Bai ballads are rich in content and wide in subject matter, which occupies a very important position in the history of Bai literature development. It is a mirror of the times and society. It not only vividly reflects the ideology, religious beliefs, production and life, national customs of the Bai people in different times, but also vividly depicts the image, psychological and personality characteristics, aesthetic taste and ideal pursuit of the Bai people. It is the crystallization of the wisdom of the Bai people and can be called an encyclopedia of the Bai people. This is of great value to the study of Bai history, language and folk customs. It is not only the milk of Bai literary works and writers and artists, but also provides valuable materials for ethnology, anthropology, sociology, history, archaeology, aesthetics and other disciplines.
Bai folk songs mainly include ancient creation songs, sacrifice songs, custom songs, labor songs, love songs, ci songs, anti-Italian songs, material songs, moral songs, life songs, children's songs and so on.
Bai folk songs can be divided into two categories: short and long, which can be sung. Short tune is commonly called "white tune", and white language is called "white library", that is, "white song". Long song, commonly known as "Benqu", belongs to Quyi in terms of music and performance form, but his songbook is often a long poem combining narrative and lyric.
Bai people's tune (short tune): Bai people's tune is the most popular, and the most common one is eight sentences each. It is often sung in the mountains, lakes, fields, fields, Shi Baoshan Song Festival, Torch Festival and other national festivals. There were hundreds of people in the audience, and the audience sang in unison. The scene was spectacular. There are anti-Italian songs and unique lyrics.
Anti-Italian songs describe people and things that are contrary to reality, deliberately reverse the positive meaning and produce unique artistic effects, such as "bamboo leaves are heavy, stones are light":
Say you listen, bamboo leaves are heavy and stones are light;
Mosquitoes fly overhead with crowbars.
Cats plow furrows, buffaloes catch mice steadily and mercilessly;
Chickens crow like horses, and horses announce the dawn.
Every sentence of the one-character song uses the same or homophonic word, which has a special effect. Some don't even change their posture. For example, in Song of Love, every sentence begins with the word "love", which boldly and enthusiastically reveals the love between men and women:
Love you, love you is hard to say,
If I love you, don't say it yet. Love is in my heart.
Love your beautiful peach color, love your sweetness and gentleness,
I will tell you that I love you until I am old.
Some one-character songs also use homophonic words to make them lively and humorous. For example, the harmony of "new", "salary" and "heart" in "Meeting the Church";
Brides like guest appearances and wear brand-new clothes;
The couple first went to their relatives' house and sat at the edge of the payroll.
Unexpectedly, the salary stack collapsed and the bride was under salary;
The groom's heart beat with fear for several days.
Long song Narrative (this song): Long song's narrative is full of stories, but it is not complicated, and it is mainly lyrical. There are more than 50 traditional works, such as Red Rock Carrying Books, Going Out, Yellow Women Against the Diamond Sutra, Medicinal Qu, Osmanthus fragrans under the Moon, Hen Holding Duck, Maiden and so on.
The Wild Goose with Books is the most popular, and it is an epistolary lyric narrative poem, which is divided into three parts: seeking books, sending letters and replying letters. The basic plot is: a Bai woman's husband went out to work as a carpenter and hasn't heard from her for a long time. She was so eager to miss her husband that she wrote a letter describing the scene of her wife's separation and her thoughts about her husband. My husband wrote back. He is not "happy to forget his worries" in other places, but "long-sleeved and good at dancing" and can't go home. Another masterpiece reflecting the sufferings of carpenters when they go out is Going Out Tune, also known as The Carpenter's History. The whole poem is divided into five parts, more than 200 lines: being forced, leaving home, being wronged, being wronged by his wife, and crying by his husband.
Huang's The Woman to the Diamond Sutra has more than 3,000 lines, which is the longest one collected so far. This long poem is divided into two parts. The first part describes that Huang's daughter got sick in the rain and couldn't get up because she went to the Prince to chant Buddhist scripture. Husband Zhao turned a blind eye and had to let 12-year-old daughter go to menstruation and ask a doctor for a prescription. Huang's daughter wanted to live, but she was sent to hell to learn from her. The second half describes Huang's daughter crying that her daughter has gone, and her experience now, and finally the woman becomes a man.
Love is the theme of Yao Qu and Osmanthus fragrans in the Moon. Yao Qu is a love tragedy. A young man flying birds met a girl mowing grass in a field, and they met and fell in love. The man has no money and can't get married for the time being, so he has to go out to find money and work as a carpenter in the distance; The woman's mother was greedy for money and forced her daughter to marry a rich man. The girl was ill and died of illness. A beautiful marriage is ruined like this. When the young man comes back, he can only go to his lover's grave to sweep the grave and mourn. Osmanthus Moon describes the first encounter, adventure and love of a pair of young men and women of Bai nationality.
