Song Lian (1310-1381) is also known as Xuanzhenzi, Zhen Xuan Taoist, Zhen Xuan Dunlao and Taishigong. Han nationality, a native of Pujiang (now Yiwu, Zhejiang), was a writer in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. He was once praised by Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, as "the head of the founding civil servants", and scholars called him Taishigong. Song Lian, Gao Qi and Liu Ji are also called "the great poets in the third day of Ming Dynasty". In the fourth year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang was angry with the poem "There was no shortage of birds since ancient times", which caused great disaster. Fang Xiaoru, a loyal minister and scholar in the early Ming Dynasty, studied under Song Lian when he was young. Author of Selected Works of Song Shi Xue. Statues of Song Lian: Wu Lai, Liu Guan and Huang Cheng. He studied hard all his life. "From childhood to old age, he never went to school for a day and learned everything." At the end of Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Shundi asked him to organize and edit imperial academy. He resigned and wrote a book on the grounds of supporting his parents. In the early Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, and Song Lian was promoted to Jiangnan Confucianism. He was invited by Zhu Yuanzhang together with Liu Ji, Zhang Yi and Ye Chen, and was honored as the "Five Classics" teacher, giving lectures for Prince Zhu Biao. In the second year of Hongwu (1369), he was ordered to specialize in Yuan history and be a bachelor in imperial academy. Hongwu ten years (1377), resigned as an old man and returned to his hometown. Later, because his eldest grandson was involved in the Hu Dang case, Zhu Yuanzhang wanted to kill him, but at the urging of the queen and the prince, he was exiled to Maozhou (now Sichuan Qiang Autonomous County). 138 1 May 20th (1June 2nd), died in Kuizhou (now fengjie county, Chongqing) on the way, and later died in Wenxian.

