Jade in a broad sense refers to the commercial name of gemstone jade with commercial value, which is the general name of gemstone jade with various colors. The concept of jadeite in a narrow sense refers to those green gem-grade jadeite rocks. Geologically, jadeite is called fibrous aggregate composed of pyroxene minerals, and jadeite rocks are mainly composed of Cr (Cr). Gem-grade jadeite flakes are very close to the theoretical value of jadeite in terms of composition. Flying stands for red and Cui stands for green. It is one of the most precious and valuable jade, and is called "the crown of jade". Because it is deeply loved by people in some countries and regions in the East, it is called "the treasure of the East" by the international jewelry industry.

2. Basic characteristics of jadeite jade

Chemical composition of (1): sodium aluminosilicate-aina [SiO2], which often contains trace elements such as Ca, Cr, Ni, Mn, Mg and Fe.

(2) Mineral composition: jadeite is the main mineral, followed by omphacite, cristobalite, aegirine, amphibole and albite.

(3) Crystallization characteristics: monoclinic system, usually columnar, fibrous and felt-like dense aggregate, with massive raw materials and gravel as secondary raw materials.

(4) Hardness: 6.5-7.

(5) Cleavage: fine aggregate has no cleavage; Glittering "fly wings" can be seen on the section of coarse particles.

(6) Gloss: grease luster to glass luster.

(7) Transparency: translucent to opaque.

(8) Relative density: 3.30-3.36, generally 3.33.

(9) Refractive index: 1.65—— 1.67, and there is a fuzzy shadow boundary near 1.66 on the refractometer.

(10) color: colorful, among which green is the top grade, which can be divided into three types according to color; (1), leather color; Refers to the color of the outermost epidermis of jadeite, and its formation is related to the later weathering. This color is red, yellow and gray with different shades, and it is characterized by being nearly concentric near the skin of raw materials. Red is often called fee; 2. Ground color: also known as "ground color", it refers to ground color and other colors other than green, such as different shades of white, oil paint, lotus root starch, gray, etc. 3. green; Refers to the true color of jadeite, which shows various shades of green. Sometimes green contains black. Green is usually called emerald.

(1 1) luminescence: light-colored jadeite emits dim white fluorescence under long-wave ultraviolet light, but does not react under short-wave ultraviolet light.

Jadeite, also known as Burmese jade, is produced in Myanmar, and a small amount of jadeite is also produced in Japan, the Soviet Union, Mexico, California and other places, but the quality and output are far less than that of the Union of Myanmar. Myitkyina in the northern part of Myanmar has the largest jade deposit. Gem-grade jadeite was mined very early and supplied to all parts of the world. Therefore, it has long been known that jadeite is produced in the Union of Myanmar. Therefore, jadeite in the Union of Myanmar is synonymous with jadeite, which is the scientific name of precious stones, and Burmese jade is the jargon of experts (there is no such thing as jadeite in Myanmar, and jadeite is the laudatory name given to this natural spirit by China people). It comes from the name of a jade bird, because the most beautiful green and red in gem-grade jade are the same color as this bird, so it deserves a good name.

High quality jadeite has been cherished by more and more people in the world. At the same time, in the world jewelry custom, people also regard jade as the birthstone of May, which is a kind and enthusiastic stone. Emerald is produced in the Union of Myanmar and the border area between China and Myanmar. It entered China in the late Ming Dynasty, and a large number of jadeites were imported into China after the middle Qing Dynasty. However, according to written records and unearthed physical records, jadeite appeared much earlier.

process technology

As the saying goes, the jade is not cut and the instrument is not cut. Emerald is known as the king of jade because of its high hardness, high specific gravity and rich colors, and its raw materials (especially high-grade materials) are very rare and precious. Therefore, its processing procedures, processing materials, processing tools and processing equipment are different from other jade. The processing flow and process of jadeite are introduced as follows:

1. Material selection: This is an important start. Jade and jade materials are mostly skinned, which is the only jade with skin in the world, so it is also called gambling stone or gambling goods, which is also not available in other jade. Therefore, the key to selecting materials is processing purposes and making ornaments. Equipment? A bracelet? Pendant? Ring or torus, etc. The characteristics of raw materials are closely related to the processing purpose. Poor selection will not only waste raw materials, but also lose money when processing.

Second, cutting materials: it is also a key link. Some people are eager to bet on stones, and often go down with a knife, which may not only cut off the jade (because good jade is often thin), but also fail to carve the whole artwork and lose its original value. Generally, the normal procedure is to rub the skin to see the surface characteristics of jade, such as the trend of emerald color, the development and trend of cracks, the color of jade purple, the distribution of black, the change of seed water and the analysis and estimation of the shape of the original stone. Secondly, it is determined according to the overall condition of the original stone and the possible use for processing. Then, decide whether to carve the whole material or cut it.

