightly soluble in ether. Drop a drop of ether on these insoluble Coba resins, and there is no reaction or slight reaction after 30s; However, after dropping a drop of alcohol on these Copa resins (including 25Ma resins), all of them will react in alcohol after 30s: the surface will become sticky or opaque, while the real amber will not react at all when dropping alcohol, indicating that it is insoluble in alcohol. Copa resin is also easy to produce dissolution reaction similar to alcohol in glacial acetic acid, but glacial acetic acid will produce * * * odor, which may be harmful to alcohol. Human body burns, so it is not suitable as a gemological test method. In addition, his experiments also show that the reaction of natural Copa resin under ultraviolet fluorescence is unstable, which is difficult to be used as an identification basis to distinguish amber from Copa resin.
Types and evaluation of amber. According to the different colors and characteristics of amber, the varieties of amber in China are Jin Po, Xuepo, Insect Po, Xiangpo, Lingpo, Shipo, Huapo, Shuipo, Mingpo, Wapo, beeswax and Korean pine resin, among which there is no clear definition. For example, Worm and Lingpo should be considered as one kind, both of which refer to amber containing animal remains. Flower bud refers to amber that has been artificially exploded, among which it should be noted that the pressed amber flower is particularly fine, chaotic and the background is turbid. Beeswax refers to opaque amber. Xiangpo refers to the beeswax with obvious fragrance after kneading, because the degree of treatment of beeswax is usually small, so the fragrance is rich. Water amber refers to amber containing water droplets.
The value of amber is not high now ... >>
Question 3: What is amber amber? Amber is a kind of resin fossil, which was buried in the ground thousands of years ago and formed after certain chemical changes. It is an organic mineral. Amber has a variety of shapes, the surface often retains the lines produced when the resin flows, and bubbles and ancient insect or plant debris are often seen inside. There are novels, paintings, characters in games and so on.
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Question 4: Where is the origin of amber? Amber, popularly speaking, is a kind of plant resin, similar to what we often call "rosin". Made of plants (mostly trees with wooden structure) at a certain temperature. Of course, the temperature is usually very high to make them secrete viscous or colloidal liquid secretions. After long-term burial, the secretion gradually lost its volatile components, and then oxidized and consolidated, gradually forming resin fossils.
Amber is the resin of tertiary coniferous plants, which was buried underground by geological processes. After a long geological period, resin lost its volatile components and polymerized and solidified to form amber. Often accompanied by coal seams. Amber is a hydrocarbon containing succinic acid and amber resin. Its chemical composition is C 10H 16O, of which 79% is carbon, 10.5% is hydrogen, 10.5% is oxygen, and sometimes it contains a small amount of hydrogen sulfide. The shape of amber is mostly pie-shaped, kidney-shaped, tumor-shaped, slender water-drop-shaped and other irregular shapes. It belongs to amorphous body. Most of the colors are yellow, orange, brown, brownish yellow or dark red, and light green, yellow and lavender varieties are extremely rare. Grease luster, transparent to translucent. The refractive index is 1.539- 1.545, multicolor. Hardness 2-3, density1.1-1.16g/cm3. Brittle, cleavage-free, conchoidal fracture. Amber is an organic substance, which softens when heated to 150℃ and melts at 250℃-300℃, giving off an aromatic rosin smell. Amber is soluble in alcohol. It usually contains insects, seeds and other inclusions.
Question 5: What is the significance of wearing amber? Wearing amber has many meanings, because amber is a very old gem. As one of the seven treasures of Buddhism, its value is naturally different. So, what is the significance of wearing amber? The following introduction will introduce the significance of wearing amber.
To say the meaning of wearing amber, we have to talk about the formation of amber. Amber is a kind of resin fossil planted and preserved in Pinaceae. It takes tens of millions of years to form. Underground, after numerous violent crustal movements and great crustal pressure, they can finally form amber. Amber absorbs the aura of heaven and earth in nature, which makes it have powerful spiritual functions and has a good expulsion effect on evil forces and diseases. Therefore, in order to avoid disasters, ancient people used to wear amber on their chests or hands. In addition, amber also has the medical effects of treating rheumatism, calming the nerves, relaxing bowels and diuresis. It's not easy to get sick if you wear it for a long time! So wearing amber means good luck and health.
