Dou Rong (16- AD 62) was born in Ping Ling (now northwest of Xianyang, Shaanxi). A famous soldier in the Eastern Han Dynasty, one of the "Twenty-eight Generals of Yuntai". Dou Guangguo, the seventh ancestor of Dou Rong, is the younger brother of Emperor Xiaowen. Dou Rong's great-grandfather moved from Changshan to Ping Ling during the reign of Xuan Di, and served as an official of 2000 Stone. Dou Rong is lonely and ambitious. In Wang Zhaonian, Sima, the crossbow general, took part in the battle against the arms of peace, and was named Jianwu Gong for his meritorious service. Dou Rong practices filial piety internally and receives heroes externally. He served his mother and brother, and cared about cultivating his weak brother, which made him famous for a while. And he lives in Chang 'an, in and out of power, connected with Lu's hero, still angry with the hero, but also more important than the world. In the last years of follwed, Qing Xu's Ice Cream, a captain of follwed, Wang Kuang asked Dou Rong to send troops to the East as an auxiliary army. Han soldiers arise, Dou Rong was defeated by Wang Yijun in Kunyang and retreated to Chang 'an. The Han soldiers marched straight in. On the recommendation of Wang Yi, Wang Yi made him a general, gave him 1,000 Jin of gold and led his troops to Xinfeng. Follwed failed, Dou Rong surrendered to Zhao Meng with a great army, and the great Sima turned over a new leaf and became a captain. Zhao Meng attached great importance to him and recommended Dou Rong as the satrap of Julu. Dou Rong saw that the new emperor had been established, while the East was still in chaos. In addition, the Dou family lived in Hexi for generations and knew the local customs, so they didn't want to go through the customs. He said to his brothers, "The security of the world is unknown. Hexi is rich and the river is solid. Zhang Ye is a national elite. Once he is in a hurry, he will end Hejin, which is enough for self-defense. " (Biography of Dou Rong in the Later Han Dynasty). The brothers all think that what he said is reasonable. Dou Rong went to see Zhao Meng and said that he didn't want to stay in Julu County, but he wanted to keep Hexi. Zhao Meng beat the Ming emperor for him, so the court appointed Dou Rong as the vassal of Zhangye (when Liang Wudi established the vassal of Zhangye, he surrendered to the barbarians). Dou Rong was overjoyed and immediately led his family to the west. After he took office, he appeased the people, made friends with Hao Jun, and was kind to the Qiang people. So the government and the people supported it and Hexi returned to the heart. At that time, Liang Tong, Jie Jun, Shi Bao, Zhang Wei, Zhu Zeng, a surname of Jiuquan, a surname of Dunhuang, and Zhong Yingyan, the county magistrate, all made friends with him. After the collapse of the Reform regime, Dou Rong called Liang and his colleagues to discuss, saying, "There is trouble today, and I don't know where to go. Playing Hu Qiang in Hexi, you can't control yourself because of different spiritual strength; There is no way to restore the combination of strength and strength. One person was promoted to a general, and all five counties changed. " Everyone agreed to this proposal, and elected Dou Rong as the general of the five counties in Hexi, in charge of the overall situation. Because the Dou Rong family has served as Hexi officials for generations, it has won the hearts of the people. Since then, Dou Rong has been divided. At that time, Wuwei satrap Ma Qi and Zhangye satrap Ren Zhong were not involved. Dou Rong and others wrote official documents to show them. The two of them got rid of Indy and left their posts. Ren Liangtong is the satrap of Wuwei, Shi Bao is the satrap of Zhangye, Zhu is the satrap of Jiuquan, the satrap of Dunhuang and the satrap of Jincheng. Dou Rong is still stationed in the vassal country, and concurrently serves as a Taishi, setting up to engage in and supervise the affairs of five counties. In Hexi area, folk customs are simple, while Dou Rong and others are more relaxed politically. So, top-down dating makes them rich. At ordinary times, soldiers and civilians practice riding, shooting and vigilance together. When foreign troops invaded, Dou Rong led his troops and soldiers from various counties to rescue and appease. Later, the Huns and Qiang people were shocked and attached to each other. More and more people fled here from Anding, the northern monk army to escape from famine and fire. Later, Dou Rong heard that Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu was enthroned