Editor of London (the capital of England)
London is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and the largest city in Europe. Tied with new york, USA as the largest financial center in the world, and tied with new york, USA and Hongkong, China as the "Port of Newland" [1]? .
London is located on the plain in southeast England, across the Thames. /kloc-After the 6th century, with the rapid rise of the British Empire, the scale of London also expanded rapidly.
London is the political, economic, cultural and financial center of Britain. It is also a world-famous tourist destination with a large number of scenic spots and museums. London is a diversified metropolis with residents from all over the world. It is a melting pot of race, religion and culture, with more than 300 languages spoken. Is it a model of globalization [1]? .
Chinese name London mbth London? The administrative area of the famous smog capital belongs to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the area under the jurisdiction of England, the city of London, the city of Westminster and other government agencies. The area code for London City Hall is 0044. Located in the southeast of England? 1 577.3 square kilometers of people? 8 million population (20 10 year)? Speak British English, London accent climate conditions Temperate maritime climate famous scenic spots such as elizabeth tower, Buckingham Palace, British Museum, Westminster Abbey, etc. Geographical coordinates of official languages such as Heathrow International Airport, Gatwick Airport, Stansted Airport, Euston Station, King's Cross Station, St. Pancras Station, Victoria Station and Waterloo Station. 5 1.5 N and 0. 1 W respectively. The current mayor Sadiq Khan drives on the left according to the traffic rules. Football club Arsenal, Chelsea International Organization International Maritime Organization GDP is 553.5 billion US dollars (2065438+).
catalogue
1 Introduction
2 geography
climate
"Fog City"
location
location
3 Overview
build
government
electoral district
zone
altitude
Human population
race
time
postcode
4 Historical evolution
Born (AD 50)
Rise and Fall of Honor and Disgrace (2nd century AD)
Restoration (AD 886)
Controversial land (1 1 century)
Medieval (12nd century)
Natural and man-made disasters (14-65438+the first half of the 7th century)
Revival again (1second half of 7th century-19th century)
Destruction of the First World War (the first half of the 20th century)
Strong development (the second half of the 20th century-today)
Five administrative divisions
city
city status
6 politics
7 economy
8 population
9 traffic
summary
railway
aviation
highway
channel
10 culture and education
university
sports
fulfil
music
drama
museum
medium
fashion
1 1 travel
guide
cultural relic
Famous scenic spot
guidebook
go shopping
sensitive
12 foreign exchange
13 other meaning
club
Cities and regions
figure
Introduction editing
London (English: London, pronunciation:? /? l？ nd？ N/) is the capital of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the largest city in Europe and the largest economic and financial center. The Romans founded this city more than two thousand years ago. For hundreds of years, London has had a great influence on the world. London, the core area of the city, still maintains the boundaries that have been divided since the Middle Ages.
London block
London block
. However, at the latest from the19th century, the name "London" also represents the development of the surrounding areas around London. These satellite cities constitute the metropolitan areas of London and Greater London.
London is a very diverse metropolis, with residents from all over the world and diverse races, religions and cultures. There are more than 300 languages in this city. At the same time, London is also a world-famous tourist destination with a large number of scenic spots and museums.
London is one of the four world-class cities, and the other three are new york, Tokyo and Paris. 180 1 At the beginning of the 20th century, London, as the capital of the British Empire, became the largest city in the world because of its outstanding achievements in the fields of politics, economy, humanities and culture, and scientific and technological inventions.
London is the largest economic center in Europe. The financial industry is the most important economic pillar in London.
Geographic editor
climate
Influenced by the North Atlantic warm current and the west wind, London has a temperate maritime climate, with small temperature difference between the four seasons, cool summer, warm winter, humid air and rainy fog, especially in autumn and winter.
The temperature in London in summer (June-August) is around18 C, sometimes reaching above 30 C.
Tall man. In spring (end of March-May) and autumn (September-65438+1October), the temperature is maintained at about1-15℃, and in winter (165438+/kloc-
London can travel all year round, but some tourist attractions will close or shorten their opening hours in winter. It is usually open when the weather is good. July-August is the peak season for sightseeing in London, but in these months, there are not only uncertain sunshine, but also crowded people and inflated prices.
