Why can mummies be stored for so long without decay? Why don't mummies rot? On behalf of the Egyptians, the bodies were buried with antiseptic spices, which dried up over the years and formed mummies.
Specific production process
Mummies, or mummies. Ancient Egyptians buried corpses with antiseptic spices, which dried up over the years and formed mummies. The ancient Egyptians believed that after death, the soul would not die, but would still cling to the corpse or statue. Therefore, after the death of Pharaoh, they were all mummified as a hope and deep memory of the deceased.
Mummy originally meant asphalt, referring to a dry and uncorrupted corpse. Egypt has found the largest number of mummies, the earliest time and the most complicated technology. When the Egyptians made mummies, they first took out part of the brain marrow from the nostrils of the dead body with iron hooks and injected some drugs into the brain for cleaning. Then use a sharp stone knife to cut a hole in the side abdomen, take out the internal organs completely, clean the abdomen, fill it with coconut milk wine and mashed spices, and sew it as it is. After this step is completed, the corpse is put into baking soda powder for 70 days, then the corpse is washed, wrapped with fine linen bandage from head to toe, coated with gum commonly used in Egypt instead of ordinary glue, and then handed over to relatives, who put it in a special humanoid wooden box and kept it in the tomb, standing upright against the wall.
This expensive method of disposing of corpses is generally suitable for pharaohs, dignitaries and the rich. It is much easier for the poor to make mummies. Wash the abdomen with laxatives, then soak the body in soda powder for 70 days, take it out, let the wind blow dry and bury it in a dry sand dune.
The ancient Egyptians, rich or poor, were mummified after their death. This is because the ancient Egyptians believed that people were composed of body and soul, and even in the world of the underworld, the dead still needed their own bodies. A corpse is not a "useless corpse". As long as it is preserved, it can be used all the time. The soul is gradually lost with the gradual destruction of the body, and the complete destruction of the body means the complete disappearance of the soul. As long as the body is stored and the soul has a place to live, the dead can be reincarnated.
The specific manufacturing process and method are as follows:
If someone dies, his body is first sent to a place called the "clothing department": it is dedicated to purifying the body. After the body was washed with soda water, it was sent to a place called "Babet" (meaning pure land) or "Per-Napier" (meaning beautiful house) to complete the filling of spices. So mummies are being made.
Herodotus left us detailed information about this.
First, apply melted turpentine to your face to protect your facial image and prevent it from drying too fast.
Second, brain pulp processing. The craftsman inserted the chisel into the left nostril, crushed the ethmoid bone, and then used tools to rotate in the brain, destroying the brain marrow. Insert a very small long-handled spoon into the brain from the nostril, dig out the brains, and finally put some drugs and spices into the empty skull. Brain pulp is generally not stored.
Third, take out the internal organs. The stomach, intestine, liver and lung were taken out through the left incision in the abdomen. Then use palm oil as cleaning solution to clean the chest and abdomen. Sometimes these organs are neatly wrapped in turpentine balls and put into the mummy's abdomen, and sometimes they are put into a small jar with a lid and then put into the abdomen. Small pots are becoming more and more complicated from the ancient kingdom to the new kingdom.
At first, there were some simple pot covers, but in the Middle Kingdom, there were pot covers with heads. In the early18th century, the lid of the jar was guarded by the "son of Horace". However, it was forbidden to take out the heart in ancient Egypt. They regard the heart as a symbol of wisdom and try their best to keep it in the body. In the book of the dead in the New Kingdom, there are three people on duty who take turns guarding the heart.
Fourth, dehydration. This is an important drying process. The craftsmen first wrapped the soaked alkali and other temporary fillers in cloth, and then soaked them in dry soaked alkali powder for about 40 days. After the water is drained, they take out the stuffing inside and put crushed myrrh, cinnamon, soaked alkali, sawdust and so on in cloth bags. Finally, they carefully stitched the incision and pasted a piece of skin with Horace's eyes painted on it, because the ancient Egyptians missed the strong healing and protection of this skin.
Fifth, cosmetic surgery. In order to maintain its softness, the mummy's panel was selectively coated with a mixture of milk, wine, spices, beeswax, turpentine and asphalt to beautify the panel. Mummy's eyes are full of linen and stones, which are very vivid. The mummy was finally coated with turpentine to prevent moisture, and the makeup artist also sprinkled a layer of carmine on the mummy's cheeks, wearing a braided wig, clothes and the best jewelry.
