Around 800 AD, Welsh monks wrote a Burlington History, in which the name "Arthur" was recorded for the first time, describing the Saxons who led the Welsh to resist the invasion from the middle reaches of the Thames.
The Legend of King Arthur
The legend of King Arthur began to spread in the12nd century BC by bard who traveled all over Europe. The recognized masterpiece is Death of King Arthur around15th century.
The Celts who once ruled Britain were ruled by the Roman Empire in the first century. After the sixth century, the Germans invaded one after another, their strength gradually declined, and finally they were forced to give up the British throne. Legend has it that Arthur appeared as a Celtic hero during the German invasion. He led the tribe to defeat a Saxon of the Germanic nation in the Battle of Barton Mountain, and was regarded as a famous legend in medieval England.
However, Arthur's image changed constantly with the evolution of legends and stories, and eventually he became the king who ruled Britain, the leader of the "Knights of the Round Table" who subdued legendary knights such as Lancelot and Tristan, and the hero with the highest honor.
The Legend of the King and Sword in the Stone are symbols of King Arthur's supreme kingship. Wearing the legendary king of the elves, all the knights bowed down, not only established their own thrones, but also won numerous battles and returned home in triumph.
Conan the Barbarian
The legend of the king also translated the broken steel sword, the chopped iron sword and the sword in the lake. It is worth noting that many unprofessional translators translated this sword into a sword in the stone, which is incorrect.
The sword in the stone, King Arthur chose the king's sword. Some people say that this is the prototype of Excalibur, Calibourne. The History of the Kings of England records that Calibourne said that King Arthur used this sword to kill 470 Saxon soldiers who attacked him in World War I.
The Legend of the King is a magical swordsman who appeared in the legend of King Arthur. It can be called the origin of the famous sword tradition in later knight literature.
According to the legend of King Arthur, King Arthur, who pulled out the sword in the stone and became king, broke the sword in the stone in a confrontation with King Pelino (personally, Sir Pelino). The cause of this battle was that when King Arthur visited a castle, the owner of the castle, Anulei, saw Sir Perinaud coming to the castle and asked King Arthur for protection. In fact, Sir Perinaud was teased by Anuel and came against King Arthur. This battle is considered a violation of chivalry, which is also the reason why the sword in the stone was broken. Later, under the guidance of Merlin, he got the legend of the king from the goddess in the lake. The Legend of the King was built in Avalon, an elf country. The blade of the sword is made of gold, and the hilt is inlaid with precious stones. Because its sharp blade cuts iron like mud, the lady in the lake is named Excalibur (meaning "broken steel" in ancient Celtic). Merlin warned Arthur at this time: "Although The Legend of the King is very powerful, its scabbard is more valuable than its sword. The legendary man who wears the scabbard of the king will never bleed. You must never lose it. 」
But later, King Arthur lost his scabbard, so although he had a sword as sharp as mud, he was finally killed by the traitor knight Mordred. The Legend of the King was finally thrown back into the lake by Sir Bedivere at the behest of King Arthur, and returned to the elf country of Avalon with King Arthur.
Avalon
Avalon is an important island in Arthurian legend. People think it should be Glastonbury in southwest England today.
According to legend, Avalon is surrounded by swamps and fog and can only be reached by boat. In Arthurian legend, Avalon symbolizes the afterlife and the land behind him. After King Arthur's death, his half-sister Morgana shipped his body back and buried it here.
Regarding the etymology of Avalon, there is a theory that the Celtic language "Annwyn" is English, which means the land of fairies or the underworld. Geoffrey of Monmouth, a British chronicler, thinks that Avalon means Apple Island. Considering that until today, the word "apple" is still spelled Afal in Brittany and Cornwall and Aval in Welsh, Jeffrey's statement seems more credible.
Glastonbury is also called "Ynis Witrin" in Celtic, which means the island of glass. In 2003, Mr Feng Xiang published a new book with the theme of the legend of King Arthur, namely "The Island of Glass". Maybe you are still wondering why an island should be named after glass. An interesting explanation is that ancient glass mirrors were polished with bronze, while Glastonbury was named for its bright green color.
Knights of the round table
When King Arthur married Guinevere, his father gave King Arthur a round table of 150 people (it is said that it was made by Merlin ...). It is said that the number of knights of the round table is 128 (there are 32 and 24 versions, and the most bizarre thing is that it is confused with the knights of Charlemagne 12. For details, please refer to a bilingual book for middle school students. Among them, there is a "dangerous seat", and only knights who are destined to win the Holy Grail (saying that their conduct is completely spotless) can sit on the seat and not die. Later, Sir galahad took the seat. Famous knights of the Round Table include Sir Lancelot, the first knight, his good friend (and enemy for a period of time), Sir Gawaine, whose strength can rival Lancelot, who returned King Arthur's sword to Sir Bedivere in the lake, Sir Kay, the brother of King Arthur, and Sir Hector, the son of his father, King Meloidas. Double Sword Knight Sir Bahrain and his younger brother Balaam (who seems to have no knighthood), and Sir Pachwale who later founded the Knights of the Grail. By the way, take two traitors, Sir Agriwin and Sir Mordred.