and wanted to move eastward with him, but the Hexi road was too dangerous to connect himself. At that time, Xiao Wei first joined the Han Dynasty, calling it Jianwu Year, and Dou Rong followed Xiao Wei, which was confirmed by the Han Dynasty. On the surface, Xiao Wei obeyed the wishes of officers and men and joined the Han Dynasty, but his heart had different wishes. He sent debater Zhang Xuan to lobby Hexi. Zhang Xuan said to Dou Rong, "The career of the first emperor Liu Xuan has been completed, but it was ruined in a blink of an eye. This has clearly shown that Liu's name can't be revived. We belong to something and are not free in the end. Once you are controlled by others, you will lose your authority, and the consequences will be dangerous. You will regret it! Nowadays, the heroes in the world are fighting for victory, and the male and female are undecided. It is necessary to occupy the land separately, unite the forces of Gansu and Sichuan, and win, which can be the six countries; Even if it fails, it can at least be as independent as the captain. " Dou Rong called the hero and the local governor to discuss the matter. The wise man said, "Liu Xiu's fate belongs to him. Moreover, among the people who claim to be emperors in the world, he has the widest land, the strongest armor and the strictest orders, which others can't match. " The guests of the county magistrate have slightly different opinions. After careful consideration, Dou Rong decided to return to Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of Dongguang. In the summer of the fifth year of Jianwu (29 years), Liu Jun, who has a long history, was sent to offer horses to Emperor Guangwu Tong Cheng. ***4 pages, the current page 1 1 234 At first, Emperor Guangwu heard that Hexi was rich and connected with Gansu and Shu. He often wanted to recruit him to persecute Xiao Wei and Gongsun Shu, and sent messengers to deliver letters to Dou Rong. The messenger happened to meet Liu Jun on the road and went back to Luoyang with him. Guangwudi was very happy to see Liu Jun. After warmly treating Liu Jun, he ordered him to return to Hexi with a letter that he personally sealed. In the letter, when analyzing the situation, he was very frank and frank, and advised him to make up his mind and make a decision as soon as possible: "General Zhao Hexi Five Counties, a captain of the military vassal state: the old guards are in the five counties on the border, the military and horses are strong, the warehouses are stocked, the people are rich, and they are defeated abroad." When the weeds heard the news, they looked at each other humbly and the road was blocked. What is a city? The book presented by Chang Shi is famous for its kindness. Today, there are Gongsun Yang in Yizhou, General Wei Xiao in Tianshui, and the Shu and Han dynasties are contending, and the power is in the general, which is very important. With this statement, is there a measure of thickness? Everything is seen in the long river of history and known to the general. Kings rise and fall, once in a thousand years. If you want to build a rich and prosperous country, you must work hard; If you want to score three points, you must be balanced and obedient. The world has not merged, we are separated from each other, and we are not countries that devour each other. Today's discussant must have a plan to control seven counties. Kings have their own land, no people, only suitable for themselves. Give the general 200 Jin of gold today, which is cheap. "(The Biography of Were Dou Rong). And appointed him as a priest in Liangzhou. Hexi was shocked when the imperial edict of Emperor Guangwu arrived. All officials and soldiers admire Guangwudi's insight into wandering thousands of miles away. Dou Rong also sent Liu Jun to write to Emperor Guangwu, indicating that he was determined to attach himself to the Han Dynasty, and did not hesitate to wait and see. He said, "I am my own slave. Fortunately, I was entrusted by my family to be a consort for two thousand years. To the minister's body, reinstatement, fake calendar, holding a corner. Entrusting quality is easy to resign, and accepting loyalty is easy to be strong. This book is not profound and sincere enough, so I sent Liu Jun to talk about it. Bottom-up, no fiber interface. Sheng said that Shu and Bill Han, the two masters, have the right to stand on their feet in three points and let them be arrogant and steal from themselves. Although I am ignorant, I still know the pros and cons. How can you betray the real old master and be a traitor? Abolishing