In the third year of Yongle (1405), in May, "Zheng He, an official from China, went to the Western Ocean"; In September of five years (1407), Ren Zi, "eunuch Zheng He sent western countries back to Chen Zuyi, pirates, etc." .

Yongle returned to Canada in five years, and was ordered to sail to the Western Ocean soon. Yongle returned to China in seven years (1409).

He was ordered to send envoys for the third time until June, the 9th year of Yongle (14 1 1), when "Zheng He, the official in charge, returned to the western countries and presented the captured King Alexander Kunai of Mount Ceylon as his true family".

The fourth time, according to the records of Ming Taizu Chengzu (86 years), in Yongle 10 (14 12), "Bing Shen sent eunuch Zheng He and others to give things like Vitex negundo, Java and silk to other countries." In fact, Zheng He was stationed in Shiyang Street, Changle County, and built Nanshan Palace in Changle as a place for loyal ministers to pray for news. In the second year (14 13), Sanfeng Pagoda Temple in Nanshan, Changle was rebuilt. In April, "People who went out of Shaanxi and sought to be translated back to the language to help communicate were taught by xi 'an Shi Yang Grand Mosque. "Until this winter, Zheng Hecai led sailors to countries such as Hulu Hume. In the 13th year of Yongle (14 15), in July, "Zheng He and other countries returned to the west for the fourth time. In September, I got married, and Zheng Hexian won the first stabbing thief in Sumen, Su Gan stabbed, which was equivalent to leaving. "

For the fifth time, on May/6, Yongle 15 (14 17), Zheng He put incense on the holy tomb of the Islamic Lingshan in Quanzhou and held a memorial ceremony. Soon after, he ordered the sailors to sail to the western ocean. In the seventeenth year of Yongle (14 19), in the afternoon of July, the "returning to the West" was rewarded by Cheng Zu.

The sixth time, in the 19th year of Yongle (142 1), "Zheng He and others made their sixth mission to western countries"; In August of the 20th year of Yongle (1422), Ren Yin said: "Zheng He, an official from China, sent back all countries, and Siam, Suman, Adan and other countries learned that they sent envoys to pay tribute."

The seventh time, in the fifth year of Xuande (1430), Wu Yin, "sent eunuch Zheng He and others to various countries". At this time, Zheng He was in his prime. After the imperial edict of Xuanzong was issued, Zheng He did not go immediately. In the first month of the following year (143 1), Fan Tong Deeds Monument was published in Tianfei Palace, Liujiagang, Taicang. 1 1 month, published "Tian Fei Monument" and "Stay in Portsmouth until the north wind starts to shine" in Nanshan Temple, Changle. It was not until this year's1February 9 that he led the fleet out of Wuhumen and officially set sail. In the eighth year of Xuande (1433), Zheng He "returned to seventeen countries after being sent to Hulu Hume". Soon, about the tenth year of Xuande (1435), he passed away silently in Nanjing at the age of 65. Zheng He's tomb is located at the southern foot of Niushou Mountain in the southern suburbs of Nanjing. Locals commonly call it "the horse tomb". Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, their descendants have lived next to each other from generation to generation, and have come here regularly to offer sacrifices without interruption.

The seventh voyage to the west

In the Preface written by Zhu Yunming in the Ming Dynasty (1525), the dates of Zheng He's seven voyages to the Western Seas and the dates of stops in various places are recorded in detail for reference:

Number of people: official school, flag army, fire chief, helmsman, squad leader, general history, affairs, work, calligraphy symbols, doctors, iron anchors, wooden slippers, wood builders, sailors, civilians, etc. * * * 27550 members.

Mileage: Xuande Leap 1 February 6 (143 1 year 19), Longwan Kai, arrived at Xushan on 10, and arrived at Fuzimen on the 20th, 2/kloc-0. 1 1 month 12 arrived at fudou mountain (14311216).

