Jade, also known as jadeite, jadeite, jadeite and Burmese jade, is a kind of jade. Jadeite is a kind of stone polycrystalline aggregate that reaches the jade level under geological action. It is mainly composed of jadeite or jadeite, sodium (sodalite) and sodalite (omphacite), and may contain amphibole, feldspar, chromite and limonite. In ancient times, jade was a bird that lived in the south. Its coat color is very beautiful, usually blue, green, red and brown. Generally, the male of this bird is red and called "Fei", and the female is green and called "Cui".

In the long years, our ancestors created many patterns that yearn for a better life and pursue good luck. These auspicious patterns combine the appreciation habits of working people and reflect people's kind and healthy thoughts and feelings, so they are widely circulated in society and deeply loved by people. Auspicious patterns have been widely used in jadeite in past dynasties.

"Wear gold to show wealth, wear jade to keep peace", and the auspicious patterns of jade in Zhenyujia are vivid and diverse. These materials include people, utensils, animals, plants and so on. The performance includes praying for good luck, peace and happiness, having many children and grandchildren, and promoting to a higher position and making a fortune. Jade is the treasure in the hands of China people and the soul in their hearts. Gold and silver are valuable, and jade has a life. Natural jadeite products with natural essence and marrow are novel in form, complete in variety and first-class in quality, including Jade Buddha, Ruyi, Ping An Kou, Bamboo Knot, Changshou Lock, Fudou, Shenyong and so on. Rich in meaning, such as a hundred years of harmony, good luck, long life, first place, third place, good luck and good luck.

Second, the distribution of jadeite

Most of the high-quality jadeites in the jewelry market come from the Quaternary and Tertiary conglomerate layered jadeite deposits in the Ulu River (River) basin in northern Myanmar. They are mainly distributed in Kachin State in northern Myanmar, with a length of about 240km from north to south and a width of 170km from east to west. 187 1 year, several major mineral deposits were discovered in Lu Wu, Myanmar (also known as Wu Jia, Wulong and Lu Wu), among which four are the most famous, namely Dumao, Myanmar, Panmao and Nannaimao. Primary jadeite is mainly composed of white jadeite with various green tones, brownish yellow and light purple. In addition to jadeite, there are diopside, amphibole, aegirine and albite, and green jadeite rarely reaches the gem level.

Besides the jadeite produced in Myanmar, other countries in the world also produce jadeite, such as China, Guatemala, Japan, the United States, Kazakhstan, Mexico and Colombia. The characteristic of jadeite in these countries is that few jadeites reach the gem level, and most of them are carving raw materials. Cele County, Hotan District, Xinjiang, China also produces a small amount of jadeite ore.

More than 95% of the commercial jadeite on the market comes from Myanmar, so jadeite is also called Burmese jade.

Myanmar is the country with the richest jade production in the world and is famous for its high-quality jade. Pagan, located 350 kilometers north of Mandalay, Myanmar, is a famous jade mining area in Myanmar, where most jade is found. Therefore, it also attracted a large number of businessmen to "gold rush" here. Pagan's companies are mostly Sino-Myanmar joint ventures, and the largest operator is Myanmar Federal Economic Holdings Limited (UMEHL) with military background, which occupies a dominant position in many economic fields in Myanmar.

Third, the variety of jadeite.

Common varieties include Laokeng jadeite, ice jadeite and water jadeite.

1. Black ice ink painting

Black ice is a kind of gray-black to dark-black jadeite, more than 98% of which is jadeite, belonging to a single mineral rock with dense and delicate structure. Black is formed when jadeite is formed under the surface, which is often formed by the infiltration of organic carbon.

Black ice schist is mainly produced in Pagan Mine, Myanmar, and black ice raw materials can also be seen in auctions in Naypyidaw and Yangon, Myanmar.

In the industry, because of its black texture, it looks like an ink landscape painting, and the old experts also call it "the ink painting of jadeite".

2. Cui Mo

At first glance, it is shiny black, which can easily be mistaken for jet or other black gems in dushan jade. It is dark oily under natural light, translucent and dark green under transmitted light, especially the thin jet, which has a gratifying color under transmitted light. Burmese people use the "lover's shadow" to describe the black jade, and China people named it "Cui Mo".

3. Hong Fei

Bright red or orange emeralds are easy to see in the market. The color of Hong Fei was formed after the formation of jadeite crystals, which was caused by hematite impregnation. It is characterized by bright red or crimson, and a good red Fei has good color, glass luster and translucent transparency. Hongfei products are often mid-range or low-grade goods, but there are also high-grade Hongfei products: bright color, delicate texture, very beautiful, loved by people, with auspicious colors.