the festival of loyalty and righteousness is a matter of reversing the case; Abandon the established foundation and seek the interests without Hebei. Although these three people asked the madman, they still knew how to get there, but I don't care! I'd like to send my brothers and friends to yique, but I'm just a little old (Biography of Dou Rong in the Later Han Dynasty). Dou You went to Gaoping, rebelled, and the road was broken, so he had to send Sima back to steal a letter to Korea. Emperor Wu also ordered Xi to write to Dou Rong and Dou You to express sincere condolences. Dou Rong knew the wishes of Emperor Guangwu, so he wrote to accuse him of rebelling against Korea. The letter said: "General Fu Wei has a strong country, rich people, high political accomplishment and attached soldiers. On the occasion of the pro-meeting, the situation in the country was not good, and he kept the festival and did not return. It is undoubtedly sincere and effective to send Bochun to commit himself to the country later. Rong and others are so convinced of Gao Yi that they are willing to serve as generals, so it is better to do so. But when he was angry, he changed Yi Tu. The monarch and his subjects fought against each other and greeted the soldiers from top to bottom. If the Committee succeeds, it will be difficult to do it, and it will go from righteousness to horizontal. If you are tired for a hundred years, you will be ruined once. Almost all deacons are so greedy that stealing is very painful! Nowadays, Xizhou is under great pressure, the army and the people are scattered, it is easy to help others, but it is difficult to build itself. If you don't lose your way, you will still be confused when you hear the Tao. If you don't go to Yang in the south, you will go to Wimbledon in the north. The husband is weak and easy to strengthen the royal family. He saves from afar and ignores the enemy, but does not see the benefits. Wise men are not afraid of things, and benevolent people do not do things. Today, the enemy is bigger than the enemy. What is it? -Gong, what do you mean? And at the beginning of the matter, the north of the kotow is also the festival of loyal ministers. He also sent Bochun, crying and sending him away, loving his father. What does it mean to be an official? What does forbearance mean? Since the soldiers started to attack, the battlements were all hills and valleys, and the valleys turned into gullies. Those who survive today, if not at the forefront, are all lonely exiles. So far, the injured body has not healed, and the voice of crying is still endless. Fortunately, less luck is luck, but the general's recovery is more important than difficulties, which makes the accumulated carbuncle unrecoverable and the young orphans will be displaced again. It's grief, especially a foot injury, which can be called a sour nose! Mediocre and still can't bear it, what about the benevolent? It's easy to be true to what you hear, but it's hard to do it right. Worry about the sky, serve resentment with virtue, and know sin with words. Only generals can save what they offer (Biography of Dou Rong in the Later Han Dynasty). Xiao Wei didn't listen to Dou Rong. Dou Rong and the prefect of the Five Counties prepared horses together, went to see Emperor Guangwu, asked for instructions on the date, and prepared to send troops to attack Xiao Wei, and was ordered by the Han Dynasty. Seeing that Dou Rong was so loyal, Emperor Guangwu was deeply beautiful. Specially sent someone to send him a foreign map and Tai Shigong's Five Cases, Every Family Book and Biography of Wei Qihou. And wrote him a letter, which first praised the relationship between Dou and his relatives and the contribution of Dou's ancestors to the Han Dynasty, and then said that someone had come from Tianshui and copied the letter. After reading it, it hurts into the bone marrow. " I felt ashamed when I saw it. The loyal minister had a sour runny nose and the righteous man was confused. "If you are not loyal, filial and sincere, who can do that? Can those who are virtuous and thin be compared? " (Biography of Dou Rong in the Later Han Dynasty)? The letter also pointed out that when Xiao Wei saw that Dou Rong refused to help himself, he would certainly create disputes, and some people in the imperial court might be disappointed because they didn't understand the original intention. Dou Rong, please be prepared. Finally, the imperial edict said that Kanto had been pacified and the army was about to go west. Dou Rong was asked to clean up his horses and prepare