history
Iceland was the last uninhabited big island in the world before Scandinavians and Celts immigrated to Iceland in the 9th century and10th century. Iceland established the world's earliest parliament, Al? Ingi (English: Althing), although this parliament did not run for a long time. Some written evidence shows that Irish monks lived in Iceland before the arrival of northerners, but there is no archaeological evidence to prove this inference.
Iceland was independent for 300 years and was later ruled by Norway and Denmark. 18 14 Before Denmark and the United Kingdom of Norway were divided according to the Kiel Treaty, Iceland was a colony of the Norwegian king and later became a dependency of Denmark. 1874, the Danish government granted Iceland limited autonomy. 19 18, Iceland gained independence and sovereignty similar to that of a protectorate in internal affairs, while Denmark still retained its power in foreign affairs and national defense. 1940 Nazi Germany occupied Denmark during World War II, and the allied forces occupied Iceland in the same year. The Danish king continued to rule legally until Iceland was established in 1944. As a member of NATO, the Republic of China signed an agreement with the United States to defend Iceland in 1949. According to this agreement, the United States has a military base in Kev Lavic, while Iceland has no military power of its own. In the decades after the war, Iceland's economy relied on fishing, and because of this biological resource, there were several conflicts with neighboring countries, including the famous "Cod War" with Britain. In recent years, due to heavy industry investment, the economy has gradually diversified, aluminum smelting has developed, and the economic field has been liberalized and privatized. Iceland became a member of the European Common Market through EEA, but never applied to join the European Union.
politics
Ahltin, Iceland, founded in 930, is the earliest parliament in the world. Now it has 63 members, who are elected by all the people every four years. The head of state is the president, whose term of office is four years. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the President and performs the administrative duties of the government together with the Cabinet.
location
It faces Greenland across the Danish Strait in the west, the Norwegian Sea in the east, the Greenland Sea in the north and the Atlantic Ocean in the south. It belongs to the Nordic countries.
Geological landform
Since the late Early Miocene, it has been formed by the accumulation of upper mantle materials spilled from the rift valley in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, belonging to a volcanic island. The rocks that make up Iceland are all volcanic rocks, and the most widely distributed are basalt, andesite, rhyolite and so on.
There are many volcanoes on the island, which are called "Polar Fire Island". * * There are 200-300 volcanoes and 40-50 active volcanoes. The main volcanoes are: Laki Volcano, Huanadals Volcano, Hekela Volcano and catra Volcano. 1963- 1967 volcanic activity in the southwest coast has formed an island of about 2. 1 square kilometer. Iceland has the largest number of hot springs in the world. There are about 250 alkaline hot springs on the island, and the largest hot spring can produce 200 liters of spring water per second.
Topographic trend: it is a bowl-shaped highland surrounded by coastal mountains and a plateau in the middle. Most of them are platforms, and the height of the platforms is between 400 and 800 meters. Individual peaks can reach 1.300 to 1.700 meters. The highest peak in Iceland is Mount Huanada Snook (265,438+0,654,38+0.9 meters). The lowland area is very small, and there are marine plains and ice water alluvial plains in the west and southwest, accounting for about 7% of the whole island area. The coastline without glaciers is irregular, with many fjords and bays. Other coastal areas are mainly beaches, and sandbars off the coast form lagoons.
Geothermal resources are abundant and hot springs are widely distributed.
The climate is located in high latitudes and belongs to the cold temperate maritime climate.
Influenced by the North Atlantic warm current, it mainly flows out from its south, and there is a branch around its west and north. Therefore, although it is located near the Arctic Circle, the temperature in winter is not low, and the temperature in summer is between 7 and 12 degrees Celsius.
Located near the center of low pressure in Iceland, the weather is changeable. Cyclones have brought abundant precipitation to Iceland. The annual average precipitation in southwest and west is between 1000 ~ 2000mm, and it is less in north and northeast, which is 400 ~ 600 mm. Rain and snow weather may occur in any season.
Hydrological rivers radiate outward from the central plateau, and the main rivers are: Fiyo Darau Smee Glacier, etc.
Iceland is not only the center of the Quaternary ice sheet, but also modern glaciers are distributed on the plateau, mainly shield-shaped ice cap glaciers and a few ice bucket glaciers, accounting for 1 1.5% of the total island area. There are mainly Hoves ice sheet and Vatna ice sheet, of which Vatna ice sheet covers an area of 8,500 square kilometers and its thickness ranges from several hundred meters to several thousand meters. It is the largest glacier in the world except Antarctica and Greenland.
Vegetation tundra is widely distributed, with Kobayashi in the south and meadows on the lee side or near hot springs.
agriculture
Iceland's economy mainly depends on marine fisheries. Fishing provides 60% of Iceland's export income and employs 8% of the working population.
According to the statistics of 1980, the fish yield is 1 500,839 tons, the hay is 3.879 million cubic meters, the potatoes 1 ton, the radishes are 902 tons, the linear sheep are 827,927, and the horses are 52,347.
industry
The cement industry is developed.
tourism
Iceland has four national parks.
Population 1703 Iceland conducted the first census, when the population was 50,358, and 180 1 year dropped to 47,240. /kloc-the population increased slightly in the 0/9th century, and 190 1 year increased to 78,470. At the beginning of the 20th century, the economy grew rapidly, and the population increased rapidly, 1, 2 1, reaching 1, 940 in 474. During and at the beginning of World War II, the living standard improved rapidly, and the population growth rate also rose rapidly. The annual growth rate reached its peak in 1950s, but it has been declining since 1960, mainly due to the declining birth rate and continuous immigration.
culture
Iceland's most famous classical literary work is Sakya, Iceland, which is an epic prose written when people began to settle in Iceland. The content is mainly heroic stories and family legends. The most famous ones are Niyar Sagar and Gr? Nlendinga and Eiríks ".
Cultural achievements include
The legend of Njal
Iceland's cultural achievements at the end of the 20th century.
sugar cube
Bj？ Radial keratotomy
Sigur Ross
Others can also refer to http://www.xzqh.org/waiguo/europe/2005.htm..