Saxon
Saxon (English Saxon; German Sachsen), also translated into Saxon, was originally a Germanic barbarian, distributed in Lower Saxony, Germany today. In the middle of the 5th century BC, a large number of Germans invaded the British Isles through Northern Europe, including the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. After a long period of mixed life, they gradually formed the ancestors of today's British people.
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The film King Arthur
English title: King Arthur
English title: King Arthur
Director: Anthony Fuka
Type: Action/Adventure/Plot/War
Grade: PG- 13
Issuing Bank: Touchstone Pictures
Release date: July 7, 2004
Starring: clive owen, Stephen Turner
Film analysis
Arthur is a hero praised by Rome and England in ancient Celtic poetry. Arthur, like his fellow samurai, believed that once Rome withdrew from Britain, it would bring endless disasters and chaos to Britain. However, before Arthur liberated the Knights of the Round Table, they had to complete the last task entrusted to them by Rome and go deep into enemy-occupied areas to complete a sacred mission. ...
character introduction
Born into a noble family, Guinevere is in a dilemma on the road that her enemies Arthur and Arthur are about to ascend to the throne. She was afraid that her people would fall into Saxon hands, so she would rather form an alliance with her arch-enemy, the hateful Roman Arthur. Finally, she realized that Arthur was a great man, but she was not sure whether Arthur could bury the hatchet and fight and die for this country that was once his enemy. ...
The history of English kings and the death of King Arthur.
The legend of king Arthur
The Legend of King Arthur
Many works about King Arthur in the major western European countries in the Middle Ages,
These works include the main story of King Arthur's birth, Knight of the Round Table.
The establishment of the regiment, the deeds of Arthur and his knights of the Round Table, and Arthur's death.
The Love between Lancelot and Arthur's Queen Guinevere in Knight's Contract.
The story and the story of looking for the holy grail are the most important.
The legend of King Arthur is one of the three systems in the legendary literature of knights in Western Europe in the Middle Ages.
The most important one, the other two systems are French and ancient systems.
The French system wrote stories about Charlemagne and his knights, such as Roland.
Song "; The ancient system refers to the story of the war between Alexandria and Troy.
Some legends of rhyming hearts.
Arthur was Kyle of Wales and Cornwall on the British Island in the 6th century.
The leader of the Teutonic tribe, who was inspired by the resistance to the Anglo-Saxon invasion.
What the Celts miss has become a character in folklore over time. rich
Fantasy Celtics even think that they are not dead, living in the celestial world, and will be in the future.
Come back and save the Celtics.
The History of the British was written by the Welsh historian Nannius at the end of the 8th century.
It is mentioned that Arthur was the leader of Celtic 12 times and participated in 12 battles. Finally,
960 Anglo-Saxons took part in the Battle of Mount Barton. In this book,
In the movie, Arthur is just a military leader, not a king.
In the 9th century, the legend about Arthur also spread to the northwest of France.
The Celts of Brittany. At that time, it was still circulated orally and did not take shape.
Into words. After the Normans occupied Normandy, they absorbed and developed the surrounding areas.
These legends of Brittany; After Norman conquered England (1066), once again,
Bring Arthur's legend back to England. Bishop Jeffrey of Wales used to pull
Wen Ding's Kings of Britain recorded Asia in two-fifths of its space.
Joseph's deeds are more comprehensive. Soon, in 1 155, the Norman poet Wa Yongjie
Friel's materials wrote a biography of verse in Norman French, including The Legend of Arthur.
Strange "the legend of bulut", in order to avoid disputes between knights, tile
Alice created the way of round table. In France, from 1 160 to 1 190, poets
Chretien de Troya wrote several legends about knight Arthur.
Jeffrey wrote history, and Qi is basically history, but it rhymes.
Wenhe's works are the earliest Arthurian legends handed down. this
These works spread the legend about Arthur widely in western Europe.
At the beginning of13rd century (1205), an English monk, Layamon, used gas as material.
Wrote a verse chronicle "bulut", more than 30,000 lines, than Bath.
Twice as much, he also arrived from bulut, the great-grandson of Prince Aeneas of Troy.
Britain didn't start talking until 689. The last third of this "history"
It contains the story of King Arthur, which is written in English for the first time.