Because the air is humid, rainy and foggy, the city of London is often full of humid fog, so there is another name called "Fog Capital".
Greenwich Mean Climate Data (197 1-2000)
Month123456789101112
Average
high-temperature
C/ F
7.9
46.2
8.2
46.8
10.9
5 1.6
13.3
55.9
17.2
63
20.2
68.4
22.8
73
22.6
72.7
19.3
66.7
15.2
59.4
10.9
5 1.6
8.8
47.8
Average
low temperature
C/ F
2.4
36.3
2.2
36
3.8
38.8
5.2
4 1.4
8.0
46.4
1 1. 1
Fifty two
13.6
56.5
13.3
55.9
10.9
5 1.6
8.0
46.4
4.8
40.6
3.3
37.9
deposit
millimetre
(inches)
5 1.9
2.043
34.0
1.339
42.0
1.654
45.2
1.78
47.2
1.858
53.0
2.087
38.3
1.508
47.3
1.862
56.9
2.24
6 1.5
2.42 1
52.3
2.059
54.0
2. 126
sunshine duration
45.9
66. 1
103.2
147.0
185.4
180.6
190.3
194.4
139.2
109.7
60.6
37.8
Annual total
Average high temperature (℃/)
Average low temperature (℃/)
Precipitation (mm/inch)
sunshine duration
14.8/58.6
7.2/45
583.6/22.976
146 1.0
"Fog City"
At the beginning of the 20th century, most people in London used coal as household fuel, which produced a lot of smog. These smog, together with the climate in London, caused the "well-known" smog in London, which is called London fog in English. Therefore, English sometimes calls London "smog", hence the name "Fog Capital". 195212 from February 5 to 9, the fog and haze incident in London caused 4000 deaths. Therefore, the government implemented the Clean Air Act in 1956, prohibiting the use of smog-producing fuels in some parts of London. Today, the air quality in London has improved significantly.
location
Although the name "London" is familiar to everyone, different people have different views on which region it represents.
Generally speaking, if you say "Greater London", you mean a vast area including 32 local administrative districts of London and the City of London, with a total area of about 1500 square kilometers, which is about the area surrounded by M25 Ring Road. How big is this concept? For example, Shanghai downtown 1600 square kilometers. The word "London" in a narrow sense refers to the central area of the city, including the City of London and the City of Westminster.
location
London is located in the southeast of England, across the banks of the lower Thames, 88 kilometers away from the estuary, and can be directly reached by sea ships. Greater London consists of the City of London and 32 municipalities, covering an area of 65,438+0,605 square kilometers. There are 12 cities around the city of London, which is equivalent to the urban area and is called "inner london" with an area of 303 square kilometers. The climate is warm in winter and cool in summer, with occasional rain, which does not last long. Generally speaking, the climate will gradually improve in June, with clear skies and mild sunshine in Wan Li; July and August entered the real summer, the sun was shining, but the temperature was around 20 degrees, and the days were particularly long. 9.5438+ 10 autumn is crisp, 10 late winter gradually. June 5438+February The temperature is below 10 degrees in February and March next year, but there is not much chance of snow. It warmed up in April and May, but it remained at a low temperature below 15. The annual precipitation in London is about 1 100 mm.
Profile editor
build
AD 50 (Roman Empire). At that time, London was called London, which was also translated into London. 180 1 year, London became the largest city in the world.
government
Headquarters: London City Hall
Greater London authorities.
District Council: London Council.
City government: London city government
Mayor: Sadiq Khan.
electoral district
British Parliament: 74 constituencies
Parliament of London: 14 constituency
European Parliament: London Constituency
zone
1.605 km2 (Greater London)
altitude
The average elevation of this city is 24 meters (79 feet).