Question 6: What's in amber? Amber contains plant fragments and small animals.
Amber is the resin dropped by coniferous plants 45-65 million years ago. It has been buried underground for thousands of years and turned into a fossil under the action of pressure and heat, so it is also called "resin fossil" or "resin fossil". Amber has a variety of shapes, the surface often retains the lines produced when the resin flows, and bubbles and ancient insect or plant debris are often seen inside. In ancient China, amber was regarded as "the spirit of the tiger", which means the soul of the tiger. Amber is very delicate, afraid of fire, gasoline, bumps and exposure. Some amber still smells. Common amber types: Jin Po, Jinlanpo, Green Tea Slope, Black Tea Slope, Blood Slope, Plum Slope, Brown Red Slope, Blue Slope, Green Slope, Insect Slope, Beewax, Pergen, Myanmar Root Slope, etc. Amber has low hardness, light texture, astringency, jewel-like luster and crystal clear. Another feature of amber is that it contains particularly rich inclusions, such as insects, plants and minerals.
Question 7: What do the seven treasures of Buddhism mean? What does this have to do with amber? First, the seven treasures of Buddhism
Seven treasures refer to tortoise shell, agate, crystal, coral, amber, pearl and musk. The seven treasures have another meaning, and the seven bodhi points are shown in Table 7.
(1) The seven treasures translated by different classics are different:
1. The seven treasures mentioned in the Amitabha Sutra translated by Kumarajiva are gold, silver, coloured glaze, glass, red beads and Ou Man.
2. The seven treasures mentioned in Xuanzang's translation of Ode to Pure Land are gold, silver, dog skin glass, jade, Muroti Jielapo, lohitamuktika and Ashima Jielapo (red bamboo stone);
3. The seven treasures mentioned in the Prajna Sutra are gold, silver, glass, coral, amber, canal and agate;
4. The seven treasures mentioned by 4.Hokkekyo are gold, silver, colored glass, canals, agates, pearls and roses;
The seven treasures mentioned in Amitabha Sutra are gold, silver, coloured glaze, glass, ditch, red pearl and agate.
(2) The versions of the same book translated in different historical periods are different, so are the seven treasures. Take the Infinite Life Sutra as an example:
1. The seven treasures of the Han Dynasty are gold, silver, coloured glaze, crystal, dragonfly (also called chequ), coral and amber.
2. The seven treasures contained in the Cao Wei edition are purple gold, silver, colored glass, crystal, dragonfly, coral and amber;
3. The seven treasures of the Tang Dynasty are gold, silver, coloured glaze, pear, jade, red pearl and amber;
4. The seven treasures of the Song Dynasty are gold, silver, glass, pear, dragonfly, pearl and amber;
(3) The seven treasures of Tibetan Buddhism are chalcedony, beeswax, canals, pearls, corals and gold and silver, which are collectively called "the seven treasures of the West". So there are more than ten kinds of things that can be used as seven treasures.
(4) Three treasures of Buddhism: Buddha, Dharma and Monk. Buddhism has seven treasures: gold, silver, amber, coral, dragonfly, coloured glaze, agate and chalcedony. Get three treasures and the country, get seven treasures and the people are safe.
Second, amber:
Amber is a 40-million-year-old turpentine fossil, which is also called the three organic gems with pearls and corals. Only 40 million years.
So there are more than ten kinds of things that can be used as seven treasures.
Amber is a valuable medicinal material. It is recorded in Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica that amber can calm the mind and soothe the nerves, calm the five internal organs, and clear the heart and soothe the nerves.
Third, the relationship between the seven treasures of Buddhism and amber
Amber Buddhism has three studies: abstinence, stability and wisdom. Only when people get rid of the troubles in the world can they improve their concentration. When they have a certain concentration, they will be as quiet as their hearts. When people settle down to a certain degree, they will have the ability to judge right and wrong and the methods to deal with all the problems in the world.