history

Song Lian Portrait Song Lian moved to Pujiang in his youth because of the war at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and built a house in Luoqingshan to study, because its building was named Luo Qing Mountain House. After the mutiny, the official books were seriously damaged, and Song Lian was able to keep the book city because of his seclusion in the mountains. Qi Ming Han Cheng's "Red Book Collection of Lianshengtang" said: "After the country broke the fire and died, Song Wenxian publicly studied in Luoqingshan, and has collected thousands of books." The Preface to the Complete Works of Song Wenxian, the second volume of the Collected Works of Fengxitang in the Qing Dynasty, said that Song Lian "began to sneak into Pujiang, gained his book wealth, and pushed Song Lian first". The essence of Song Lian's books, a few of which flowed into the hands of Qing people. For example, The Collection of Changqing in the Northern Song Dynasty was successively collected by Qian Ceng, Huang Pilie and Pan Zuyin. "Bai Fu": "The" Changqing "of Lushan Mountain, see Liuding; Master Jinhua is an elf alone. " Note: Changqing Ji was engraved in the Northern Song Dynasty, so-called' Lushan Edition'. Geng Yin was burned and the seeds were cut. Only this little song book in Jinhua Song's "Jinglian" is full of pictures, ancient and lovely, and rare. In addition, a batch of biographies of Spring and Autumn Annals, Historical Records and Song Wenxuan flowed into the palace of the Qing Dynasty, recording the sequel of Tianlu Lin Lang. Song Lian also collected the Song Dynasty publication "Shilin Guangji", and then returned to Ding Richang, Guangdong Province, where he recorded the Bibliography of Bao Jing Zhai. The orthodox view of literature has a long history, but there are also differences here: the ancient writers in Tang and Song Dynasties, represented by Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu, advocated that "literature should be based on Ming Dow" in theory, emphasizing the instrumentality of literature, but not belittling it; Neo-Confucianism in Song Dynasty saw their incompleteness, so it put forward the argument of "the unity of literature and Taoism" and even "literature harms Taoism" to prevent literati from being tempted by literature outside Taoism. Song Lian's literary thought followed the extreme viewpoint of Neo-Confucianism. In Wen Yuan, he emphasized that writing "does not refer exclusively to rhetorical writing", and that the image of Tao is the representation, and the text is consistent with Tao, where Tao is, the text is also there. In other articles, Song Lian has repeatedly put forward that "standing without a road, filling without a road, and walking without a road" (preface to Baiyun Draft); "There is no Tao outside the text, and there is no text outside the Tao" (preface to Professor Xu's Collected Works). Criticizing ancient writers with this theory shows a very narrow attitude. For example, in the Preface to the Collected Works of Professor Xu, Song Lian openly proposed that after the death of Mencius, "there will be no literature in the world"; Jia Yi and Sima Qian only got "skin", while Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu only got "bone". Only a few great scholars in the Song Dynasty "won their hearts" can be regarded as "the writings of the Six Classics". As for all kinds of articles that obviously don't meet the standard of "gentleness and gentleness", in Song Lian's view, they are even more "non-literature". The theory of "the unity of literature and Taoism" is an officially supported position, which can be proved by the style of Yuan Shi. Since Ye Fan's Book of the Later Han Dynasty, two biographies, The Scholars and Wen Yuan, have been separated to distinguish the scholars from the writers, and the history of repairing officials in later generations has been inherited. However, the History of Yuan Dynasty abolished this distinction and set up a separate History of the Scholars, arguing that "scripture cannot be divided into two" and that "literature does not originate from the six arts, but is all words!" Yuan Shi was written at Zhu Yuanzhang's instigation, which certainly catered to his meaning. With the official support of the imperial court, this theory will inevitably bring disastrous consequences to the development of literature. Song Lian's collected works are full of works that beautify, eulogize the elites of the ruling group in the early Ming Dynasty and praise chastity women, which is probably the concentrated expression of his "orthodox" literature. But the progress that history has made, that is, it is still difficult to reverse it by force. Therefore, even in Song Lian, there are two sides. Song Lian had a close friendship with Yang Weizhen in the late Yuan Dynasty. After Yang died in the early Ming Dynasty, he wrote an epitaph for him, praised Yang's literary talent and achievements, and even described his "broad-minded" and "worldly-playing" life mode in a rather tolerant tone, which was quite incompatible with his rigorous theory. In addition, he also has some essays, which respect the reality of life, so he is closer to the real human nature while promoting some moral concepts. For example, Biography of Wang Mian describes the mental outlook of a "madman" at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and the opening paragraph describing the reading situation of young people in Wang Mian is quite interesting: Wang Mian is from Zhuji. When I was seven or eight years old, my father ordered me to herd cattle, steal into the school house and listen to the students' endorsements. Listen to yourself and learn from your memory. Come back at dusk and forget about its cow. It's as good as ever to take Niu Guaitian and make my father angry. Mother said, "My son is so stupid that he doesn't listen to anything?" Because the crown is gone, I live by the monk temple. Sneak out at night, sit on the Buddha's lap and read with the ever-burning lamp. There are many clay dolls in the Buddha statue, which are hideous and creepy. Guaner, if you don't see it. Another example is Lu Pizi's Epitaph, which introduces in detail Chen Qiao's ideological achievement of "transmitting sound by screen and taking classics as one's own". Zhu Xi's Biography of Yimin is well written because the author can take a sympathetic attitude towards different personalities. The preface to seeing Ma Sheng off in Dongyang describes the hardships of studying in poverty in the early years, and it is also very real and touching. Song Lian's prose is concise and elegant, with few embellishments. But occasionally some descriptive fragments can be written quite beautifully. Various styles often have their own characteristics, which shows that changes are not so rigid. Generally speaking, his writing style is close to moral norms, and he has high language accomplishment and skillful skills, so he can be a model of literary fashion in the early Ming Dynasty. Sadly for Song Lian, Zhu Yuanzhang did not admit that he was a "great scholar" at all, but called him a "scholar" in an insulting tone (see Biography of Gui Yanliang in Ming Dynasty). Because in Zhu Yuanzhang's political system, there can be no more "great Confucianism"-the ideological director of society, and the emperor himself is the ideological director. Song Lian died innocently in the end, which also reflected the harshness of politics in the early Ming Dynasty.