Human population
London metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in Europe. The population of Greater London is 7,556,900 (2007). The population density is 476 1 person/square kilometer. The population of metropolitan area is 8,278,300. The commuting population is about1.2000 to1.4000. London is the third largest city in Europe.
London
London
race
According to the 200 1 census, the population of London and its autonomous cities (towns) (about 6 10 square miles) is 7 172036. In Britain, London is the place with the highest ethnic diversity (Leicester is the second), and the indexes of Brent and Newham reach 0.85 (the highest is "1") and 0.83 respectively.
time
Greenwich mean time (GMT). UTC0
Daylight saving time is British daylight saving time (BST). UTC+ 1 .
Since March 28th, 20 10, the time difference between Britain and China has been changed to 7 hours.
postcode
Every borough in London has its own postal code.
Historical evolution editor
Piccadilly Circus 1949
Piccadilly Circus 1949
As a transportation hub and an important city, London has a history of nearly two thousand years. The earliest origin of London is not exactly recorded in history. Many people think that London was founded by the Romans. But archaeological research shows that before the Romans came here, there were traces of human activities such as farming, living and burying the dead.
In the first century AD, the Romans, under the leadership of Emperor Claudius, formally conquered this place, which later became Britain in 43 AD. They built a settlement on the Thames and named it "London". Later, the Romans built a wall here, and gradually established a larger city in the area surrounded by the wall.
Although Londinium looks like a Latin name, some scholars believe that the word comes from the language used by the Celts who originally lived in this place, which may refer to the wilderness or the place where rivers flow.
Born (AD 50)
The record of London in Rome can be traced back to 50 AD, and the name London comes from the Celtic word London. The Celts invaded England in 43 AD, and then they built a bridge over the Thames. After that, they found a favorable geographical position and built a port. Around 50 AD, Roman merchants built another town by the bridge, and London was born.
In 6 1 A.D., Queen Budika led the people against Roman rule, and her army marched into London. London was destroyed by war and rebuilt by Queen Budika after the war. The rich in the city build houses with stones and bricks, while most poor people can only live in wooden houses.
Rise and Fall of Honor and Disgrace (2nd century AD)
In the second half of the 2nd century, a 6-meter-high stone wall around London was built in London. By this time, the population of London had grown to the largest town in Britain at that time. In 407 AD, with the last Roman army leaving England, the towns of London began to decline. A large number of residents left the city, and only a few fishermen and farmers lived in the city walls. London has also lost its function as a city. But not long after, London developed again, and a new city appeared in the wall surgery of Winter Gordon in London. The new town is not big, and the population is only about 10000.
597 Roman monks came to London. They are Christians converted from Saxons. In 604, a bishop was sent to London. Silver coins were minted in London in 640.
In 842 and 85 1 year, the Danes invaded Britain twice, robbing and burning most towns. The invading army occupied the northern and eastern territories of Britain, including London.
Restoration (AD 886)
In 878, the Danes were defeated by Alfred the Great and Britain was divided into two parts. The Danes occupied the east of England, including London. Alfred the Great controls the land in the south and west. Through peaceful negotiations, Alfred the Great regained London in 886 and repaired the wall of this dilapidated ancient Roman city. During the reign of Alfred the Great, Londoners living outside Rome moved back to the city for protection. In 994, the Londoners repelled the Danes and forced them to leave here.
Controversial land (1 1 century)
After the Anglo-Saxons, the Norman from northwest France left a deep impression on British history. William, their leader, claimed the right to inherit the throne of Wang Di, an Anglo-Saxon confessor, and launched a large-scale attack. In A.D. 1066, William succeeded in military action and became the British monarch William I, known as "William the Conqueror".
Although the capital of Britain was located in Winchester, southwest of London, in order to consolidate his position, William also built a strong Tower of London in East London to resist the invasion of rebels, which was also a means to declare his authority.
Under the Norman rule, London finally became the capital of Britain in the 12 century.
Medieval (12nd century)
Scholars generally believe that Britain entered the so-called "Middle Ages" after Norman rule began.
