Sapphire is the general name of corundum gemstones with other colors except red sapphire, and its main component is alumina (Al2O3). Blue sapphire is caused by a small amount of titanium (Ti) and iron (Fe) impurities. Sapphire can be pink blue, yellow, green, white, or even multiple colors in the same stone. Sapphire is produced in Thailand, Sri Lanka, Madagascar, Laos, Cambodia, China, Changle, Hainan, and Sun Shi Mountain in Jiangjin, Chongqing. Among them, the rarest origin belongs to the sapphire in Kashmir, and Myanmar is the place where the highest quality sapphire is produced today.
Sapphire is characterized by uneven color, and parallel hexagonal columns are arranged with flat bands and growth lines of different shades. Poly-sheet has the development of bimorph, and the bimorph pattern of louver is common. Cleavage often cleaves along double crystal planes. Dichroism is strong. In addition to the above characteristics, sapphires all over the world have their own characteristics due to different places of origin. In 1980s, many sapphire deposits were discovered in basalt along the eastern coast of China, among which Shandong (Changle) sapphire was the best.
How to identify sapphire? The identification method of sapphire, natural sapphire is "ten blue and nine cracks", and natural sapphire without any flaws and cracks is extremely rare. However, artificial sapphire has the same color, few internal defects or crystal inclusions, and is clean and massive. As a precious gemstone, natural sapphires over 3 carats are very rare in the market. If you encounter a large sapphire, you should pay attention, because the value of natural sapphire is thousands of times higher than that of artificial sapphire. A little carelessness will "take medicine." Natural sapphire has a strong "dichroism". The so-called dichroism means that blue and orange-blue colors appear from different directions. If there is only one color, it may be blue spinel, garnet or blue glass. Blue spinel and natural sapphire are very similar, and they are most easily confused, so be very careful.
What are the characteristics of sapphire?
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Sapphire, the English name is sapphire, the mineral name is corundum, and the chemical composition of Al2O3 is alumina. The Mohs hardness is 9, and the relative density is 4.00 (0.05), which is next to the ruby behind the diamond. Glass luster to sub-diamond luster, transparent to translucent. Sometimes there are special optical effects, such as starlight effect, which will reflect charming starlight under the irradiation of light. At present, all kinds of gem-grade corundum except red corundum are collectively called sapphire in the world. Sapphire can be divided into blue sapphire and brilliant (non-blue) sapphire, and "cornflower blue" produced in India is the best blue. Colors are blue, green, yellow, orange, pink, brown, gray, black and colorless.
I hope the answer can help you.
What is the meaning of sapphire characteristic spectrum?
You should mean the absorption characteristic spectrum of sapphire.
Generally speaking, the absorption spectrum is as follows (excluding heated sapphire):
The absorption spectrum of sapphire has absorption peaks around 450 nm, 375 nm and 387 nm, which is the crystal field spectrum produced by Fe3+. The broad absorption band around 560nm is the charge transfer spectrum of Fe2+2Ti4+. The absorption peaks around 7 17 and 847 nm are the charge transfer spectra of Fe2+2Fe3+. The absorption in ultraviolet region is Fe3+2O2- charge transfer spectrum.
In addition:
1, except yellow sapphire, sapphires of other colors all have 560nm absorption bands, and the colors range from pink to purple to blue to green to yellow-green, and the intensity of 560nm absorption bands gradually weakens.
2. Yellow sapphire has no absorption band of 560nm.
3. Blue, green, yellowish green, yellow and brown sapphires have strong absorption at 450, 375 and 387 nm, and the absorption from green to yellowish green and then to yellow is slightly enhanced.
4. From blue → green → yellow-green → yellow, the absorption intensity of sapphire gradually decreases at 700 ~ 800 nm.
5. The absorption intensity of dark sapphire is stronger than that of light sapphire at 450, 375, 387 and 560nm.
6. Brown and pink sapphires have weak absorption at 693 nm.
7. Purple sapphire has weak absorption at 395,420 420nm.
8. Brown, yellow, yellowish green, green and dark blue sapphires are completely absorbed in the ultraviolet region of 3 10 ~ 360 nm, while light blue sapphires are weakly absorbed in this band, and pink and purple sapphires are transmission valleys in this band.
What are the characteristics of gems?
Characteristics of precious stones. It refers to many characteristics of gems.
I have outlined several directions here. The characteristics of gemstones include crystallography and mineralogy. Mechanical properties of gemstones; Optical properties of gemstones.
Among them, the crystallographic and mineralogical characteristics of gems can be divided into chemical composition, crystal structure, symmetry, crystallization habit and other properties.
The mechanical properties of gems can be divided into hardness, cleavage, cleavage and fracture.
The optical properties of gemstones can be divided into color, refractive index, birefringence, dispersion, absorption spectrum and other properties.
In addition, it also includes various properties such as inclusion characteristics and corrosiveness.