/kloc-Go to Humen on February 9th and Zhancheng on February 24th. (Note: It took 16 days to sail from Wuhumen, Fujian to Zhancheng * * *. )

It opened on 1 1 in the first month of 2007 and arrived in Java on February 6. (Note: It takes 25 days to sail from Zhancheng to Java Island. )

It opened on June 16 and arrived at Laogang on the 27th. (Note: It takes 1 1 day to sail from Java to Jiugang. )

It will open on July 1 and arrive in Malaga on the 8th. (Note: It takes 7 days to get to Malaga from the old port by boat. )

It will be held on August 8, and I will go to Sumen to give a lecture on August 18. (Note: It took 8 days to sail from Datura to Sumatra. )

1October 10 set out, 1 1 arrived in Ceylon Mountain on June 6. (Note: It took 36 days to sail from Sumatra to Mount Ceylon. )

10, 18 to Guli. (Note: It takes 9 days to sail from Mount Ceylon to Guri. )

Set sail on 22nd,1arrive at Hulu Mouth on 26th February. (Note: It takes 35 days to sail from Guri to Hulumaus. )

On February 18th, 2008 (1March 9th, 433), she sailed back to the ocean.

Arrived in Guri on March 1 1. (Note: It took 23 days to sail from Khurumus to Guri. )

On the 20th, the big heald fleet returned to the ocean, and on April 6th, it went to Sumen to answer questions. (Note: It took 17 days to sail from Guri to Sumatra. )

/kloc-set sail on 0/2 and arrived in Malaga on the 20th. (* * * sailing on the 9th. )

Return to Kunlunyang on May 10, Chikan on 23rd and Zhancheng on 26th.

Open on June 1 day, and go to Wailuoshan on the 3rd. (* * * sailing for 2 days. )

See you at Nan 'ao Mountain on the 9th. 10 saw Wang Lang return to the mountain in the evening, and went to Shantou Ocean on June 14. /kloc-arrive at Wandieyu on 0/5. It became popular on the 20th. 2 1 day in Taicang. Arrived in Beijing on July 6th. 2 1 day, the bonus was paid.

Ship number: Qinghe, Wellcome, Changning, Anji, Yuan, etc. There is also a sequence of one, two and equal signs.

Name of ship: Daba Reservoir, Erbashu, etc.

Remarks: Zheng He left Nanjing Longwan Port on1431/kloc-0+019, and left Fujian Wumen on 1432+0 12, passing through Zhancheng, Java, Jiugang and Malaga. ), * * * It takes two years to reach the destination Hulu Hume. He left Hulu Mouth on March 9 1433 and returned to Nanjing on July 22 1433. It took four months to come back.

7. Countries and regions passing through the Western Ocean.

According to the Biography of Zheng He in the Ming Dynasty, there are 36 * * *: Zhancheng, Java, Zhenla, Jiugang, Siam, Guri, Manzga, Boni, Banmennans, Aru, Kezi, Dagulun, Xiaogulun, Xizori, Sulu, Chiayile, Adan, Nanwuli and Kezi.

Interpretation of Chinese and foreign place names in Zheng He's voyages to the West.

1, western region

In ancient times, the narrow sense of the western region refers to the area west of Yumenguan and east of Congling; In a broad sense, the western regions refer to landlords who can cross to the west in a narrow sense, including Central Asia, West Asia, Indian Peninsula, and even Eastern Europe and Northeast Africa. The "western region" in "the west of its western regions" refers to the western region in a narrow sense. If it corresponds to the following "north", it seems to be the solution of "western region territory"; The "Western Regions" in the "Khrushchev Kingdom in the Western Regions" refers to the western regions in a broad sense.

2. the original name of 2.ATLANTIC OCEAN

The Western Ocean in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties refers to the west of the South China Sea (about east longitude 1 10), which is equivalent to the ocean and coastal areas west of Brunei Darussalam today, as far as the Indian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea coast and northeast Africa.

3. Occupy cities and villages

Also known as Zhanpo, it is an ancient country name in south-central Vietnam today. China's historical records once called it Lin Yi and the Lord of the Rings. The local rice, known as "Zhancheng Rice", is one of the excellent varieties of rice, which was introduced to China in the Song Dynasty. After Zheng He's voyage to the West, Zhancheng Rice was introduced and popularized in the Yangtze River, Pearl River and Minjiang River basins in China. This kind of rice is called "Zhan Gu" or "James J.S.Wong" in Changle, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province. Until thirty years ago, it was an excellent variety of local late rice with long stalks.