4. Wide film

It is characterized by dark green or dark green under natural light, rough texture and dry head.

5. Huang Zongfei

Emeralds with colors ranging from yellow to brownish yellow or brownish yellow have low transparency. Jade articles of this series of colors can be seen everywhere in the market. Their colors are also formed after the formation of jadeite crystals, often distributed on the red layer, which is caused by limonite impregnation. In the market, the value of Hong Fei is higher than that of yellow jadeite, while that of Huangfei is higher than that of brown jadeite, followed by brown jadeite. But there are also cases where the price is different from the routine because of people's love and unique jewelry. There are two kinds of yellow jadeite, yellow to brown, generally called autumn species, like crops in autumn harvest season, brown to brown, also called sauce glaze species, and the color is like sauce glaze of porcelain, also called old species.

6. Bashanyu

"Bashan Jade" is a kind of "brick material", with coarse crystal material, loose structure, dry water and poor bottom, but rich colors, such as lavender, light green, green or blue gray. It is a special low-grade jade, containing amphibole, albite and other minerals.

7. Gan Qing species

Sodium chrome pyroxene (also known as meteorite chrome pyroxene) can't be formed on the earth, and it has only been found in meteorites.

It turns out that sodalite is what Hong Kong experts call Gan Qing jadeite. It is different from ordinary jadeite. Its chemical composition is NaCrSi2O6, its hardness is Grade 5, its refractive index is 1.75 and its specific gravity is 3.5. Because of its high chromium content, bright color, poor transparency and coarse particles, experts call it Gan Qing Emerald.

Gan Qing jadeite is green and pleasing to the eye, pure and flawless, almost the same as the darker jadeite, sometimes dark. No matter whether the color is dark or light, Gan Qing, which is dominated by sodalite, has a relatively low hardness, so the color is dull and weak, which is one of the obvious differences between it and ordinary jadeite. The outstanding shortcomings of jadeite planted in Gan Qing are poor transparency, weak sunlight irradiation ability, rough texture, dry bottom and rough sound of striking the original stone. Chromite inclusions with metallic luster are common on the surface of Gan Qing.

8. Tie Longsheng

Jade flakes full of green. Its mineral resources were discovered in 1990, mined in 1994, and nearly exhausted in 2000, especially in the market.

Tielongsheng is a kind of medium-grade jadeite, which is bright green, but with different shades, poor transparency and loose structure. Columnar crystals are arranged in a certain direction and can often be seen in the market. "Tielongsheng" is pronounced in white Burmese, and the Burmese word "Tielongsheng" means full green.

9. Ice seeds

The texture is similar to that of the old cellar species, colorless or less colored. The characteristics of ice species are that the outer surface has a good luster, translucent to transparent, clear as ice, giving people a feeling of ice and jade. If there is a flocculent or intermittent blue color in ice jadeite, it is called "blue flower ice", which is a common variety in ice jadeite. Kethleen is often used to make bracelets or pendants. There is no obvious difference in value between colorless ice jadeite and "Lan Bing" jadeite, and its actual price mainly depends on people's preferences. The so-called ice seed refers to a variety with extremely transparent and moist texture, which is similar to Jinshui Bodhi in colored gems, but the difference is that there is no so-called cotton in high-quality chalcedony, and the texture is more shiny.

10. Emerald in water

The jade structure of water jadeite is slightly thicker than that of old pit glass, and its luster and transparency are slightly lower than that of old pit glass, but it is similar or equivalent to ice. Its characteristic is that the higher the transparency of jadeite, the better the water head and the older the internal structure. On the contrary, the rougher the internal structure, the more tender the variety is, transparent as water, but soft in luster. Microscopically, there are several "ripples", or several dark cracks and stone lines, and occasionally there are very few impurities and cotton willows. Some experts say that the color of water jadeite is lighter or colorless, and the quality is slightly worse. It is a kind of jadeite with upper-middle grade and occasionally upper grade.

1 1. Huaqing Emerald

The color is green, veined and extremely irregular; The texture is thick, thin and translucent. Its background color is light green or other colors. Such as light gray or bean blue, its structure is mainly fiber and fine-medium grain structure. Huaqing jadeite is characterized by uneven green. Some are dense, some are sparse, and the colors are deep and light. Another structure of Huaqing jadeite is that it is only granular and lacks a sense of water. Because of its rough structure, its transparency is often poor. Huaqing belongs to middle and low grade jadeite.