"Jiguzi" and "Holding Duck and Hen" are both anthropomorphic animal poems. Chicken in the Valley is about a young crake who works hard for a year, but finally borrows food from mice and sparrows who steal the fruits of labor, and makes a bitter satire on those who get something for nothing. The hen holding the duck vividly describes the scene where the hen holds the duck with nothing, and mercilessly exposes the ungrateful people.
There is a book that specializes in Bai proverbs.
Bai proverb
Author: Zhang Dongxiang
Publishing House: Yunnan Nationalities Publishing House
Category: History
Date of submission: 2006- 10- 14
Publication time: 1992-05-0 1 printing time:1992-05-0/.
Format: 32
Binding: paperback
2. Does anyone know a poem, a word and a sentence describing Miao batik?
The Book of Songs mentions "green, green with yellow lining", "plain clothes's Zhu embroidery" and "carrying metaphysics and carrying yellow".
This is a tool for dyeing. According to legend, there are dye vats and dye sticks. According to the characteristics of pigment and dye, the processes of register dyeing, mordant dyeing and "grass stone dyeing" were established by using binder and mordant respectively.
Therefore, the Miao batik has a long history, and batik songs (an ancient song) are popular in many places to describe the origin of batik. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, the ancestors of Miao people had mastered batik technology. According to Guizhou Tongzhi, "Flowers are painted on cloth with wax and dyed. When the wax is removed, the pattern is like painting. " This batik cloth was once called "dry spot cloth".
Wax curtain (batik) was very popular in Wuxi in Song Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Miao people in central Guizhou also used batik cloth.
To sum up, historical facts such as painted pottery and fabric dyeing show that batik has sufficient conditions.
For reference.
3. Poems describing coconut wind
Dali is located in the low-latitude plateau, with the well-known plateau pearls Diancang Mountain and Erhai Lake, forming a unique plateau local climate, with warm winter and cool summer, fresh air, romantic scenery and spring-like seasons.
The average annual temperature here is C, the highest temperature is (65438+ 10) C in Leng Yue and the hottest month is (July) C, which is known as "Switzerland in the East". The best convalescent temperature in the world is C, while the temperature in Dali is 126 days. The frost period in Dali is extremely short, with a frost-free period of 229 days, which provides suitable conditions for the growth of various flowers and plants. Xiaguan is known as the "windy city", with an average annual wind speed of m/s. Good ventilation conditions purify the environment and make the air fresh, so people regard the wind in Dali as a treasure.
The ancient city of Dali is known as "Huadu", and the mild climate makes flowers bloom all year round. The exotic flowers and plants introduced here gather into a sea of flowers, a world of flowers. A long history and splendid culture have left a wealth of cultural relics and historic sites.
Between Yu 'er and Yincang, the natural scenery is beautiful, Cangshan is like a screen, Erhai is like a mirror, and butterfly spring is deep and secluded, with four wonders of "wind, flowers, snow and moon" (Xiaguan wind, Shangguanhua, Cangshan snow and Erhai moon). Dali is the main settlement of Bai nationality, where ancient and rich Bai customs are preserved.
When you are in go to dali, you can learn about the living customs of the Bai people, taste unique Bai flavor foods, buy satisfactory Bai folk handicrafts, and participate in the traditional Dali Bai March Street Festival celebrations. The ancient city of Dali has attracted self-help tourists from abroad and formed a famous "foreigner street" on the road of protecting the country in the city.
Intoxicated by the simple folk customs and long history and culture of the Bai people, they will even stay in Dali for a long time. -Cangshan Erhai Lake Scenic Spot in Dali, Yunnan Cangshan Erhai Lake is located in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, and is a place that ancient and modern tourists yearn for.
Yang Sheng 'an, a famous scholar in the Ming Dynasty, described it as "the mountains and Qinghai are blue and half moon" and "looking up at the sky without feeling refreshed, flying over the eaves and climbing over the walls". At the foot of Cangshan Mountain and the shore of Erhai Lake, there is also a famous tourist attraction-butterfly spring.
Butterfly spring's fame is related to Xu Xiake's description in his travel notes. He wrote: "There are big trees on the spring. In early April, flowers will be like butterflies, and their wings will be like butterflies.
There are thousands of real butterflies, hooked on their feet, hanging upside down from trees and reaching out to the surface of the spring, colorful and colorful. "There are countless butterflies coming to this party, and the colors are gorgeous, such as summer.