4.Java language (a computer language, especially for creating websites)

That is, the country of Bessie is located in Java. Historical records since the Tang Dynasty call it "Da Ling" and "Po". The island borders the Java Sea in the north and the Indian Ocean in the south, with an area of 1.26 million square kilometers and a population of nearly 1 100 million. This is the most densely populated and economically developed area in Indonesia. The main cities are Jakarta (the capital), Bandung, Semarang, Surakarta in Surabaya and Surabaya where Chinese Changle people live together.

5. Three Buddhas and Qi State

In other words, Srivijaya, a transliteration of Sanskrit, is an ancient country on Sumatra Island in Indonesia today, which was located in Barents State today, on the banks of Muxi River in the southeast of Sumatra Island.

6. Siam

Thailand, formerly known as Thailand, is located in the middle of Indo-China Peninsula in Southeast Asia. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/4th century, it was formed by the merger of Siam and Romania, bordering the Gulf of Siam in the south. The current capital is Bangkok, and the number of overseas Chinese in Thailand ranks first in South Asia.

7. South Tianzhu

Tianzhu is another name of ancient India, and ancient books also call Tianzhu poisonous. Tianzhu is divided into three parts: north, middle and south. Southern Tianzhu refers to the southern part of the Indian Peninsula.

8. Mount Ceylon

Ceylan, or Lion Country, now Srilangka, is an island country in southern Asia, facing southeast India across the Pakistan Strait, covering an area of 65,000 square kilometers. Is one of the ancient Buddhist countries, the main ethnic groups are Sinhalese and Tamil. Colombo, the capital, is located in the southwest of the island.

9. Guri country

Also known as "Gulliver", it is located in Kosikod, Kerala, southwest of Indian Peninsula, and is the hub of maritime transportation. In the fifth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (1407), Zheng He visited here and erected a monument to commemorate his second voyage to the West.

10, Ke Zhiguo

Guo Zhen, whose hometown is in Cochin, southwest India, is a key waterway and an important port. /kloc-friendly contacts with China at the beginning of the 5th century.

Gourd Maugham Kingdom 1 1

That is, Hormuz, also translated as Hormuz, is located near Minab in the southeast of Iran, near the Strait of Hormuz, and the abandoned land is on the north bank of Hormuz Island, bordering on the exit of Persian Gulf. It was an important transportation and trade hub in ancient times, and now it has been replaced by bandar abbas on the other side.

Gumu is a country.

Mogadishu is the capital of Somalia, known as the Horn of Africa, located in the southeast of Somalia, near the Indian Ocean. An ancient city was built 13 century ago. Zheng He was here twice when he went to the Western Ocean.

Nanjing Longjiang 13

Longjiang Shipyard was located here in the early Ming Dynasty. So the address is in the area of Bao Zhong Village near Sancha River in Xiaguan, Nanjing today; This waterway used to be called Longjiang, leading to the Yangtze River. Longjiang Shipyard once built a "treasure ship" for Zheng He's voyage to the West, so it is also called "treasure shipyard". The shipyard of shipbuilding is called "boatman", and the site is still there, just like a huge pond. 1957, a large rudder was unearthed here, with a length of 1 107 meters, which is now in the museum of Chinese history. The length of this rudder fully proves the scale of Zheng He's treasure ship. According to the records of Longjiang Shipyard,141year (the ninth year of Yongle), the shipyard "rebuilt and built 247 seagoing ships for western countries". The former Tianfei Palace on the bank of Longjiang River has been destroyed.

Changle Nanshan 14

It is named because it is located in the south of Changle County, Fujian Province. Today, the streets of Changle County surround this mountain. It is only about 40 meters above sea level, also known as mountain climbing; This mountain has three small peaks: Ming Lan, Xiang Jie and Shilin, so it is also called Sansan. The mountain climbs very high. This mountain has three small peaks: Ming Lan, Xiang Jie and Shilin, so it is also called the Three Sages. There is a tower on the mountain, called Sanfeng Tower (Shengshou Tower). Some temples are called Sanfeng Temple or Sanfeng Pagoda Temple; Next to the temple, there is the "Tianfei Palace" dedicated to Mazu, and the monument of "Tian Fei Lingying" stands in this palace; Next to the palace, there is the Sanqing Hall built by Zheng He. In the hall, "bells and drums are instruments, and everything is ready." The bell is "Zheng He Bronze Bell", which was originally moved to Nanping City during the Anti-Japanese War. The temples, palaces and halls above are all gone, and the towers stand tall. In recent years, it has been reinforced and transformed, which is even more spectacular. 1935, Zhenghe historical relics exhibition hall was built on the abandoned site of the original temple, palace and hall. Tian Fei Monument is the main exhibition cultural relic, and Nanshan was rebuilt as Zhenghe Park in the same year.

