This is the premise of figuring out the lost land in the early Qing Dynasty. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, China Mongolians (Tatars and Warras) were extremely nomadic in the north, which was the fundamental basis for determining the northern boundary of China's traditional territory in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The second volume of Atlas of China Historical Manuscripts edited by Cha Guo Moruo and the seventh and eighth volumes of Atlas of Chinese History edited by Tan Qixiang are the northernmost boundaries of Mongolian nomadic land in Mobei in Ming Dynasty, which are in the upper reaches of Lena River, Yenisei River and ob river River north of Lake Baikal, that is, the dividing line between the cold zone of about 58 degrees north latitude and the northern temperate grassland. The northern part of this line is the vast Siberia, and the southern part is the Buryat Mongolian Tushituhan nomadic area in Mobei grassland and Maoming 'an in Mongolia. This is the northern boundary of China's traditional historical territory before the territory of the Qing Dynasty was formally formed.

There is also an important basis that the northern boundary of the territory in the early Qing Dynasty was around the 58th line, that is, before the signing of the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty and during the negotiation process, Chinese representative Suo Tu Tu proposed that China and Russia "take the Lena River as the boundary" at the beginning, and the upper reaches of the Lena River north of Lake Baikal were just near the 58th line. It can be seen that the rulers in the early Qing Dynasty really regarded the whole Baikal area as their own territory.

2. About 6,543,800 square kilometers of China land was lost in the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty, the Sino-Russian Blenski Treaty and the Sino-Russian Chekatu Treaty.

According to this boundary, the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, the Sino-Russian Treaty of Blenski in Ming and Qing Dynasties and the Sino-Russian Treaty of Chaktu in the middle of Qing Dynasty lost more than 350,000 square kilometers of land in China on the four banks of Lake Baikal. From the map, it should be about 6,543,800 square kilometers, that is, about 500,000 square kilometers on the east and west sides. This figure has yet to be seen by friends who study the history and geography of China.

3. At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, the territory of Northeast China was much more complicated than our traditional understanding, and the territory of Northeast China was also much larger than our traditional understanding.

Generally speaking, according to the Sino-Russian Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar, the eastern boundary between China and Russia is as follows: the northern part of China and Russia is bounded by Xing 'an Mountains entering the sea along the Gerbiz River, and the southern part of the mountain belongs to China and the northern part of the mountain belongs to Russia; It is bounded by the Elza River in the west, China in the south and Russian in the north. The ownership of the area between Waixing 'anling and Wudi River needs to be discussed by both sides.

This expression has long given people two illusions:

First, the Nebuchadnezzar Chu area seems very small. According to the treaty, the Nebuchadnezzar Chu area east of Lake Baikal, which originally belonged to China, was ceded to Russia, which seems to be a small piece of land. In fact, "Nebuchadnezzar area east of Lake Baikal" is a large area of land. This is because the rulers are short-sighted, and they are appeasement policy in the negotiations. Some priests are partial to Russia, which has caused great losses.

The second is the scope of "Udi River to be discussed". The second volume of China Historical Manuscripts Atlas and the eighth volume of China Historical Atlas both mistake the "area to be discussed on the Udi River" for a narrow strip along the river about 20,000 square kilometers south of the Udi River, which is very suspicious. Because, at the beginning of the Sino-Russian negotiations, Chinese representatives insisted on taking the Lena River as the boundary. Later, in view of putting down the "San Francisco Rebellion", he made a major concession and gave a large area of land in Nebuchadnezzar to Russia. Every time I read this, I feel strange: how can I haggle over every ounce on such a small piece of land when such a large piece of land is given away?

It was not until I read Liu Yuantu, a researcher at the Institute of History of Liaoning Academy of Sciences, that I got a systematic understanding of the so-called "area to be discussed on the Udi River" in the Sino-Russian Nebuchadnezzar Chu Treaty (China Social Sciences Press,1March 1993), and learned that the undefined boundary of the Udi River has not attracted people's attention for a long time. Most modern maps define the range between the outer Xing 'an Mountains south of Wudi River. In fact, the eastern side of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains (then known as Beishan Mountain) is divided into two branches. The northern branch, that is, the point extending to the eastern end of Chukchi Peninsula, is the North Point. The Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar clearly takes the vast land of about 3-4 million square kilometers, including kamchatka peninsula and the whole Udi River basin, between the northern mountain and the southern branch (that is, the outer Xing 'an Mountains is centered on the Udi River, and the north-south branch), starting from the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Bering Strait in the east. 1690, the general of the Qing Dynasty, Ba Hai, led troops to patrol the outer Xing 'an Mountains and the south of the Lena River, and went to Yakutsk, the ruling center of eastern Siberia, Russia, to meet with Getam (the Russian representative of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar) and told him that the Lena River and Udi River were the territory of the Qing Dynasty, so don't make trouble. In the twenty or thirty years after the signing of the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar, the Russians were cautious about this area. 17 At the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2008, the map of Tatar drawn by Belgian tommaso showed that the area between the Lena River and the southern branch of Xing 'an Mountains today was classified as an undetermined area.

According to Mr. Liu Yuan Tu's research results, at least four or five million square kilometers of land were lost in the early Qing Dynasty until the Opium War. Together with the 3.36 million square kilometers lost in the late Qing Dynasty, in the Qing Dynasty, the lost land was about 700 to 8 million square kilometers. Of course, the nature of land loss in the early Qing Dynasty was different from that in the late Qing Dynasty. After all, the national reunification in the early Qing dynasty was being completed, and there were many constraints in the process, which was very different from the later strong alliance under the city.

In other words, it was a concession made for internal stability, and then this concession was expanded in the late Qing Dynasty. It can be said that the Qing Dynasty really ruined the country, ruined the people and humiliated the country. In addition, the Qing dynasty has always adopted the strategy and attitude of resisting repression against modern civilization (including modern capital, modern military weapons, gunpowder guns, science and technology, etc.). ) because it is afraid that the modern civilization of the Chinese nation will shake its dominant position. Therefore, in modern times, we were conquered by western powers and left far behind. She was worse than the cruel Mongols at that time. Although the Mongols are ignorant, they still attach great importance to modern science and technology. In the early days, whether it was killing a city or conquering a city, it would leave a fire. Not their descendants, gold and silver jewelry, beautiful women. He is a craftsman from all walks of life (especially those who attach great importance to military science and technology). It can be seen that their foresight is far greater than that of Manchu. Therefore, although we were trampled by Mongolian fighters, our scientific and technological civilization did not retreat, but we did not retreat after hundreds of years of Qing Dynasty. It can be said that Manchu was the chief culprit for us to be trampled by western powers, so we lost the most land at that time.