to cooperate with the army and make joint contributions. * * * Page 4, current page 2 1 2 34 During the restart, the first department of Zero Qiang sealed the river and killed the satrap of Jincheng, occupying its county, so it sent messengers, bribed Feng He, and made an alliance with him, hoping to transfer He Bingzhong to refuse the Han soldiers. Dou Rong and others seized the opportunity to break the seal and beheaded more than a thousand people. They got ten thousand cows, horses and sheep, and thousands of people were welcomed in the valley. Because the river is mighty, they wait for the personal expedition of Emperor Guangwu. Seeing that Dou Rong kept his promise, Guangwudi rewarded him. You Fufeng was ordered to repair Dou Rong's father's grave, offering sacrifices to him as a satrap, and sent people to reward Dou Rong with rare things from all over the world. In the autumn of this year, Xiao Wei invaded Anding County, and Emperor Guangwu prepared to personally lead the troops to the Western Expedition. He first informed Dou Rong and asked him to get ready to meet him. Dou Rong was ordered to send troops to Gu Zang immediately. It's a pity that it rained heavily and the road was blocked. Xiao Wei had already retreated, but the Han army had not been sent. Dou Rong returned to his original place. Dou Rong, who was worried that the Han Dynasty would no longer send troops, wrote to Emperor Guangwu, explaining his interests: "Xiao Wei heard that the car was driving in the west, the minister was melting in the east, and the scholars were in trouble, so he planned not to fight. Arrogant and high-ranking people all want to please the army, and then they don't listen to the soldiers, and they will become suspicious. Tao fears eastward change, and Xizhou attaches it. Tao led Gongsun Shu to guard the city gate. I am lonely and powerless, and I am at leisure. Although I am a formidable person, I will help you quickly. When the country is ahead, ministers will be promoted and priorities will be repeated. The beginning and the end will support each other. If you don't advance, you will retreat, and you will definitely break. If the soldiers don't advance early, the foreign minister will suffer for a long time, showing weakness inside and evil for a reason, so I am secretly worried. Only your Majesty has pity (Biography of Dou Rong in the Later Han Dynasty)! Guangwudi was deeply impressed. In the summer of the eighth year of Jianwu (32 years), Emperor Guangwu personally went west. Dou Rong, hearing the news, led tens of thousands of people to ride more than 5,000, and joined forces in Gaoping First City. Before meeting with Emperor Guangwu, Dou Rong sent his men to discuss the meeting etiquette. At that time, despite my hectic appearance, I was in a state of war, with criss-crossing generals and simple manners. Guangwudi was very happy to learn that Dou Rong asked the etiquette first, so he announced that Liao Bai would hold a banquet and receive Dou Rong and others with special courtesy. Dou Rong's younger brother Dou You was appointed as the commander of CRRC, and his cousin Dou Shi was appointed as the doctor of Taizhong. Then, Emperor Guangwu marched with Dou Rong, Xiao Wei was defeated, and all the cities surrendered to the Han Dynasty. In order to repay Dou Rong's great achievements, Emperor Guangwu named him Hou Anfeng and Dou You was Hou Xian Qin. Zhu, the general of Wufeng, once served as Yihou, Wuwei Taishou Liang Tong, Zhangye Taishou Cheng, Shibao, Jincheng Taishou and Jiuquan Taishou. After the knighthood, Emperor Guangwu returned to the East, and Dou Rong returned to the city. Because both brothers were crowned monarch by Hou and were away for a long time, they enjoyed exclusive rights. Therefore, he is often afraid and can't be safe. He wrote to the court many times, asking for someone to take his place. Guangwudi wrote back and said: "I am like a general, and I am modest. Why don't we understand people's wishes? " Encouraged by scholars, no one left the department "(Biography of Dou Rong in the Later Han Dynasty). After Longshu was pacified, the imperial court issued a letter and ordered the prefect of five counties to Luoyang to play Chen's affairs together. So Dou Rong and others were ordered to March eastward, accompanied by officials and guests, driving thousands of cars and cattle and sheep around. First to Luoyang at the gates, presented Liangzhou animal husbandry, the duke, An Feng, Hou Yin. Guangwudi sent messengers to return the seal of the marquis, and immediately received it, so that