Edit this knowledge of classical Chinese

Flexible use of parts of speech

White jade ring at the waist. (waist, nouns are used as verbs and hung around the waist. ) recorded by hand. (pen, noun adverbial, pen) Wear a hat decorated with Zhu Yingbao. (Bao, noun as adverbial, with jewelry; Nouns are used as adverbials, and they should be eaten once a day. (Day, noun as adverbial, every day) No need to record by hand. (hand, noun as adverbial, with hand)

Different meanings of ancient and modern times

When I was young, I was eager to learn (Yu: the ancient meaning was for me, and the present meaning was for Yu, Yu also). Gave me a soup (soup: ancient meaning is hot water; This means to send soup away. (Go, the ancient meaning is to run, but the present meaning is to go, go) Take a trip against the wind (anti: the ancient meaning is to meet, but the present meaning is to oppose, in the opposite direction) Poor winter gale (poor: the ancient meaning is deep, the present meaning is poor, exhausted) Taste a hundred miles away (potential: the ancient meaning is to go, but the present meaning is potential) and eat again (also: the ancient meaning is twice,) I have heard about it (pawn: ancient meaning: finally present meaning: small soldier). The right instrument smells (xiù) (smelly: ancient meaning: aroma today meaning: (chòu) smelly, smelly). People who enjoy it (Chinese: ancient meaning: present meaning in mind: boundary)

synonym compound

1.False = Borrow: borrow 2. Knock = Ask: Question 3. Wo = irrigation: irrigation 4. Yi = slight: 5 meters. Reprimand = duh: reprimand, reprimand 6. Xin = Yue: Happy, happy.

polysemy

1, with: (1) Conjunction: equivalent to "and", translated into and, come (counting days; Bend over to please; Can't read) (2) Preposition: Ba, use (use a blanket; Have a fellow countryman; Take a book as a holiday; Write a long book as a token) (3) Because (I've had enough fun in it) 2. Know: (1) Structural auxiliary words: De (borrow one library each) (2) Pronouns (send away) (3) Used between subject and predicate, eliminating sentence independence (when I am a teacher) (4) Meaningless. Noun (not afraid of cold) 4. Therefore: (1) Therefore, the conjunction (therefore, I am stupid) (2) intentionally, intentionally, adverb (I am too old to learn) 5. Tao: (1) theory, noun (benefiting from respecting the virtuous) (2) Four stiff legs can't move) 7. Quality: (1) q, verb (supporting question) (2) essence, qualification, noun (not inferior to nature) 8. Color: (1) pale face (never faded slightly) (2) expression (or scolded by it, hasty, hasty (chasing dragons to the west) (2) sudden (then dying to respond to death) (3) death (4) finished (5) finally1/kloc-0. Or (1) sometimes (or meet) (2) some people (or beg for money)

Common words

1 Limbs are stiff and can't move (limbs, limbs). Two people hold Tangwo irrigation, (irrigation: washing, watering and washing). All three students embroider (quilt: wearing).

inverted sentence

1, sign (negative sentence, pronoun "zhi" as object, verb postposition. "Zhi" stands for record. "Lazy" means "not lazy to copy books". 2. Every time you borrow a book (preposition (Yu)+noun (home) = preposition as adverbial, it should be borrowing a book), omit: 1. Therefore, many people regard books as fake (surplus). I am between my robe and clothes. There is a basis for writing a long book.

