Let's start with the capital. It can be said that most of the capitals in the history of China are in North China, including Henan: Xia, Shang, Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han, Cao Wei, Western Jin, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou, Northern Song and Jin. Shaanxi: Western Zhou Dynasty, Qin Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. Beijing: Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. (Counting sixteen governors in the last generation)
Canal: closing water, also known as deep ditch. In 484 BC, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, opened a deep ditch in the northeast of Dingtao, Shandong Province, which led Heze water to flow southeast and into Surabaya. Because its water source comes from Heze, it is called Heze water. Its old road is equivalent to Wanfu River in the southwest of Shandong and the north of Jinxiang. The excavation of Heshui River connects the four rivers, namely Yangtze River, Huaihe River and Du Ji River, which were not connected with each other, and becomes the main waterway between the east and the west in the Central Plains. In the ninth year (36 1 before), a big ditch was opened from Yuanyang County in Henan Province to the north, leading the Yellow River south to Putianze (between Zhengzhou and Zhongmu in Henan Province), then from Putianze to Guodu Daliang (Kaifeng in Henan Province) to the south, circling the city, passing through Tongxu and Taikang, injecting sand water and then to Chen (now Huaiyang in Henan Province). The excavation of the gap connects several rivers, such as River, Jing, Pu, Si, He, Luo, Ying, Ru and Vortex, and forms a water transport network with artificial canals as the mainstream and natural rivers as the tributaries in Huanghuai Plain. The formation of gorge water system is the summary of the early days of pre-Qin canal. Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, is "the great river, Weihe River and Caohe River spread all over the world, and the capital was given to the west", but the Weihe River is shallow and sandy, and the river course is tortuous, making it inconvenient for ships to sail. In the sixth year of Emperor Yuan Guang (BC 129), hundreds of thousands of people died. Weihe River flows eastward from the northwest of Chang 'an City (near Wang Yu Village in the suburb of xi, Shaanxi Province), intercepts water, passes through Xi 'an, Lintong, Weinan and the north of Huaxian County, and flows into Weihe River to the west of the third estuary in the northeast of Huayin County. It has a total length of more than 300 miles and an annual turnover of more than 4 million stones. Yi Qu and the Western Han Dynasty reorganized the water distribution system. The Yellow River diverted eastward from Xingyang, Henan Province (now northwest of Zhengzhou, Henan Province) and was divided into two branches. The south branch is a jumping canal, which flows into Shui Ying in the southeast and into the Huaihe River. The southeast branch flows from Chenliunan to Yang Xia (now Taikang, Henan Province) and enters the whirlpool water. Discharge water into a tributary. A fan-shaped water transport system is formed between the Yellow River and Huaihe River. Because the water supply also comes from the Yellow River, it has been repeatedly violated by rivers. In the 12th year of Liu Zhuang Yongping, Emperor Hanming of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 69), Wang Jing was sent to harness the river, and then a side canal was built. Starting from Yi Jun (now Kaifeng, Henan), the water flows eastward to Xuzhou and enters Surabaya, which is the so-called Yi Jun Canal. The accumulation of stones is the weir and the stone gate is the mouth of the canal, which makes the Junyi Canal gradually become the backbone waterway to maintain the water transport between Huanghuai and Huanghuai. Yangqu, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, in order to solve the water supply problem in Luoyang and connect the Yellow River and Luoshui, in the 24th year of Jianwu (AD 48), a canal was dug in the west of Luoyang, and tributaries of Luoshui were drawn around and east of the city, and then the two rivers were collected and discharged into Yanshi, which was called Yangqu. The Shandong Cao boat entered the economy from the Yellow River and reached the capital through Yangqu.