15, Zigong

Refers to Changle Taiping Port connected with Minjiang River. Located in the west and north of the west foot of Nanshan Mountain in Changle County, it refers to the waters of Xia Dong River near Wuhangtou in Changle County in a narrow sense. Broadly speaking, it refers to the whole Xia Dong River. This port used to have a wide river surface and deep water, which could anchor huge ships. There is a saying that "there is no wind in Wan Li to smooth jade, and there are thousands of waves in the moon to fold gold"; The Pingzhi Shoushi and Liu Ping hills in the northeast and southeast of the port can block the attack of typhoon, which is a good shelter from the wind. Both Changle County Records and Changle Liu Lizhi are published; Zheng He, the eunuch of Sambo, went to the Western Ocean, where the ship was stationed to build a huge ship, renamed Taiping Port. Due to the change of mulberry, there is only one narrow waterway connecting the small steam turbine. Most of the original waterways have become fertile fields, and some have become new residential areas. The main road of this community is called Taiping Port Road, which is vertically connected with Zhenghe Road.

Sumatra, 16

It has also been translated into Samudra, Suwenala and Suwendana. The old place is near Lokshomawe in northern Sumatra, Indonesia, and now it is the general name of the whole island. The island is adjacent to the Straits of Malacca in the north, the Indian Ocean in the south and the equator in the middle. It is a big island in western Indonesia, covering an area of 434,000 square kilometers, with Medan as the capital.

17, full of thorns and Canada

The old translation was also called Malacca, and now the translation is Malacca (14-16th century), a feudal kingdom on Malaya Peninsula. Located in Malaysia and Malacca, at the crossroads of Malacca Strait, 14 1 1 year (the ninth year of Yongle). The king of this country, Bailey, was fascinated by Sura. Zheng He's fleet passed through many places. At present, half of the residents in Malacca are Chinese, and three-quarters of the residents in Malacca, its capital, are Chinese. There are Sanbao Temple, Hang Li Po Well and Sanbao City in the city.

18, Adan

Aden, an ancient country name, is now translated into Aden. Its hometown is on the northwest coast of the Gulf of Aden, near the entrance and exit of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, and it is the hub of land and water transportation. In ancient times, it was a distribution center for precious stones and pearls. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/5th century, it exchanged envoys and traded with China. Today, Aden is located on a prominent island in the Gulf of Aden. It is the capital of Yemen Democratic Party (South Yemen). 1990 in may, south and north Yemen merged into Yemen, and Aden became the "economic capital" of the country.

19, Brava country

Hometown is in today's Somalia * * * and the countries around Brava; /kloc-friendly exchanges with China and exchange of envoys at the beginning of the 5th century. Zheng He's fleet visited here, and Brava is adjacent to the Indian Ocean to the east.

Existing historical data about

Zheng he's treasure ship

1, The Biography of Zheng He in the Ming Dynasty: "In June of the third year of Yongle (1403), Zheng and his friend Wang Jinghong were ordered to go west, with more than 27,800 foot soldiers and many gold coins. They built a big ship, repaired 44 feet, and built 62 people 18 feet wide, and entered the sea from Suzhou River.

2. The Monument to Jinghai Temple in Shimonoseki, Nanjing said: "For three years in Yongle, I was a general and an official, driving two thousand seagoing ships and eight rowing boats." In the seventh year of Yongle, the generals sailed 1,500 seagoing ships and eight rowing boats. " .

3. According to Records of Chongming County and Taicang County, when Zheng He's fleet set sail from Liuhe River, there were 208 seagoing ships.

According to Guo Que, Yongle built 63 treasure ships in three years.