Problem research

1. The contrast effect compares the students' superior learning conditions with the author's poor learning conditions, which shows that the author is rich in spirit and noble in interest. It is concluded from the comparison that whether he can achieve academic success depends on his subjective efforts, which enhances the appeal and persuasiveness of the article and makes it complicated and full of waves in the comparison. 2. What is the author's intention in writing this article? Encourage Ma Sheng to cherish imperial academy's excellent learning conditions and study hard with his own personal experience. 3. Combined with the text, what kind of bitter optimism should modern middle school students have in reading? If the learning conditions are poor, we should study hard and not be afraid of hardship; Good study conditions, we should cherish the superior study conditions and study hard. 4. What did Song Lian's schooling experience tell Ma Sheng? Although times have changed, what can we learn from Song Lian's spirit of studying? In this article, Song Lian told Ma Sheng with his own personal practice and experience: study must be diligent, and the content and purpose of study have been very different today, but the truth he spoke is still enlightening and instructive to us. The spirit of not being afraid of difficulties, being diligent and eager to learn, being content with poverty but not greedy for money, and the attitude of caring and inculcating after school, being honest and trustworthy, and respecting teachers and respecting morality are also worthy of recognition. The author doesn't feel a little inferior because the conditions of food, clothing, housing and transportation are a little worse than "living in the same family", which shows that his heart is full and his ambition is high. Please create a couplet according to his reading sound and painting: to suffer for the teacher, to bend over and listen for the study. 6. Why did the author start with the most difficult winter? Used to show that you study so hard all the year round and the effect is average. 7. What is the reason for "I am stupid, but I heard something"? Don't give up your dream of studying because you are poor, and keep studying under extremely difficult conditions. Ask for advice with an open mind and be extremely respectful. 8. What is the hardship of writing about food, clothing, housing and transportation for? Those rich children who live in the same hotel show enough fun, that is, inner fun, compared with food, clothing, housing and transportation. 9. What do you prefer between "oral service" and "enjoying it"? I agree that having enough fun, being rich in spirit can overcome material poverty, knowledge accumulation and spiritual enrichment are the necessary conditions for students to learn, and spiritual enjoyment is the greatest enjoyment of life and a noble taste. 10. What did you get from this article? You must study hard, be dedicated, and work hard to get good grades. The formation of academic mastery and good quality mainly depends on subjective efforts. 1 1. What aspects did the author write to create conditions for reading? Borrowing books is not trustworthy; Copying books is not afraid of hardship; Traveling in Wan Li, ask the wise with an open mind. 12. specifically point out the stable description and discussion sentences, and talk about their functions in the text? Description: "I never made a slip of the tongue" vividly wrote the teacher's serious manner; "Bend Down and Ear Up" vividly writes the attitude of middle school students' merits and demerits in strange cases; "Ye Ran Ruo Ren Shen" vividly wrote the gorgeous appearance of sharing a house; "My robe and clothes" vividly describes the author's humble clothes. Discussion: "Although I'm stupid, I'm a pawn or something I've heard of", and humbly ask for the benefits of being named; "Those who enjoy it don't know that the battle of mouth and body is not like human beings" points out the reason why they are not ashamed of food and clothing; "Diligence can make up for mistakes" points out the purpose of the paragraph; "If the cause is not refined, the morality is not successful, and the nature is not inferior, then the heart is not specialized" indicates the main idea of the paragraph; "Yes, it can be said that he is an excellent scholar" points out Ma Sheng's character; "I'm too old to tell" points out the purpose of this paragraph. 13. What do you think of the learning attitude of being diligent, persistent in learning and willing to forget your worries? This attitude of studying hard and being willing to forget worries still has positive reference significance today, because a scholar must be persistent and bear hardships, and only by studying hard can he achieve something. 14. Why doesn't this article have a straight face and a sense of preaching? The author puts forward his own views, makes sense and empathizes with others, so that the younger generation can understand the essence from the kind and beautiful story narration. The essence is more touching than simple discussion, and it is easier to be accepted by Ma Sheng. It is convincing to compare the difficulty of learning with the superior learning conditions of Taiwanese students. 15. What's the difficulty? It was difficult to borrow and copy books when I was a child; It is difficult for adults to ask questions from teachers; The difficulty of trudging from teacher to teacher; Poor food and clothing, simple life. 16. What do you think of the author's attitude of respecting teachers? A. In study and life, we should respect teachers, respect questions, listen carefully to teachers' criticism and education, and not criticize teachers for perfection. Only by respecting teachers and attaching importance to teaching can we achieve something. B. The author is respectful in front of the teacher and "dare not say a word", which is the most common phenomenon in the old-style education in China. It contains positive factors of respecting teachers and attaching importance to teaching, but it is also too pedantic. 17. What qualities should a "good scholar" possess? As a scholar, you must have perseverance and hard-working character. Only by studying hard can you achieve something. 18. Couplets about the theme of the article? It is widely known because it doesn't pay attention. Is it because you are pampered? What is the author's learning attitude? Please talk about your learning experience on a certain point. The author's learning attitude is: love learning, enjoy forgetting worries, and be respectful to the teacher during the learning process, and dare not say much. 20. What is the reason for "I have read many books"? Borrow books from others and copy them, and return them at the appointed time. So others are willing to lend books to Song Lian. Song Lian can enjoy these books, too.