The number of butterflies decreased a few years ago. According to the investigation of relevant parties, the main reason is that the local climate turned to dryness, which led to butterfly migration, and a large number of pesticides were used in rural areas, which accidentally injured many butterfly larvae. However, in recent two or three years, with the gradual restoration of ecological balance and people's conscious protection measures for butterflies, the number of butterflies gathering every year is increasing day by day.
-The tourist scenic spot of Dali Foreigners Street in Yunnan is in the ancient city. Dali Foreigners Street was originally called "Protecting the Country Road", which means that in the early years of the Republic of China, the people of Yunnan opposed Yuan Shikai's claim to be the emperor and rose up to protect the country. Huguo Road runs east-west, with a length of 1 000m and a width of 7m. Paved with bluestone slabs, it starts from Yunnan-Tibet Highway in the west and crosses major streets such as Bo 'ai and Fuxing.
Later, in order to meet the needs of open tourism, Dali ancient city was designated as the main attraction of open tourism, and Camellia Hotel was designated as a foreign-related hotel. Camellia Hotel is located in the west section of Huguo Road in the ancient city, so Huguo Road has become a distribution center for foreign tourists in Dali. Chinese and western flavor shops, jewelry stores, antique shops, tie-dye shops and galleries have sprung up like mushrooms after rain, and the pavements are lined up on both sides, making them a famous "Dali foreigner street" at home and abroad.
Today, the name of the ancient city of Dali, Huguo Road, has long been called "Foreigner Street" on some foreign drawings. It can be seen that Dali foreigner street has become a world-famous place for foreign friends and a warm home for them to live in Dali.
-Three Pagodas of Chongsheng Temple in Dali, Yunnan The three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple are symbols of the ancient history and culture of Dali and Yunnan, and they are also one of the oldest and most magnificent buildings in southern China. -Dali (now Dali City), the ancient tourist scenic spot in Dali, Yunnan, is referred to as Yucheng for short. It is one of the first batch of 24 famous historical and cultural cities in China approved by the State Council in February 1982, and also one of the 44 key scenic spots in China. It is located in the east of Nanzhao, the ruins of Dali capital. It was built in Hongwu 15 year of Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1382) and has been used repeatedly in past dynasties.
If Dali, the state capital, gives people the feeling of being bustling and noisy, then Dali is simple and quiet, with clear Ding-dong streams flowing in the city, and every household grows flowers and trees, full of flowers and fruits. The garden teahouse hidden deep in the streets is a good place for tourists to rest. After the reform and opening up, private snack bars with French flavor are also the favorite places for foreign guests.
Traditional marble handicrafts are placed on both sides of the street for them to watch and buy. -butterfly spring, a tourist attraction in butterfly spring, Dali, Yunnan Province, is under Yunnong Peak in Cangshan Mountain, 40km north of Dali.
Due to long-term landscape erosion, sand and gravel are in pieces, and trees are scarce on the hillside. But when you walk slowly uphill for about half a mile, you will see a dazzling shadow.
Walking through the quaint stone square, there is a marble tablet about 3 meters high, which is prismatic, and on the right side there are three characters of "butterfly spring" written by Guo Moruo. On the left is the handwriting of Lao Guo's poem butterfly spring. On the back of the tablet is a diary of Xu Xiake's visit to Dali butterfly spring. Winding along the tree-lined path for about 30-40 meters, I saw many ancient trees, a clear spring embedded in them, bluestone at the bottom, and spring water in Ming Che. People often throw metal coins into the pool and watch them spin slowly. The sunshine is blocked from the top of the tree, and the silver light at the bottom of the pool flashes, which makes me feel the spring water clear.
There is a marble wall around the spring pool, and a tall old tree spans the spring. This tree is called "butterfly tree" because its flowers look like butterflies. Whenever summer comes, the "butterfly tree" blooms, and the butterflies of Xanthium come here in droves, gathering and dancing, which is very lively.
The strangest thing is that thousands of colorful butterflies cross each other in spring and hang upside down on butterfly trees, forming countless strings of butterflies hanging vertically to the water, which are colorful and spectacular. The peak period is around April 15 of the lunar calendar, so April 15 of the lunar calendar is designated as the "Butterfly Festival".
-Xizhou, a tourist scenic spot of Bai folk houses in Dali, Yunnan, is located at 16 km north of Dali ancient city. It is a famous town in western Yunnan and Dali, and Xizhou folk house represents the style of Dali Bai folk house. With "three squares and one wall", ".