Since the seventh year of Jian 'an (202), Cao Cao has successively dug six canals in the North China Plain. ① Suiyang Canal. In the first month of seven years, Cao Cao ruled Suiyang Canal. The canal starts from Junyi to Guandu in the west and ends in Suiyang (now Shangqiu, Henan) in the east. Utilize river basin water sources above Guandu and dredge Suishui river bed below Junyi. Only Guandu to Juntun is a newly built canal. Suiyang Canal was built, and food was saved, so Cao Jun defeated Yuan Shao in the battle of Guandu. ② Baigou, also known as Su Xudu. In nine years, Cao Cao wanted to attack Lombardi stronghold Ye (now Linzhangye Town, Hebei Province) and put the square wood down into a weir to stop Qishui from entering Baigou eastward and open up the route for providing foodstuff. (3) Pinglu Canal. In the eleventh year, Cao conquered Wuhuan, opened Pinglu Canal, and solved the water transport connection between Zhanghe River and Hutuo River and Weihe River and Luhe River. From Pinglu City (now the southwest wooden door of Qingxian County, Hebei Province), it is connected with the rushing water in the south and enters the Luhe River in the north. (4) Quanzhou Canal. In the same year, Cao Cao opened the Quanzhou Canal to solve the water transport connection between the Luhe River and the Northeast River. From today, the lower reaches of Haihe River to the east of Tianjin, crossing Waze in the north, is connected with Chanhe River and Baoqiuqiu Water. It was named because the canal was near Gu Quan House (now Shangcun, Wuqing, Tianjin). ⑤ New River. In the same year, Cao Cao opened a new river to solve the water transport connection between Quanzhou Canal and Luanhe River in the east. From Yanguan (today's Lintingkou, Baodi, Tianjin) on the east side of Baoqiushui in the north of Qu Hui, Quanzhou, water will be diverted to the east of Gengshui (now Zhouhe), Juliangshui (now Huihe), Fengshui (now Douhe), Xuxushui (now Shahe), Suhe (now Upstream) and Qingshuihe (now Qinghe), and then to Suishui (now Qinghe). This canal spans several natural rivers, and it needs to build a weir to pass. Excavation engineering is more complicated. ⑥ Cao Li Canal, in the eighteenth year, in order to solve the food and traffic problems of Yedu, Cao Cao led Zhangshui into Baigou, from Quzhou County in Hebei Province to the southwest of Guantao County. With the opening of this canal, the amount of water in Baigou increases, and the tanker can reach Yecheng directly. The six canals dug by Cao Cao are conducive to the unification of the north and the development of social economy, which has contributed to the formation of Haihe River system in Hebei Plain and laid the foundation for future generations to dig Yongji Canal and Tongji Canal. Cao Wei took the place of Han and moved the capital to Luoyang, with Xuchang, Qiaocheng, Yeh and Chang 'an as its capitals. In order to facilitate traffic, old waterways were rebuilt and new canals were dug. Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of Wei Dynasty, dug a Lu-seeking canal connecting Ruhe River and Yinghe River in the early years of Huang Dynasty, and a canal connecting Pi River (a tributary of Yinghe River today) and Ruhe River system. In the second year of Jingchu (238), Lukou and Baima Canal were opened to connect Zhangshui, Hutuo and Lushui (now Dasha River). In the fourth year (243), the second canal between Guanghuaiyang and Bai Chi was opened to connect Shui Ying and Rushui. In addition, in the fourth year of Taihe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (369), Huan Wen led the water army back to Surabaya to Jinxiang, which caused a severe drought, so that the water source in the river was cut off. The canal was opened for more than 300 miles, connecting Taohe River in the south (near Yutai in Shandong Province) and Juye in the north, leading Taoshui into the canal, connecting the three waters of Si, Wen and Ji, which was called Huan Gong Gou in history. With the help of Huangonggou, ships in the Jianghuai basin can feed water (also called clear water) into the river by themselves and go west to Shaanxi and Luoyang. So, in the twelfth year (4 16), Emperor Wu of Song made a northern expedition to Yao Qin, and in the seventh year of Yuanjia (430), General Song arrived and led the water army to attack Wei. During the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, some canals were dug and repaired in Huainan and Jiangnan.