12. Friendship Emerald

Referred to as oil green species or oil immersion, its permeability and luster look shiny, and it is a low-grade jadeite that can be seen everywhere in the market. It is often used to make pendants, bracelets and rings. The green color of oil green species is obviously impure, containing gray and blue components, so it is dim and not bright enough.

13. Bean seed jade

Short for bean, bean jadeite is a very common variety in the jadeite family.

13. Planting jadeite in the old pit

Commonly known as the "old pit glass species" in business circles, it usually has glass luster, delicate and flawless texture, pure, bright and rich color, and even emerald green; The jadeite jade in the old pit is very fine, and it is extremely difficult for the naked eye to see "emerald"; Laokeng jadeite is translucent and transparent under the irradiation of light, which is the top grade or the best of jadeite.

14. Violet jade

This is a kind of purple jade, the color is like violet flower, and violet is also called "Toona sinensis" or "spring" in jewelry industry. Emeralds in "spring" are divided into high, medium and low grades. Not only violets must be valuable, they must be top grade. Must be combined with quality indicators such as texture, transparency, and technology for comprehensive evaluation.

The purple on jadeite is generally not deep. According to the different shades of purple, the jadeite industry divides the purple in jadeite into pink purple, eggplant purple and blue purple. Pink purple is usually fine in texture and good in transparency, followed by eggplant purple and blue purple again.

15. Jade with white background

Green on a white background is characterized by white as snow, and green is very bright on a white background. This variety of jadeite is easy to identify: there are green spots on the white background, and the transparency is poor, opaque or slightly transparent; Jade pieces have fiber and fine grain mosaic structure, but the fine grain structure is the main structure; Observed under a microscope (it must be magnified 30 ~ 40 times), its surface is often perforated or uneven.

Most of this variety is mid-range jadeite, and a few are blue and white, with bright and bright color, which is in harmony with the background and can reach middle and high grade.

16. Frozen waxy jadeite

Ice wax seeds generally refer to jadeite varieties whose wax seeds with good transparency and good water head can reach the level of ice seeds. In order to distinguish ordinary waxy seeds, it is also called ice seed melting.

17. Hibiscus grows emerald

Referred to as hibiscus species, this species of jadeite is generally light green, with no yellow tone, and the green color is relatively pure, and sometimes its background color is slightly pink.

18. Maya Jade

Although its texture is fine, it is opaque and its surface is as bright as porcelain.

19. Lotus root powder species emerald

Its fine texture is like lotus root starch, and its color is light pink purple (light spring), which is a good raw material for making handicrafts.

20. Tracy grows jadeite

This is a kind of jadeite with good texture and color, which belongs to middle and high grade jadeite in the market.

2 1. Golden-seed jadeite

There are yellow jadeites at the shallow bottom, which are orange striped and arranged in parallel, and the directional structure is obviously developed. Except the color is different from that of Cui Si species, other characteristics are the same as those of Cui Si species. But usually, the price of Phnom Penh jade is lower than that of Cui Si Fei Cui.

22. Dry white jade

It is white or grayish white jade with rough texture and poor transparency. The evaluation of jade experts is: the seed material is thick, the water is dry and moist. This variety is colorless or light-colored, and the boundaries between grains can be seen by naked eyes, so its external structure is rough and its use and ornamental value is low, so it belongs to a low-grade jade variety.

23. Giant jadeite original stone

On February 9, 20 14, after a miner found a huge jadeite original stone weighing 20 tons in Pagan, western Kachin State, Myanmar, as of February 9, 20 14, Myanmar police had made emergency arrangements in this area to protect the original stone and prohibited anyone from continuing to look for jadeite near the discovery site (the original stone found this time was as long as/kl.

Fourth, the evaluation of jadeite:

There are some terms to evaluate jadeite, such as "land", "good water" and "good jadeite". "Land" refers to other colors in jadeite, and jadeite is mostly top grade; "Good water" means that jadeite is tender and smooth, transparent and clear, glittering and translucent and dignified, bright and gratifying, also known as "Joe", and vice versa. "Good Cui" should be combined with "strong, positive and harmonious". "Strong" means strong but not weak, such as holly after rain, "positive" means bright, "positive" means no variegated colors and evil spirits, "harmonious" means even green, and vice versa.