Appear in songs. In addition to adding many mythological elements to Layamon's works,
It also marks the transition of English poetry from Old English to Middle English. on the other hand
On the surface, the vocabulary, meter and disyllables of old English poetry are preserved and used.
The rhyme of French poetry is similar.
Since Layamon, Arthur's story has long been extinct in English literature, and
Popular in France, the so-called "two-tone body" didn't appear until the fourth century.
The death of King Arthur (1360), line 4300, is written that King Arthur went to Rome, and he
His nephew Mordred defected and his brushwork was exquisite; In addition, there is a rhyme "Asia"
Death of King Arthur (about 1400), with 3,800 lines, is mostly about Lancelot's love.
Love story. As for Arthur's knights parsifal, Tristram and St.
The legend of cups is extremely rare in Britain. But in the middle of14th century, it was written in two-tone style.
"Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight" is 2,500 lines long and belongs to Britain.
Treasures in medieval literature. 15th century, Mallory
Collected the French legends before this, selected and translated them, and wrote Asia in prose.
The death of King Arthur summed up and ended the legends about King Arthur in the Middle Ages.
Since then, Arthur's story has been sung and adopted by poets of all ages.
The most famous is Spencer's The Fairy Queen. Milton also wants to write a book with it.
An epic. Tennyson also wrote a series of narrative poems in the19th century.
Illustration of arthurian legend
From the above Latin or English chronicles, French legends and14th century.
After English legends, the following important stories and characters can be summarized.
Arthur's father was Wu Seer Panlong, King of Wales, and he relied on Merlin, a warlock.
I helped marry Iglan, the wife of another tribal leader in Wales. Arthur 15
He 18 years old inherited the throne and created many miracles with the help of Merlin. He went from dozens
The warriors could not move under big stones to get a nod, and conquered Scotland and Ireland.
Holland and Iceland. Married Guinevere, the daughter of a Roman nobleman. His court is located.
Camilo, there is a round table in the palace where you can sit 150 knight. This is a miracle of martial arts.
Only knights can sit down. Arthur held a banquet every festival and listened to the adventures of knights.
Story, evaluate whether it is worthy of the title of knight of the round table. There is a seat on the seat.
An empty seat, called the "dangerous seat", can only get Jesus in the last night.
Only the knights of the holy grail for eating deserve to sit.
Arthur's main story is against the Roman emperor. The Roman emperor wanted Asia.
Senagan, Arthur refused, so he declared war on the emperor and entrusted the queen and state affairs.
Pay my nephew Mordred and go to Rome. In the March, he killed the giant.
People. Gawaine, the knight, interrupted the negotiations with Rome, and Arthur entered Rome, right here.
When he heard that Mordred had usurped the throne and queen, he immediately returned to China with Gawaine.
Gawaine was killed in battle, and Arthur finally died and went to heaven, Guini.
Will became a nun.
The most important knight was Lancelot, the son of King Brittany.
When I was a child, I was stolen and raised by "Mrs. Lake" and sent to Arthur's court, so I called it "Lake".
Lancelot in the world. "He is the first knight of the round table and secretly falls in love with the queen.
But she fell in love with Astro Boy's daughter Aileen; After Aileen died, he and Wang
Then we made up again. After Arthur found out, Lancelot ran away with the queen. What about you?
Arthur and Gawaine chased him and surrounded Lancelot's castle. Lancelot surrendered the queen,
He retired to Brittany, and Arthur had to return to China because Mordred usurped the throne. bright
Slough came back to help Arthur again and found that Arthur was dead and the queen became a monk.
So he became a monk and guarded Arthur's grave with the queen.
Legends of parsifal, Knights of the Round Table, Chretien, France and Germany.
Wolfram von Eisenbach recorded that England didn't arrive until the 4th century.
This is his legend. He is the holiest knight in Arthur's palace. Many knights have it
Adventure in the pursuit of the holy grail, such as Lancelot, but because of his guilt, he didn't get it, only.
Percy Farr, galahad and Bowles got it.
At first it had nothing to do with the legend of King Arthur, but then Tristram joined in.
And the legend of Ithaca.
European medieval legendary literature, mainly a large number of legends about Arthur.
Literature, its main contribution to western European literature in the future is that it provides adventure,
Love and religion. In addition to the fascinating story, it is open.
Paying attention to the inner activities of the characters can be said to be the origin of the novel. it
Reflects the idealized knight life, and can be said to be more mysterious.
This is the first romantic literary work in Europe. (See Chretien.
De Troya, a round-table story, in which Lancelot and Boschua are Ben.
Lancelot and Percy Farr are at the entrance. )
philology
R.S. loomis, The Development of King Arthur.
Romantic, 1963.