Corresponding to Buddhism's "precept, determination and wisdom", practicing with amber can help people to produce determination, which is a blessing for practitioners in Buddhism. Both Buddha and Bodhisattva help people get rid of disasters, and amber is also a gift from Buddha to help people get rid of mental and physical pain. Amber is a gem cultivated for millions of years. Taking amber as one of the seven treasures of Buddhism is also to show that it takes a long time to practice and stand the test before you can gradually realize it.
Health: According to Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica in Ming Dynasty, amber can soothe the five internal organs, calm the mind, stop bleeding, remove blood stasis and detoxify. Different colors of amber have different effects. Red-brown is used to treat the heart and kidneys. Gold can cure liver disease, and Lanpo can delay aging. Every piece of amber has a Buddha's heart, which makes all beings pray for peace. Meditation: Buddhist practice of "abstinence, steadiness and wisdom" is based on "abstinence and wisdom are born from steadiness". Amber helps practice.
When a person's mind is settled and his wisdom is increased, a meditative state of mind is born. Vows: The contents of amber will remain unchanged for ten thousand years, and the Buddha vows the great wishes of all beings. It means that the oath will never change and is a symbol of eternity. Good men and women pray with amber and have good luck all their lives.
Question 8: What kind of amber is the best? Amber is amorphous and irregular, ranging in size from fine particles to chunks weighing several pounds. The raw materials have resin luster, and after polishing, they have resin luster to be close to glass luster. The hardness is only 2-2.5. It is easy to cut with a knife, with poor toughness and shell-like cracks. The specific gravity of transparent amber is about 1.05 ~ 1.09, while the specific gravity of turbid amber is as low as 1.0. The refractive index of amber does not change much, but it is usually close to 1.54, which can be as low as 1.539 and as high as 1.545. Because amber is an amorphous substance, it is isotropic, cleavage-free, polychromatic and refraction-free. According to the lack of toughness, powdery inclusion, oily luster, broken glass and lack of high polishing ability, it can be identified as fat amber. There are often inclusions in amber, such as insects, seeds and other foreign bodies, which are captured before turpentine hardens. Germans call amber a burning stone because it burns at a very low temperature. For this reason, amber is often used as hygienic incense.
Amber has rich colors, diverse patterns and strong or weak transparency. People give them many image names according to their different characteristics: Shipo, Huapo, Shuipo, Jin Po, Lingpo, Mingpo, Xiangpo and Xuepo. Among them, red blood beads are the most precious, followed by yellow transparent Jin Po, and goose yellow wax beads are the least.
In real life, amber has various uses. Amber is often processed into decorative handicrafts, such as necklaces, collars, rings and knickknacks. People wear them on their bodies, saying that they can "calm the five internal organs, calm the soul and drive away ghosts and evil spirits." Some ethnic minorities in our country must put amber necklaces on their brides at weddings. They think amber can make the bride and groom feel harmonious and stay young forever. In interpersonal communication, amber ornaments are noble gifts for relatives and friends, and both parties will feel that they are worth a hundred times.
Amber can be used not only for decoration, but also for making medicines, dyes, spices and paints.
Amber is generally identified by its low specific gravity and hardness. In addition, its refractive index is also very special.
A useful test method is to put an unknown substance into a saturated salt solution. Amber will float in salt water, while most substances will sink. This test method is usually enough to distinguish amber from bakelite and many other plastics. Because the refractive index of bakelite is about 1.60, it is also a useful distinguishing index. When the small pieces are heated slowly, bakelite gives off a strong electric carbon sour taste, and celluloid gives off a camphor smell.
Amber is difficult to distinguish from some modern resins, such as styrene resin, shell turpentine, dama resin and so on. Styrene resin and shell turpentine were soaked in ether for 5-2 minutes, and then swelled and softened. In addition, it is much easier to melt styrene resin and shell turpentine with extremely hot needles than amber, but the difference is not big, and it needs to be compared with known amber. Ethyl acetate is needed to soften Dama resin.
In order to identify a carved amber, it is best to drop a small drop of ether in an imperceptible position and stay for a few minutes. If amber is corroded by ether, the ether will leave spots on its surface after volatilization. Because ether volatilizes very quickly, it is sometimes necessary to use a large drop of ether or make up this drop from time to time.
Question 9: What is amber material? Rosin resin.