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, canals were called Caoqu or Caohe and Qu Yun. Including Guangtong Canal, Tongji Canal, Shanyangdu, Hangou, Jiangnan River and Yongji Canal, it was only called the Canal in the Song Dynasty. Daxing City (now Xi City, Shaanxi Province) was the capital of the Sui Dynasty. Although Guanzhong is known as fertile land, it has a narrow land and a large population, and its output is not enough for the use of the capital. It depends entirely on the taxes of the eastern States (counties). Sui Wendi Sui Wendi often blocked water transportation because of the impermanence of the Weihe River and the shallow sand. So, in the fourth year of Emperor Kai (584), he ordered Yuwen Kai to lead a water conservancy engineer to open another waterway. The Weihe River leads from the arrogant northwest of Xingcheng, slightly follows the old path of Cao Canal in Han Dynasty, and joins the Yellow River in Tongguan, with a total length of more than 300 miles, which is called Guangtong Canal. Since then, water transportation has been favorable, and Guanzhong relies on it, so it is also called Fumin Canal. Renshou four years (604), renamed Yongtong Canal. In the seventh year of Sui Dynasty, in order to make preparations, it started from the north (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province) and connected with Hangou via Sheyang Lake in the southeast. Thus, the traffic arteries from Huaihe River to Yangtze River between Yang Shan and Jiangdu (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu) were communicated. In the first year of Daye (605), Yang Di Yangguang built Tokyo (now Luoyang, Henan), and recruited more than one million men and women from Henan and Huaibei counties to dig Tongji Canal. The western section of Tongji Canal draws valley water and Luoshui from Xiyuan, Tokyo, flows eastward along Yangqu ancient river in the Eastern Han Dynasty, enters Luohe in the southeast of Yanshi, and enters the river from Luohe. The eastern section of the Yellow River starts from Banzhu (near Niukouyu, northeast of Suishui Town, Xingyang, Henan Province) to the east, follows the old Bianshui Road to the east of Junyi (now Kaifeng, Henan Province), turns to the southeast, and passes through Chenliu, Qiu Yong (now Qixian, Henan Province), Xiangyi (now Suixian, Henan Province) and Ningling (now southeast of Ningling, Henan Province) to Song Cheng (now south of Shangqiu, Henan Province). In the same year, more than 100,000 Huainan migrant workers were recruited for dredging, and the Han ditch dug by Fu Cha, the King of Wu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, which communicated with Jianghuai, was rebuilt to replace Yang Shan. Tongji Canal and Hangou are the two most important canals excavated in Sui Dynasty, with a width of 40 steps. For four years, he recruited more than one million men and women from all counties in Hebei Province, opened Yongji Canal, led it to the Yellow River in Nantong, Qinshui, and then dug a canal on the east bank of the lower Qinshui River to connect with Qingqi and Qishui, followed Baigou and Qinghe Old Road to the northeast of Dezhou (from the yellow river to Wucheng, and the canal was in the west of Weihe River; Wucheng to Dezhou, the canal is in the east of Weihe River), and it reaches Tianjin today along the present South Canal, and then connects Sangganshui (that is, Baihe River from Tianjin to Wuqing and Yongding River from Wuqing to the southwest suburb of Beijing) to Zhuo Jun (now Beijing) with a total length of more than 2,000 miles. In the seventh year of the great cause, Yang-ti prepared to make a personal expedition to North Korea, and took a boat from Jiangdu via Hangou and Tongji Canal, crossed the Yellow River into Yongji Canal, and reached Zhuo Jun. And "the civilian worker south of Jiang Fa and Huaihe River, and the warehouse in Liyang and Luokou were transported to Zhuo Jun County, more than 1,000 miles away". In the sixth year of its great cause, Yang Di wanted to March eastward to Jiangdu, dig the Jiangnan River from Jingkou to Yuhang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang) and communicate the shipping between the Yangtze River and Zhejiang. It is roughly guided by the ancient canal since the Six Dynasties, which is slightly the same as the Jiangnan section of the Grand Canal today, except that the south section of Chongde is south of the Grand Canal today. It is more than 800 miles long and 10 feet wide, and can be used by dragon boats. However, the plan of the "East Tour Club" has not been implemented. On both sides of the canal, there are broad imperial roads with rows of willows. From Chang 'an to Jiangdu, more than forty detached palaces have been built. In addition, many granaries have been built along the canal as places to transport or store food. Among them are the famous Liyang Liyang Cang (now at the foot of Dalai Mountain in the southeast of Xunxian County, Henan Province), Luoxingcang in Luoyang (later renamed Luokou Cang, now in the northeast of Gongxian County, Henan Province, more than 20 miles in Fiona Fang, with 3,000 pits, each pit can hold 8,000 stones of grain), Luohuicang (once seven miles north of Luoyang in Sui and Tang Dynasties, with 300 pits around it) and Heyang Cang. North bank of the Yellow River), Changcang warehouse in Shan County (southwest of Sanmenxia, Henan Province), Guangtong warehouse in Huayin (later renamed Yongfengcang, now Weihe River enters the Yellow River), Taicang in Daxing City, the capital of the capital, and Yangshancang in Yang Shan (east of Northwest Canal in Huai 'an City, Jiangsu Province, now stores more than one million mangoku). This series of canals dug in the Sui Dynasty started from Daxing City in the west, reached Zhuo Jun County in the north and Yuhang in the south, with a total length of four or five thousand miles. It connects Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River, and connects Shi Jing, Du Dong, Zhuo Jun (Youzhou), Junyi (Bianzhou), Liang Jun (Shengzhou), Yang Shan (Chuzhou), Jiangdu (Yangzhou), Wu Jun (Suzhou) and Yuhang (Hangzhou) with each other. At that time, there were "an endless stream of business trips and ships" on the canal, which promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the North and the South during the Sui and Tang Dynasties and safeguarded national unity and centralization. From Sui Dynasty to Tang Dynasty, all canals were called Caoqu or Caohe, while the eastern part of Tongji Canal was called Bianqu, Bianhe or Bianshui, and Hangou and Jiangnan were called Guanhe. The name of Yongji Canal remains unchanged, but it has been isolated from Qinshui, and its source is Qing and Qi. Among all the road sections, the Caoqu, Bianhe and Huainan Caoqu, which connect Chang 'an, Luoyang and Jianghuai areas, are still the most important and constitute the lifeline of the Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Emperor Gaozu and Emperor Taizong, the grain transported from Jianghuai area to Chang 'an every year was about 200,000 stone. Since Emperor Gaozong, the use of the country has been increasing day by day, and the rice transported every year has reached 2.5 million stones. After Su Zong, the Central Plains was broken, and the government's fiscal revenue mainly depended on Jiangnan. Therefore, the passage of this canal is directly related to the survival of the imperial dynasty. Yongji Canal is still the main traffic trunk line in Hebei Province. Weizhou (now the northeast of Hebei Province) built more than 100 buildings in the west of Kaiyuan City along the canal, "to store the goods of Jianghuai", and Zhou Bei (now the northwest of Qinghe River in Hebei Province) was called "the North Library of the World" in Tianbao. The Sui and Tang Dynasties Canal could not be navigable smoothly for a long time. In addition to being hindered by war, natural factors have also caused many difficulties to shipping. For example, the canal in Guanzhong was silted up and abandoned in the early Tang Dynasty. The grain transportation was changed from Weishui to Chang 'an. From Luokou to Guanzhong in the west, with the Yellow River as the main traffic artery, there are three pillars in the middle, and shipwrecks often occur. Therefore, the road from Luoyang to Shaanxi is sometimes transported by land, which is extremely labor-intensive. Side canals and Huainan grass canals often affect water transport due to siltation. At the same time, the transportation distance of the canal is long, the climate along the canal is inconsistent, and it rains more or less, so the water transportation is often suspended because the canal is shallow and the Huang Helang is high. In order to solve the crisis of Chang 'an grain and national grain consumption, Pei Yaoqing proposed to change the land transportation from Du Dong to Shaanxi into water transportation, and to open a mountain road more than ten miles long on the north bank of Sanmen Mountain of the Yellow River