5. Gu Jieyuan recorded in "Exotic Words of the Guest": "The treasure ship * * * No.63, with a captain of 44 feet 4 and a width of 18 feet. This ship is 37 feet, 15 feet wide. "

6. "Star View" says: "In the seventh year of Yongle, Emperor Taizong ordered more than 27,000 eunuchs, including Zheng He and Wang Jinghong, to go abroad on the No.48 seagoing vessel as a reward. Last September, they set sail from Liujiagang, Taicang, docked at Taiping Port, Changle, Fujian in 10, and set sail in Kaiyang, Wuhu in 12.

7. Records of the Kingdom of the Queen of the West recorded the imperial edict of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty: "The eunuch Zheng He and others were ordered to go to the Western Shang Dynasty, with 61 firearms ... and they would share them ...".

8. According to Records of the Historian, Zheng He's ships to the Western Seas were Dabalu and Baal.

9. The Tian Fei Classic, carved in the 18th year of Yongle (1420), is a picture depicting Zheng He's voyages to the West. The whole painting consists of six faces. The Tian Fei Classic, the full name of which is Princess Tian's Salvation Classic and Quan Yi's Volume, was engraved by Sheng Hui, a monk who followed Zheng He on his voyage to the West, on his deathbed, ordering his disciples to swear by his will. It was published after the fifth voyage to the West, when preparations were being made for the sixth voyage. The picture depicts the image data of a six-masted sailboat, which is very consistent with the shape of the early four-masted seagoing ship built by the affiliated factory of Longjiang Shipyard.

10, "Tiangong Kaiwu" cloud: "Where is the power of the canopy? The last leaf is the enemy, and the three leaves are harmonious and smooth." If the wind is downwind, the bandits will never open the tent and run away. If the wind is too strong, they will decrease, and even if they are crazy, they will only take away one or two leaves.

1 1. The map of crossing the sea with stars attached to "Sailing from Longjiang Guan Shipyard to Foreign Countries" in the Military Reader of Ming Dynasty shows a three-masted ship.

The main shipbuilding sites of Zheng He's treasure ship.

Zheng He's treasure ship is called a giant ship, and its main shipbuilding place is Nanjing.

Because of the large volume and complex structure of seagoing ships, there must be a considerable number of docks and workshops. According to the "Map of Zibao Shipyard from Longjiang Pass to Foreign Countries" in Wu Beizhi, Zheng He's treasure ship set off from Zibao Shipyard, its construction site, to the west. According to "Two Suspended Records of Tongjiang River", "Dushiyuan is in Yimen, namely Baoyu Shipyard. In March of the third year of Yongle, Zheng He and others were ordered to reward and occupy the city". Longjiang Shipyard expanded southward from the original site of Longjiang Shipyard, crossed Qinhuai River, and reached Xiabao, Bao Zhong, Baoshangcun and Sanchahe areas directly. Longjiang Shipyard has a lifting department, a workshop, a business department, a tent factory and a command elevator, and the shipbuilding implements a clear division of labor and a strict system.

"Longjiang Shipyard Records" records: "During the Hongwu and Yongle periods, more than 400 households from Binjiang County, Jiangxi, Huguang, Fujian and Nanzhili (now Jiangsu) in Zhejiang came to Beijing (that is, Nanjing) to build ships, which were under the jurisdiction of Jusi and compiled into four compartments. A craftsman who paddled out of a wooden box on a ship; Joiner with wooden and iron hatchbacks; No.3 cabin craftsman; " All four compartments are covered with brown awls. "

Ming Hui Dian records a large-scale shipyard with hundreds of craftsmen, including boatmen, carpenters, roofers and carpenters.

Another construction site of Zheng He's treasure ship is Changle, Fujian, the departure port of the fleet.

According to Changle County Records, "Taiping Port is located half a mile west of the county seat, formerly known as Majiang. ..... During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He, the eunuch, went to the Western Ocean, where he built a huge ship and changed it to Taiping Port.

After Zheng He's voyage to the West, some great ships anchored in Fujian. In the fourth year of Orthodox Church (1439), Ming Yingzong ordered the Third Division of Fujian to choose a boat within sight, so as to give Ryukyu envoys a way home.