The characteristics of this period include the gradual consolidation of kingship and the expansion of Christian church power. London also gradually developed at this time, and evolved into a model in which two cities merged into one city of London. In the East, the city of London was established on the basis of the ancient Roman city of London. This place later developed into the city of London. In the west, the city of Westminster became the seat of the royal family and government.
During this period, the royal family built palaces in London one after another, and the church also built many churches and monasteries. In London, the mayor's power is more and more stable, and business is developing rapidly.
The predecessors of many famous buildings in London were built during this period, including the famous London Bridge. 1 176 started construction and 1209 was completed. Since then, it has been demolished many times.
As for palaces, the famous palaces were built during this period. Later, due to the fire, most buildings in the palace were destroyed. The British Parliament was built on the site of the Palace of Westminster. The only thing left in this ancient palace is the Jewel Tower, which is opposite to Westminster Hall and Parliament Building and next to the palace.
The development of the church at this time also left a footprint. The famous churches built in this era include Westminster Abbey, St Paul's Cathedral and St bartholomew's Cathedral. In addition, many monasteries were built during this period, the most famous example of which is the Charter House of Carthusian order.
Natural and man-made disasters (14-65438+the first half of the 7th century)
London suffered the same plague as continental Europe from 14 to 17 century. The deadly epidemic of the Black Death has drastically reduced the population of London. It is estimated that only two thirds of the population survived.
1642, the war between British parliamentarians and royalists began. The royalists tried to capture London at 1643, but the armies of the two sides met at 10 km west of St. Paul's Cathedral, and the fighting capacity of the Parliamentary Party was stronger than that of the Fang Party, so the royalist troops were repelled.
1666, a big fire broke out in London. Including St. Paul's Cathedral, about 65,438+03,200 houses were destroyed by the fire. About 800,000 people are displaced and homeless. The king ordered the navy to help the victims sleeping in the city set up tents. In order to prevent this from happening again, the king ordered all houses built in London to use stones and bricks as building materials instead of wood. The fire, which was allegedly caused by human error, destroyed almost all the buildings in London, but urban construction had a chance to start again.
Revival again (1second half of 7th century-19th century)
/kloc-in the second half of the 0/7th century, some houses with fashionable design style began to be built in Bloomsbury, London and on the road leading to Knightsbridge. In the past 100 years, several hospitals were built in these areas, including Westminster (1720), Gay (1724) and St. George (1724). 1733), London (1740) and middlesex (1745).
London developed rapidly in 18 and 19 centuries. With the industrial revolution and commercial prosperity, the population of London has also increased. 1834, the parliament building was destroyed by fire and rebuilt. The newly-built parliament building also includes a big clock, which we call Big Ben. 1859- 1875 sewer system was born due to cholera outbreak. Since then, the death rate from infectious diseases has been greatly reduced.
/kloc-in the 20th century, many new museums were built in London, including the Victoria and Albert Museum (Victoria &; Albert, 1852), Science Museum (1857), Natural History Museum (188 1). New Scotland Yard was built in 189 1 year.
The development of the British Empire has brought great business opportunities to Britain. In order to facilitate the export of products and the import of raw materials and foreign products, many large docks have been built in East London. The development of shipping industry is very vigorous.
By the beginning of the 20th century, London had a population of 6.6 million, making it the largest city in the world. Today, London is still the largest city in Europe.
Destruction of the First World War (the first half of the 20th century)
Londoners fled to take refuge under the subway.
Londoners fled to take refuge under the subway.
The two world wars that broke out in the 20th century caused serious damage to London, and some of the damage suffered by London during the Second World War can still be seen today.
From 65438 to the early 1940s, Nazi German Air Force planes bombed British cities, including London, causing serious property and life losses.
As far as London is concerned, the eastern part of the city is the most seriously damaged, partly because it is a dock area and the starting point of a material supply line in London. Many people living in London were forced to evacuate to other parts of Britain.
It is estimated that about 35,000 Londoners were killed, about 50,000 people were seriously injured, and tens of thousands of buildings were damaged or destroyed, including St. Paul's Cathedral and several churches in the City of London.