for short-distance vehicle transportation to bypass the dangerous road. When the Bianhe River enters the Yellow River estuary, a warehouse will be disposed of. Jianghuai rice will be distributed to Jianghuai after it is included in this warehouse. From this warehouse, it enters the Yellow River Luoshui, and is carried by a ship hired by the government. In Sanmen, there is a warehouse in Shandong and a warehouse in the west. Rice is shipped to Dongcang, then transported to Xicang by land, and then shipped to the warehouse in Guanzhong. When the water flows, it stops when it is sunny, so it doesn't waste time and reduce losses. In August of the 22nd year of Kaiyuan (734), Xuanzong adopted his suggestion and ordered to set up Yin He warehouse, Jinjicang in Sanmen, Shandong, and Salt Warehouse in Sanmen, Shanxi, at the Bianhe River mouth (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan, and west Lisan, the old city of Yin He). To the north of Sanmen Mountain, Shilishan Road is opened for land transportation. All the grain shipped from Jianghuai is brought into Yin He warehouse; From Yin He warehouse to Dudong warehouse, then into Jiacang, sent to Guanzhong Taiyuan warehouse (Suichang warehouse), and then transported to Yongfeng warehouse (Suiguang warehouse), Weinan warehouse and Taicang. Yao Qing was appointed as the transshipment ambassador of Jianghuai and Henan, and delivered seven million mangokus in three years, saving 400,000 yuan in land freight. But in the middle of Sanmenxia, it is still very difficult to use cars instead of boats, and both ends of the canyon have to unload and move. In the twenty-ninth year of the first year of Tianbao (742), Richie, the satrap of Shaanxi County, dug an artificial waterway in the rock east of Renmen in Sanmenxia, which was called Sanmen Canal or "Kaiyuan New River" and "Tianbao River" in history. A fiber road was dug on the top of the mountain to wait for the river to rise, so that the trackers could pull the boat through the river, thus creating an overall water transport bureau from Jianghuai to Guanzhong. However, this passage was soon abandoned because of rock collapse. In the first year of Tianbao, Wei Jian, as an emissary of land and water transportation, opened a canal in Guanzhong, built a weir from Yuanxi (now southwest of Xianyang) to divert Wei water, intercepted drowning people and swimmers, followed the old road of Sui Caoyun River eastward, and reached the junction of Yongfengcang and Wei water. In the east of Chang 'an, Guangyuntan (nine miles northeast of Chang 'an in Sui and Tang Dynasties) was also dug, which was considered as the anchorage of Cao's ships. So the Jianghuai tanker directly arrived in Chang 'an, carrying four million mangokus and other money, which was the highest in the Tang Dynasty. Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, changed the long-standing pattern of taking Shaanxi and Luoyang as the national political center. With the increasing economic status of the Yangtze River basin, the confrontation between Song, Liao, Song and Xia, and the implementation of the policy of "inner space and outer space" of the Northern Song regime, the north-south water transport is of great significance. Kaifeng, the capital of Wanli, has formed an artificial water transport system radiating around on the basis of rebuilding and dredging the original waterway of the previous generation. The Bianhe River, one of the "Four Rivers of Water Transport", namely the Tongji Canal, remains basically unchanged. To the west of Kaifeng, the Yellow River flows eastward from Biankou, Yin He County (now the Yellow River Beach in Liugou Village, Xingyang, Henan Province), enters the Watergate on the riverside outside Kaifeng (now the north of Zhengmenkou Village, Kaifeng, Henan Province), passes through the inner city, and leaves the city from the Watergate in Bianhe Village, Waiguo (now the north of Yangmen Village). The river to the east of Kaifeng generally follows the general trend of Huiji River today, to the south of Sizhou to Huaihe River (now northeast of Xuyi, Jiangsu, has sunk in Hongze Lake). Cao Cao was introduced into the Jianghu in the Northern Song Dynasty, benefiting from making a fortune for a long time and working as a department store in Shanze. He learned that Bianhe was the foundation of the founding of the People's Republic of China. However, because the Bianhe River is connected with the Yellow River, it needs to be maintained from time to time because of its fluctuation and sediment. The Bianhe River construction in the Northern Song Dynasty 170 years includes: ① Water source construction. Because the Yellow River doesn't often turn back, the mouth of the river changes every year. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the permanent gate was changed to manually control the depth and width of the side mouth to control the flow: when the side river rises, the side mouth will rise to reduce the inflow of water from the Yellow River; When the river falls, it will dig deep and wide side mouths to increase the water inflow. Set up a chief supervisor and serve for a long time. This project consumes a lot of manpower and financial resources, so we must find new water sources. In the second year of Emperor Taizu's Stegosaurus (96 1), it was dredged and injected into the Bianhe River. In the second year of Zongshen Yuanfeng (1079), the Bianhe project in Luo Qing started again. From Shagukou, Rencun Village, Gongxian County to Bianhekou, Yin He, the Luoshui River opened for 50 miles, and the water source of the Yellow River was cut off. For more than ten years, due to the low sediment concentration in Luoshui, the navigation of Bianhe River has been improved to some extent. In order to transport economically, one pit after another ("water tanks") was built along the Bianhe River. ② River engineering. Due to the long-term diversion of economic transportation to the Yellow River, the Bianhe River is silted up and the riverbed is getting higher and higher. Xunhe River dredging projects are frequent. These measures include: manual excavation, almost once a year, slate people placed at the bottom of the river bed to remember the depth standard of the underground. Narrow river project, from Xiashuimen in the southeast of Kaifeng City to the Bianhe River bank in Yingtianfu section, is wide and shallow, with astringent and silted water. From the first year of Jiayou (1056), wooden beams were placed along the coast to narrow the river body, speed up the flow and slow down the siltation. As a routine system, soldiers were sent to patrol the border area day and night in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the project required "as little sand as possible". A large cone was used to test the actual situation of the embankment, and a short wall was built along the river as a restriction to prevent people from falling, and willows were planted along the embankment to stabilize the embankment foot. The river channel along the Bianhe River will be controlled by floodgates to prepare for flood discharge and reduction, and all projects will be managed by the shore lifting and releasing company. The annual traffic volume of Bianhe River in the Northern Song Dynasty increased with the extravagance and waste of the imperial court. From several hundred thousand stones in the early Song Dynasty to seven million stones in the early years of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu (1008), it remained at six million stones. In the Song Dynasty, every ten to thirty waterwheels were used as the key link, and transportation was organized by the method of "key link transportation". Every year, thousands of public and private ships return to the Bianhe River and sail like a forest, which not only connects the political center and economic center of the country, but also promotes the material exchange and social and economic development along the coast, and plays an important role in expanding economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, the shallow elevation of Bianhe River became more and more serious. From Dongshuimen in Kaifeng to Xiangyi, the bottom of the river is more than ten feet higher than the flat land outside the dike. Seen from the bottom of the river, the residents are in a deep valley. After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, the Bianhe River lost its value of grain transportation and was allowed to deposit. Water can still travel to the east of Lingbi, and the riverbed above Suzhou has become a land avenue, and the Central Plains waterway artery that has been maintained for more than 500 years has finally disappeared. Huimin River is the collective name of Min River and Cai River Canal in the southwest of Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty. One of the "Four Rivers of Water Transport". In the early Song Dynasty, when