According to statistics, during Zheng He's voyage to the West, nearly 4,000 large and small ships were built in China, with shipyards all over the country. During the Yongle period, the Ming navy had 3,800 ships, including patrol boats 1 0,350, and Nanjing Xinjiangkou had 400 large capital ships. Therefore, Joseph Needham, a famous British historian, asserted that "around 1420, China's navy may surpass other Asian countries at any time in history, even surpass any European country at the same time, and even surpass the sum of navies of all European countries".

Zheng He's voyages to the West developed brand-new shipbuilding technology and navigation technology.

China has been a developed country in shipbuilding and navigation since ancient times, and reached a new peak when Zheng He went to the Western Ocean in the Ming Dynasty. "The Biography of Zheng He in Ming Dynasty" records: "Treasure Ship No.63 is 44 feet long and 18 feet wide." It is equivalent to a modern hull about138m long and 56m wide, which fully shows that China's shipbuilding industry was far ahead in the world at that time. The ponds and waterways of "Shangsiwu" and "Xiasiwu" of Longjiang Bao Shipyard in Xiaguan, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province have proved that the ponds are east-west and connected with Jiajiang of the Yangtze River, which is convenient for treasure ships to launch. This pond is very big, about 500 meters long and 40 meters wide measured by modern methods. Longjiang Bao Shipyard is one of the large shipbuilding bases and berthing centers in Ming Dynasty. China Navigation History Research Association once restored and made a 9-mast model of a 12 sail (sharp bottom) according to the size of 44.4× 18, which was used as the standard ship type and scale of Zheng He's treasure ship at that time. However, some experts believe that Zheng He's treasure ship can be restored to a ship with a length of 19 feet, a width of 4.4 feet and a displacement of about 1 100 tons, according to the records in the stele of Nanjing Jinghai Temple and the data such as Illustration of Zheng He's Fleet, the first in the Tian Fei Classic in the 18th year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty. Some experts believe that this is only a small and medium-sized treasure ship, and the large treasure ship should still maintain its original size. Judging from the remains, the ships built by Bao Shipyard should be flat-bottomed. A gondola has a shallow draft and can sail under the pressure of waves. Its head and tail can be tilted, and it is safe and convenient to dock.

Zheng He comprehensively applied astronomical navigation, compass navigation, landmark navigation, bathymetry, sediment measurement, etc. For example, in the History of Xifan, it is recorded that "the wood is cut into a disc and engraved with the word' dry branch', and the needle floats in the water and points to the boat." This navigation technology was very advanced in the world at that time.

The important achievement of Zheng He's voyage to the West was that Zibao Shipyard drew a map of foreign countries sailing from Longjiang Pass. The whole map adopts the traditional landscape painting method of China, and is accompanied by recorded needle track and star map crossing the sea. It started from Nanjing, reached the farthest point of Slow Bazaar in Kenya, East Africa, until about four degrees south latitude, including Asia and Africa, and collected more than 500 place names, of which about 300 came from Asian and African countries. The distribution of routes, voyages, berthing ports, reefs and shoals is recorded quite accurately, and many new navigation channels opened by Zheng He during his voyage to the West are recorded in detail. There are more than 20 important navigation sites and 42 main routes. It fully proves that Zheng He's voyage to the Western Seas has effectively promoted China's developed maritime career and enriched China people's understanding of the world.

Mission and merit

Zheng He's voyage to the West is a national act, and Zheng He's fleet is a powerful strategic force. Obviously, the Ming government set out from the national interests (including the will of the emperor) and the needs of the country at that time, and sent Zheng He's fleet to the Western Ocean. To sum up, the mission and achievements of Zheng He's voyage to the West mainly include four aspects:

1. Carry out peaceful diplomacy and stabilize the international order in Southeast Asia.

Before Zheng He's voyage to the West, the international environment around China was turbulent, which was mainly manifested in mutual suspicion and competition among Southeast Asian countries. At that time, Java and Siam, the two largest countries in Southeast Asia, expanded outward, oppressed some neighboring countries, threatened Malaga, Sumatra, Zhancheng, Zhenla and even Sambucci, and even killed the envoys of the Ming Dynasty and intercepted the missions that paid tribute to China. The other is that pirates in Southeast Asia and South Asia are rampant, and the maritime traffic lines are not guaranteed. These unstable factors, on the one hand, directly affected the security of southern Xinjiang, on the other hand, greatly affected the international image of the Ming Dynasty, which was not conducive to the stability and development of the Ming Dynasty. In this situation, Ming Chengzu adopted a foreign policy of "keeping China at home, treating foreigners equally and enjoying peace". Zheng He was sent to lead a fleet to the Western Ocean to mediate and ease conflicts among countries in various ways, and to maintain maritime traffic safety, so as to link the stability and development of China with the surrounding areas, trying to establish a long-term stable international environment and enhance the international prestige of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it can be seen from the mission of sending Zheng He in the Ming Dynasty that it was to realize the mission of peace.