Although the post-war restoration work is still going on, many traces of war damage can still be seen today. Even so, many new buildings have been built on the ruins. Fashionable buildings and old houses are mixed together, which also adds some interesting places to the city appearance of London.
Firefighters are putting out the fire at the scene of the explosion.
Firefighters are putting out the fire at the scene of the explosion.
Strong development (the second half of the 20th century-today)
In 1944 after World War II, due to the rapid population expansion in London, the authorities proposed and planned to build a satellite city in the surrounding area 20-30 miles away from London to attract skilled workers from London to work in the satellite city, thus alleviating the pressure of overpopulation in London.
Since the 1950s, London has entered a prosperous era, and the automobile and aircraft manufacturing industries have developed rapidly. The dock is also very busy, with 30 thousand employees. But since the 1960s, it has been influenced by the gradual disintegration of the British Empire.
Although the number of immigrants to London decreased obviously from 1945, the population increased rapidly in the last few years of the 20th century.
The Thames River runs through London and divides the city into two parts: the north and the south. Since the Romans settled down, bridges have been gradually built on the river, the most famous of which is the Tower Bridge in London.
Administrative division editor
The administrative divisions of London are divided into the City of London and 32 urban districts. The 12 urban area outside London is called inner london, and the other 20 urban areas are called Outer London. The City of London, inner london and Outer London make up Greater London. Greater London can be divided into London City, West London, East London, South District and Port. The City of London is a financial center and a trade center. West London is home to the British Royal Palace, Prime Minister's residence, Parliament and government departments. East London is an industrial area and a residential area for workers. The southern district is a mixed zone of industry, commerce and residence. Port refers to the area between Tower Bridge in London and the mouth of the Thames. The whole area of Greater London is 1580 square kilometers.
city
1. London City
city status
1. Westminster City
2. Kensington and Chelsea
3. hammersmith and Fulham
4.wanzworth
5. Lamberthz.
6. Sasik.
7. Lai Ci Tower
8.hackney
9. Islington
10. Camden
1 1. Goose
12. Ilya
13. Hornslow
14. Richmond
15. Kingston
16. Merton
17. Sutton
18. Croydon
19. bromley.
20. Liu Yishen (Liu Yishen)
2 1. Greenwich
Bexley.
23. Heffling
24. Ba Jin and Dagnan
25. Hongqiao
26. Newham
27. Waltham Forrest
28. Haringey
29. enfield (enfield)
30.barnett
3 1. Hello
32. Hillington
The City of London has independent administrative and legislative powers and has a high status; Although the city of Westminster is called the city, it still belongs to an administrative district of London. The City of London and the municipalities directly under the Central Government belong to one of the standard first-level administrative regions-the unitary authority. Among these 33 administrative districts, according to the definition of inner london Education Administration, 12 near the center is collectively called inner london, while the other 20 districts are collectively called Outer London and ***33 districts.
Political editor
London is the political center of the country and the headquarters of the British royal family, government, parliament and political parties. Westminster Palace is the activity place of the upper and lower houses of the British Parliament, so it is also called the Parliament Hall. Westminster Abbey, south of Parliament Square, was built in 1065, and has always been the place where the king or queen of England was crowned and members of the royal family held weddings. There are more than 20 British kings, famous politicians and military strategists, as well as the cemeteries of scientists, writers and artists such as Newton, Darwin, Dickens and Hardy.
Buckingham Palace is the royal palace in Britain, located in the central area of west London, with St James Park in the east and Hyde Park in the west. It is a place where members of the British royal family live and work, and it is also a place for major state affairs in Britain.
Whitehall is the seat of British government agencies, and major government agencies such as the Prime Minister's Office, the Privy Council, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of National Defense are all located here. The core of Whitehall is Downing Street 10, which is the official residence of the British Prime Minister.
London is not only the political center of Britain, but also the headquarters of many international organizations, including International Maritime Organization, International Cooperation Alliance, International PEN, International League of Women, Socialist International, Amnesty International and so on.