Fang Yufu and Shi Jing were fighting in the southeast, they needed money from the counties in the west of Beijing. In the second year of Stegosaurus (96 1), the Minjiang River was cut. It started in Xinzheng County, Henan Province, led (now Shuanghe) to the northeast, passed through Songlou (now south of Weichuan Town, Henan Province) and Zhuqu Town (now Zhuqu Township, Weishi City), reached Pipagou (the head of Caihe River) ten miles west of Kaifeng City, entered the city from Puji Watergate, the outer wall of Kaifeng House in Tokyo, and then left the city from Guangli Watergate. Caihe River is used in the following sections, namely the ancient canal and the gap. Cai Henan flows through the customs and fees, reaches Caikou Town (now the area from Doumenji in Huaiyang to Xiangcheng), and enters. In the second year of Gande (964), water was diverted from the north canal of Changshe (now Xuchang, Henan) to Fujian, so as to broaden the water sources. The excavation of Minshui not only increased the water source of Caihe River, but also transported materials from Xu and Ruzhou to Beijing. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), Minshui was changed to Huimin River, later called Minshui and Caishui. In the Northern Song Dynasty, the Fangcheng Canal was dug twice, and the southwest and Hancao roads were opened, in an attempt to tie the Baihe River back to Sha and Ying and join the Huimin River, but the terrain was high and complicated, and all failed. On the contrary, the canal connecting Rushui, Shui Ying and the middle reaches of Chaihe River was built three times. Shangshui, a tributary of Rushui River, was introduced into Shui Ying from Huihe Town (now Xiaoyao Town, Xihua, Henan Province) to the north, and then flowed eastward through Zhucaihe River, Changping Town, Xihua County, so that the water transportation between southwest Henan and Kaifeng no longer bypassed Caikou, saving 500 miles. This canal also belongs to Huimin river system. Huimin River is an important canal connecting the capital and southwest China during the Northern Song Dynasty. It loses 600,000 grains in countries such as Chen, Ying, Xu, Cai, Guang and Shou every year, in addition to a lot of money, silk, salt and tea, especially in the capital. After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, the Bianhe River was blocked, but the Huimin River continued to serve as an important waterway for the Jin Dynasty to reach the Huaihe River. From Yuan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, Cai gradually disappeared under the influence of the Yellow River. Guangji River is a river in Zhang Wu, and it is one of the "four major water transport rivers" in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Five Dynasties, in order to strengthen the material transportation between Kaifeng, the capital of Shandong Province, and the northern coastal areas of Shandong Province, Chai Rong, Zhou Shizong, drained Bianshui to Baigou (the old water supply road in the south) in the north, and then flowed into Jishui in the east, thus connecting the waterways of Qilu. The riverbed is spread five feet, commonly known as the "Five-foot River". The Northern Song Dynasty was founded, and the southeast was uneven. Qilu Waterway continues to be regulated, and it enters Gyeonggi in the west, cuts off the Bianhe River, and then flows into the river in the east of Kaifeng to increase the water volume. At the age of 20, her husband was transferred to dredge the river and build a dam along the river to help transport. In the sixth year of Kaibao (973), it was renamed Guangjihe. The Guangji River starts from Xiantongmen in the northeast of Bianjing Waiguo, flows eastward to Jeju and Cai Zhen (now southwest of Shandong Yuncheng), enters the water margin and receives water. At the beginning of the founding of the Northern Song Dynasty, the water transport of Guangji River played an important role, and the annual water transport capacity increased from100000 stone to 670000 stone. The millet and silks in seventeen states of Tokyo were transported to the capital by Guangji River, and it was established in the southeast that Guangji River was only transported to Taikang, Xianping and Weishi counties. After the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Yellow River invaded south many times, and the waterway of Guangji River was shallow and astringent, which greatly reduced the transportation capacity and