What is a sapphire mirror? What are its characteristics?
The so-called sapphire mirror, commonly known as "Indian paste", is not made of natural sapphire. Instead, fine alumina powder is used as raw material to form sapphire crystal blocks in a furnace with a certain high temperature of Celsius, and then through numerous processes, the pure sapphire crystal mirror on the watch is made, which has high wear resistance and corrosion resistance.
What are the benefits of sapphire screen?
What exactly is sapphire?
Sapphire is obviously well known as a kind of jewelry, so why is it often associated with the future of smart phone screens?
In fact, sapphire is not only a gem, but also a crystalline form of alumina. Because it contains iron and titanium, it will show a natural blue halo.
What's good for mobile phones?
Sapphire has been produced for some time, and this material has been used in all watches and transparent armor of military vehicles of the famous Swiss watch brand TAG Heuer. The reason behind this is also very reasonable.
As we all know, diamond is the hardest substance in nature, and the Mohs hardness scale gives it a rating of 10.
By measuring the vulnerability of different minerals to scratches, Mohs hardness scale will give a rating of 1- 10, in which 1 is the softest and 10 is the hardest.
The Mohs hardness of sapphire is grade 9, which is second only to diamond and two grades higher than ordinary glass. In other words, if used as a mobile phone screen, sapphire is much more scratch-resistant and shatterproof than traditional chemically strengthened glass.
Although we don't think your next mobile phone will be as bulletproof as the windshield of the M 142 high-mobility multi-barrel rocket launcher system, the sapphire mobile phone screen should be more resistant to bumps, bumps and scratches.
Before that, why didn't you use sapphire for your mobile phone?
For the mobile phone industry, sapphire is not new. Some mobile phone products have already used this material to make mobile phone screens, but they are mainly high-end products, just like some models of Vertu.
At the same time, Apple has actually used this material: sapphire is used to protect the iPhone 5 and 5s lenses, and the 5s touch ID fingerprint sensor is also covered with sapphire.
How about gorilla glass?
The popularity of sapphire has brought great pressure to the current mobile phone screen manufacturers, and the most worrying thing is probably Corning, the manufacturer of GorillaGlass.
Corning's GorillaGlass is a screen technology widely used in a large number of high-end flagship phones. Many popular models, including HTC One, GalaxyS4, LG G2, Lumia 1520, use gorilla glass as screen protection glass.
According to the data released by Corning, more than 654.38+0.5 billion devices have used their own GorillaGlass, which is obviously a number to be reckoned with.
MatthewHall, director of the Advanced Ceramic Technology Center of Alfred University School of Engineering, said: "Chemically strengthened glass can be excellent, but sapphire is superior in hardness, strength and toughness."
He added: "The fracture toughness of sapphire should be four times that of gorilla glass, which are 3MPa-0.5 and 0.8 MPa-m0.5 respectively."
However, it also brings some considerable shortcomings. Sapphire weighs more per cubic centimeter (3.98g) than GorillaGlass(2.54) and refracts a little more light.
This means that the sapphire screen will appear darker in the same light environment.
Gorilla glass also has a bigger magic weapon to win, and that is productivity. Hall admits that he doesn't "know the details of sapphire production", but according to his understanding, all methods are based on batches, and the related glass making process is essentially sustainable.
This means that the production cost of sapphire will be higher. According to the analyst's prediction, the cost of gorilla glass is only about 10% of that of sapphire.
So the iPhone will be more expensive?
The reasonable assumption is that the sapphire screen will increase the price of the next generation iPhone, unless Apple finds a way to absorb the extra cost, or produces a large enough quantity to reduce the cost.
Recently, Apple bought out GTAdvanced for three years, which should be to reduce the production cost of sapphire. GTAdvanced's technology can produce sapphire substrates thinner than hair and can be installed on glass display screens. This method can obviously reduce the production cost of sapphire screen.
The $578 million deal will also allow GT to purchase nearly 65,438+0,000 furnaces to produce sapphire screens ... > >
What are the advantages of sapphire mirror for watches?
Just push! Hardness is higher than glass, and it is not afraid of wear.
Including the pinion in the watch, the shaft is made of precious stones to avoid wear.
Worn watches are not allowed.
Why are gems precious? What are their characteristics?
The colors of the gems are different. The most precious gem is sapphire, followed by ruby, and so on. Gem investment is beautiful, lasting and rare. Judging from the current market, high-quality rubies, sapphires, emeralds and Paraiba tourmalines are the choices for future investment. Looking at the jewelry investment market in recent years, the price in colored gems has been rising year by year, and has never fallen. If you like, you can look at the gems of Bao Tong's wealth. There will be some you like, and you can learn about them.
What are the advantages of sapphire watches?
It's not easy to wear. The Chinese wheel VC-076 I use is a sapphire glass bottom cover, which is not worn at all.