Third, the purpose of positioning and design:

1, making small parts: considering the use and yield. Such as round carvings and bracelets.

2. Make small carvings: If you make Yu Pei and waist tags, you should consider what patterns to make, which not only makes use of the advantages of raw materials, but also meets the requirements of carving patterns. Otherwise, it is easy to produce waste products.

3. Making ornaments: The choice of theme pattern is closely related to the characteristics of raw materials, which is a very critical and primary link. If you design a character, the key is to see if there are impurities in the original stone, or to clean a part of the face of the character, and to consider whether the original stone is enough for the proportion of the character. Perfect jadeite jade articles are all jadeite works of art that have been creatively designed and refined. According to the color, species, water, shape, crack, black, jade and other characteristics of the original stone, the carving design is based on the principle of improving the maximum value of the original stone. General carving patterns: people, hawthorn, auspicious, animals and flowers have different requirements for raw materials. The carved theme pattern and the matching background pattern are principled and proportional, rather than the simple accumulation of patterns.

Four, processing technology:

First, cut:

1. Small parts: cut into different sizes step by step, and change the processing purpose of unusable or unqualified parts to make the best use of them.

2. Ornaments: cut into rough blanks according to design requirements.

Second, americium: use diamond grinding wheel (coarse sand) to further remove the useless part into coarse blank.

3. chisel: use diamond (medium sand) grinding wheel to further remove concave and convex parts and useless parts of the whole surface.

4. Punching: further punching the blank of the previous procedure into a blank with a diamond grinding wheel or a round weight.

Five; Polishing: Use various specifications to polish some sample blanks carved with patterns, such as fruits, rocks and roots.

Six, sculpture:

1. Scroll: people, animals, landscapes, flowers, etc. It's all caused by the weight being pressed too thin. For example, open faces, animal bodies, roots and leaves of trees and flowers.

2. Hook: Hook out fine patterns with hooks or various nails, such as human hair, beard, phoenix hair, animal hair, plant scales, leaf patterns, etc.

3. Lighting: Generally, large and powerful factories have this technology. Use special tools and materials to smooth the extra nicks and sand holes in the last carving process, laying a good foundation for the next grinding process.

Five, carving method:

China is an ancient country with a civilization history of more than 7,000 years, so jade processing has a history of 7,000 years. In the long history of jade carving, our ancestors created very advanced jade carving tools and methods. We will briefly introduce some commonly used jade carving methods as follows:

1, relief: refers to convex carving, with shallow relief and deep relief; A beautiful sculpture. Such as: Flour Xi Shou, etc.

2. Through carving: refers to through carving, including cross through carving, round through carving and decorative through carving. Such as the lower limbs and branches of animals.

3. Carving: refers to the hollowing out of jade, but it is airtight, including deep hollowing out (such as vases and pen containers). ) and shallow hollowing (such as pen washing, ashtray, etc.). ).

4. Line carving: refers to line carving and silk carving, such as human hair, animal hair and water waves.

5. Yin carving: refers to a carving method of concave parts, such as Yin and Yang gossip.

6. Round carving: refers to round carving, such as teapots, teacups and spherical jade pieces.

Six, grinding and polishing process

First, polishing:

1. Manual grinding: it is semi-mechanized, and it passes through the grinder manually, using various diamond grinding wheel tools, from rough grinding to fine grinding, and fine grinding to matt.

2. Mechanical grinding: it belongs to full mechanization, and every process from rough grinding to fine grinding and fine grinding is completed with emery of vibration machine. Generally, it takes 3 to 4 days to polish small jade pieces.

Second, polishing:

1. Manual polishing: Manually pass through the polishing machine and use various polishing tools and polishing materials to throw out light.

2, machine polishing: vibrating machines and polishing materials, generally circular carved jade pieces generally take 2 to 3 days to complete. Compared with automatic grinding and polishing by machine, manual grinding and polishing generally takes a long time and costs a lot, but the effect is also good, and the three-dimensional and peak carving style of carving patterns is preserved.

VII. Decoration

1, decoration of ornaments: matching the base is the most important decoration of ornaments, and the seats with ornaments have many materials and styles, which can enhance the artistic sense and value.

2. Packaging: It is the last link. A fine jade commodity has good packaging, including inner packaging and outer packaging, and supporting packaging, which not only has the function of decoration and beautification, but also has the function of protection and transportation. good luck