was abandoned in the Jin Dynasty. Jinshui River, an artificial diversion canal in the west of Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the second year of Jianlong (96 1), a canal was dug to bring Huangdui Mountain in Xingyang into Beijing and Suoer East to cross Zhongmou. Every 100 miles, we arrived in Jingxi, crossed the tributary with a trough, and merged into Zhangwu River in the east, named Jinshui River. This canal is clear, and when you enter the palace, you drink water for the capital; Secondly, it is of little significance to supplement the water flow of five feet. History says: Bian, Huimin, Jinshui and Guangji River are the four major waterways, or Bian, Huimin, Guangji River and Yellow River are collectively called the four major waterways, thus forming a canal system centered on Kaifeng, the capital city. In addition to the "Four Waterways" centered on the capital, the Canal in the Northern Song Dynasty also has the Royal River north of the Yellow River. Yu He, another name of Yongji Canal in the Northern Song Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties. The flow direction of this river remains basically the same. Due to the confrontation between Song and Liao Dynasties, the northern section entered Tang Bo and He Jie by Gan Ningjun (now Qingxian County, Hebei Province). Yuhe River in Song Dynasty mainly undertook the transportation of frontier grain in Hebei. Jiangnan grain was transported to Liyang (now Xunxian County, Henan Province) for transshipment to Yu He, and then unloaded, stored, transported and sold at Daming House East and Xiji Shengcang. Then from Daming Yushun River to Hulu River, Hutuo River and the newly dug Shenzhou New River, Dingzhou Jiashan New Canal and Baozhou Caohe Canal, they were sent to the state troops along the border. Nearly a million hooves are the lifeblood of the border every year. After eight years in Li Qing (1048), the northward flow of the Yellow River invaded many times, resulting in sediment deposition in Yan river bed, which was used by Jingshi to raise millet in Lu-Ji area. At that time, the Yellow River flowed south to seize the Huaihe River, and the Bianhe River and Guangji River were silted up and abandoned one after another. The grain transportation was only based on benefiting the people and the royal river. The Royal River has been flooded by the Yellow River for many times, and its riverbed is shallow and unsmooth. Sejong and Zhang Zong ordered the counties along the river to manage the Caohe River. When Shandong, Hebei and Daming were years old, it became a custom for officers and men from all walks of life to deepen rivers and protect dikes. Yongji Canal has a long history. In the 11th year of Dading (1 17 1), Jinkou was opened, which led Lugou River to the north of Beijing, east to the north of Tongzhou and into Lushui, and was called Zhahe River. Release the floodgates to save Gaoliang River and Bailiantan (now Beijing Jishuitan), and want to borrow Lugou water to turn it into a water tank. However, due to the high terrain, the Jinkou River is muddy and cannot win the boat. It is still pulled by land. In the 4th year of Taihe (1204), Han Yu suggested opening the Zhoulu Waterway Canal, building sluices to save water and slow down the slope, so that the Yu He Waterway could finally reach the capital. In the fourth year of Zhen You (12 16), you Cheng Hou Zhi once again opened Qinshui River for transportation. The Jin Dynasty set up river banks and sampans in coastal counties, which set sail twice in spring (when the ice melted and the rain passed in summer) and autumn (when they visited in August), and stored them in Tongzhou and Zhongducheng, such as Tongji, Fengbei, Fengshan and Guangji, with an annual shipment of nearly one million stones. In the Jin Dynasty, a canal was opened in the northeast suburb of Zhongdu, which was connected with Wenyu River (now Bahe River in the eastern suburb of Beijing). Open a long straight ditch in Wan 'an Lake, Lingbi County, Anhui Province, connecting Bian and Si, all of which must pass through Cao Su. The canals in the Jin Dynasty were not used for a long time, but after the management of the Jin Dynasty, some canals that were about to be silted up were revived. The construction of Tonghui River-Grand Canal system in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties drew special lessons from the planning and design of water transport lines in the Jin Dynasty.