he could be a shield in the waiting position. A few months later, he was appointed as a priest in Jizhou. Ten days later, he was promoted to Wansikong, with rich reward and favor, and moved to the capital. Dou Rong, because he is not an old minister of Guangwudi, but a one-man court, is thoughtful and above the hero, so every time he goes in, he looks very humble and his words are particularly humble. Seeing that he can go in and out, Emperor Guangwu became more and more affectionate to him. Dou Rong has always been very cautious. Now I have been in a high position for a long time, and my heart is not practical. I have resigned my title many times. He first conveyed it through his attendants, and then he told himself that he was old, his son didn't live up to expectations, and he didn't want to be a vassal any more, and he didn't want to pass on the marquis to his son. Soon, he asked to see the emperor again. The emperor guessed his mind and didn't summon him. One day, after the court meeting, the ministers left, and Dou Rong was in trouble. Knowing that he was going to resign again, Emperor Guangwu ordered his men to take him out to rest and not let him talk. Later, the emperor called him to discuss the matter and said to him in advance: "The Japanese knew that Gong was going to give up his position and go back to the soil, so he ordered Gong to save himself while it was hot. When we meet today, we should talk about something else, so we don't need to go into details "(Biography of Were Dou Rong). So, Dou Rong dare not ask for more. In the 20th year of Jianwu (44 years), Da Situ Daishe was imprisoned and died because the recommended person broke the law. At that time, Sangong joined in, and Guangwudi had no choice but to remove Dou Rong from the post of general. The following year, Dou Rong made special progress. Twenty-three years (47 years), Dou Rong became Yin Xing's bodyguard, making great progress and being a master. Dou You was a captain at the city gate, and both brothers were in charge of guarding. Dou Rong also offered to resign and return to his hometown, but Guangwudi refused, and often sent people to reward gold, silver, silk and jewelry. After Dou You's death, the emperor thought that Dou Rong was old and weak, so he sent people who were always waiting and praising him to his bedroom to persuade him to pay attention to his health. * * * Page 4, Current Page 3 12 34 At the beginning of Ming Di's reign, there was a three-official, two marquis, three princesses and four officials with a rank of two thousand stones. In the capital, there are clouds between grandparents and grandchildren. At that time, consorts and heroes were unparalleled. In the second year of Yongping, Ming Di (59), Dou Rong's cousin Dou Lin was killed for protecting Captain A Qiang. Ming Di wrote a letter condemning Dou Rong, citing the events of Dou Ying and Tianfen in the Western Han Dynasty as a warning. Dou Rong was so scared that he wrote to ask to leave. Ming Di ordered him to go home for illness. In the second year, Dou Rong handed over the national seal of Wei. Dou Rong has been in Solvay for more than ten years. He is very old. His descendants indulged in fake births and committed many illegal acts. Doumu, the eldest son, made friends with frivolous people, entrusted them with counties, and even pretended to be the imperial edict of the Queen Mother, posting disorderly government. Ming Chengzu was furious, relieved of all official positions such as Dou Mu, and ordered his family to return to his hometown, leaving only Dou Rong in the capital. Dou Mu and others went west to Hanguguan, and the emperor ordered them to return to Beijing. As it happens, Dou Rong died at the age of 78. Dou Gu, the son of my younger brother, and Dou Xian, my great grandson, are both famous soldiers. Comments: Dou Rong is good at seizing opportunities. He "started in the name of Hao Xia, pulled up the dust, threw it into the sky, lost the respect of princes, and finally got the position of Qing Xiang" (Biography of Dou Rong in the Later Han Dynasty). Dou Rong is good at taking care of himself and staying sane. He served in the imperial court, and after he became a high official, he knew how to advance and retreat, although he lacked the skills of statecraft. Modest and prudent, far-sighted, pampered, cautious, walking on thin ice, showing the wisdom of others, and thus received great courtesy. It's a pity that children and grandchildren are arrogant and extravagant, and eventually they fall, full of regret! * * * Page 4, current page 4 123 4