Zheng He's voyage to the Western Seas mediated conflicts, calmed conflicts and eliminated barriers, which was conducive to the stability of surrounding areas, safeguarded the stability and maritime security of Southeast Asia and South Asia, and enhanced the reputation of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it can be seen that Zheng He's fleet has strong military strength, but it is used for peaceful purposes, not for aggression and expansion. In the international environment at that time, peace was difficult to achieve without strong military strength as the backing.

Needham's evaluation: China, an oriental navigator, is calm and docile, does not remember old accounts, is generous and generous, and never threatens the survival of others, although he has benefactors; They are armed to the teeth, but they never conquer foreigners or build forts.

2. Deterre the enemy, contain the Mongolian forces and safeguard national security.

At that time, the threats to the security of the Ming Dynasty mainly came from two directions: pirates in the eastern waters, the remnants of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty in the north and the Timur Empire in the northwest. Japanese pirates first appeared in the late Yuan Dynasty, and there was a civil war in Japan. Some samurai and ronin robbed the coast of China in order to survive, which was very rampant during the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang in the early Ming Dynasty. At that time, the Ming Dynasty was just established and the country was still unstable, so they concentrated on peace, adopted a passive defense strategy in national defense and set up guards in coastal provinces.

During Judy's period, land and sea posed a serious threat to the security of the Ming Dynasty. He changed his passive defense strategy, took the initiative to leave the plane, moved the capital in the direction of land, and personally conquered Mobei. Zheng He's navy was set in the direction of the sea to deter and attack the Japanese pirates and anti-Ming forces, to implement a strategic encirclement from the sea and to strategically contain the northwest, thus alleviating the pressure on the northern part of the Ming Dynasty.

3. Develop overseas trade and spread Chinese civilization.

Zheng He's mission to the West was mainly for political purposes, but it also had certain economic purposes. There are many considerations for the country to take such a big strategic action. During Zheng He's fleet's voyage to the West, many trade activities were carried out, mainly in three forms:

The first kind of tribute trade. This kind of trade is the basic form of Zheng He's voyage to the West, and it has the nature of a feudal sovereign state. Through this form, these small countries won the recognition of the suzerain status of the Ming Dynasty, which is the political purpose of tribute trade. At that time, all countries actively paid tribute to China and were sheltered and rewarded by the Ming Dynasty. According to statistics, Yongle has been in power for 22 years. Envoys from Asian and African countries related to Zheng He's voyages to the West visited China * * * 3 18 times, with an average of 15 times a year, which is unprecedented. Seven kings of Brunei, Malaga, Sulu and Gumala personally led a delegation. At most 18 countries paid tribute to China at the same time, and three kings died in China during their visit.

The second kind of official trade is an important part of Zheng He's voyage to the West. It traded with local businessmen under the official auspices of both sides, which was an important way to expand overseas trade in the Ming Dynasty. Zheng He's fleet not only carried gifts, but also goods from China, such as copper coins, silk, porcelain, iron and so on. This kind of trade can be bought and sold with copper coins in the Ming dynasty, and many things are bartered. The most influential is the high-five pricing method. In Guri, China's fleet arrived. The local agent is responsible for the transaction and the goods are taken to trading places. The two sides negotiated the price face to face under the auspices of officials. Once an agreement is reached, they will never go back on their word. This friendly way of trade is called beautiful talk in the local area. During Zheng He's voyage to the West, especially after, the scale of trade expanded, following the principles of equality, voluntariness and equal exchange, and possessing some basic principles of international trade.

The third kind of non-governmental trade. To some extent, this kind of trade was promoted by Zheng He's trade activities in the Western Seas. It was initiated spontaneously by businessmen or people. Zheng He's voyages to the West wiped out pirates, safeguarded maritime safety, opened up navigation channels, and promoted and stimulated non-governmental trade. According to some scholars' research, Zheng He's mission did not prohibit officers and men from bringing some China goods to exchange along the way. Southeast Asians like China's silk, porcelain and tools very much. As soon as Zheng He's fleet arrived, they rushed to row boats or trade at the dock, and some also invited officers and men to set up stalls in the local market. At that time, China mainly exported porcelain, silk, tea, lacquerware, metal products and copper coins, and China exchanged them for jewelry, spices, medicinal materials and rare animals. At that time, China imported pepper 100 Jin from overseas, with a local value of 1 2, and returned to China for sale.

Zheng He's trade activities in the Western Seas include political trade and economic trade.

Wherever Zheng He went to the West, he not only carried out overseas trade, but also spread China's advanced culture. At that time, some countries and regions in Southeast Asia, South Asia and Africa were backward in social development and longed for Chinese civilization. Judy sent Zheng He to the Western Seas, and also shouldered the mission of "educating overseas, guiding etiquette and changing habits". Zheng He spread Chinese civilization overseas. It has written a new chapter in the history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The contents of Zheng He's voyage to the West to spread Chinese civilization mainly include the following aspects: Chinese etiquette and Confucianism, calendar and weights and measures system, agricultural technology, manufacturing technology, architectural carving technology, medical technology, navigation and shipbuilding technology.

There are still many stories about Zheng He circulating overseas. There are Bukit China and Lihang Baojing in Malaysia, Semarang and Semarang Temple in Indonesia, leaving the remains of Zheng He and expressing the local people's respect for this pioneer in spreading Chinese civilization.

4. Develop marine industry and lay Asian-African routes.

The ocean is the cradle of life, accounting for 70.8% of the earth's surface area and rich in resources. Since ancient times, it has been a space for human production and life, which has had an important impact on human society and is closely related to the survival, development and rise and fall of our Chinese nation. Our ancestors created Longshan and Baiyue marine cultures in the early days. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas pushed China's ancient marine industry to the peak of development, which was of great significance to mankind.

First, the Asian-African intercontinental route was opened, paving the way for westerners to sail in Asia and Africa. When the Portuguese navigator da Gama bypassed the Cape of Good Hope along the west coast of Africa and reached the coast of East Africa, the locals told us that China people had visited several times decades ago. With the help of Arab navigators, they successfully arrived in India along the route opened by Zheng He's fleet.

Secondly, I made some oceanographic surveys in the western Pacific and Indian Ocean, and collected and mastered a lot of oceanographic data. Zheng He's nautical charts were drawn through a large number of marine surveys. This marine survey is more than 400 years earlier than the British Challenger 1872- 1876, and it is the earliest marine survey record in the world.

Thirdly, the navigation area is strategically laid out. According to his mission and marine knowledge, Zheng He chose Zhancheng, Manlaga, Jiugang, Guli and Hulumos as the key areas for marine development, which is conducive to expanding the scope of overseas transportation and trade.

Zheng He's voyages to the West made many contributions to the marine cause. Zheng He's brilliant achievements belong to China and the world. He has been in the ocean for 28 years since he was in his thirties. He was 60 years old when he went to the Western Ocean for the last time. He resolutely led the fleet out for cultural exchanges and navigation between China and foreign countries. This time, he never came back and died in Guri, India, at the age of 62, buried forever on the road of peace he opened up.

Among the China heroes with bright stars, Zheng He has attracted the attention of the international community not only because he is ahead of westerners in navigation technology, but also because he is superior to westerners in navigation technology. I think the most important aspect that people pay attention to and study about him is probably a cultural spirit represented by Zheng He: a value orientation that China people conquer nature without fear of difficulties and obstacles, and a determination to open their doors to the world for cultural exchanges.

Zheng He's spirit of loving his post and serving the country is eternal, which embodies the excellent qualities of the Chinese nation, such as openness, enterprising, peace and friendship, exchanges and cooperation, ocean management and being the first in the world. It is a valuable spiritual wealth, which is worthy of being inherited and carried forward by future generations and promoting human civilization.