Sixth, the bag. Egyptians thought it was dangerous to be buried, so prayers were accompanied during the whole process (usually 15 days). Every time the hand that bandages the body moves, it is accompanied by solemn prayers or magic spells, and protective strips are placed between linen bandages. They attach great importance to keeping it in their hearts. Amulets are generally made of scarab-shaped or heart-shaped green stones with the words "Preserve the heart of the deceased so that it will not produce anything harmful to its owner". Other amulets were placed near the mummy's body or wrapped in linen.
Seventh, the mummy greeted his card. The time is usually 70 days. After that, Anubis secretly returned the mummy to his family for burial.
Conventional production methods of local people:
(1), immediately remove the most perishable internal organs. Usually, an incision is made on the left side of the corpse to remove all the internal organs such as liver, lung, stomach and intestine, and the brain marrow of the deceased is taken out from the nostril through the ethmoid bone, but the heart is not taken. Because the ancient Egyptians believed that the heart was an organ for thinking and understanding and must remain in the body.
(2) To preserve the viscera and body cavity, firstly clean and disinfect them thoroughly with palm wine or date palm wine, then sprinkle a layer of mashed spices on the viscera and store them in four jars; For the disinfected body cavity, it is first filled with temporary fillers such as cloth-wrapped alkali soaking, and then soaked in dry alkali soaking powder for about 40 days. After draining the water, take out the filler and replace it with a cloth wrapped with crushed myrrh, cinnamon, alkali soaking and sawdust. Finally, carefully sew the knife edge and paste a piece of skin with Horace's eyes painted on it, because the ancient Egyptians thought this kind of skin had strong healing and protective power.
(3) Apply a layer of ointment or rosin solution to the treated corpse, and then wrap fingers, palms, feet and stems with white linen in turn. The nose of the deceased is sometimes damaged by extracting brain marrow. At this time, a wooden fake nose should be installed, and the eye socket should be stuffed with cloth to make a fake eye.
(4) Put the deceased's hands on his chest, put them in the sarcophagus, and sometimes add a coffin cover outside. In this way, a mummy is completed.
Why doesn't wood rot when red wine has been stored for many years? The right method won't, the wrong method will.
The ideal storage temperature of wine is 10- 15℃. When the temperature is high, the wine will mature too fast, the wine will be rough and elegant, and it will soon become old. When the temperature rises to 10, the aging of wine will double. The annual temperature change should not exceed 5 degrees. If the temperature rises rapidly within six hours, the wine will age rapidly and eventually deteriorate, which will also lead to the expansion of the bottle stopper with heat and contraction with cold, losing the sealing effect and leading to the oxidation of the wine.
Humidity is also important for wine. If it is too wet, the cork will grow mildew and rot quickly, leading to wine leakage and natural oxidation of wine; If it is too dry, the cork will shrink and the intake air will be oxidized. The humidity of wine storage should be about 60%-70%, and should not exceed 80%.
Wine is best stored in the dark. Light is harmful to wine, especially ultraviolet rays will destroy the quality of wine. Besides preventing direct sunlight, neon lights and white light are not good, which is also the reason why wine bottles are generally dark.
Wine should avoid odorous articles. It's best not to put anything with other smells in the place where you put wine, because the bottle stopper is also a cork, and there is a small hole to let in a little air. For example, wine that can age is also growing with a small amount of oxygen. & lt/ol & gt；
Why don't corpses rot for thousands of years? After death, cells in the body begin to autolyse, and lysosomes in the cells release various proteolytic enzymes, which gradually degrade biological macromolecules into small molecules. In addition to this autolysis process, they will be naturally decomposed by various corruptions, which is a natural process. However, mummies violate this natural process and will not rot. But presented to people in the form of mummies.
Mummies are common and are the result of dry body. Its characteristics are: "the whole body is gloomy, the flesh is dry and sticky, and the stomach is depressed." Mummies can be divided into two subtypes:
1. artificial mummy
One is a mummy, which is generally reported abroad. After death, they were treated by cutting open the body cavity, taking out the internal organs, pouring the corpse with hot-melt rosin, and then wrapping it with cloth soaked with rosin. There are rosin in the skull and mastoid cavity of the unearthed mummy. This should belong to artificial mummies. For example, after the death of Pharaoh in ancient Egypt, mummies were artificially dehydrated and treated with resin spices. The other is a mummy found in China's coffin. Mainly due to the topography of Gao Shuang cemetery, the groundwater level is low, and the coffin and grave are highly sealed, so the coffin does not leak, so it is not affected by groundwater and humidity. However, the process of corruption and oxidation in the coffin consumes the remaining oxygen, forming an anoxic environment; Coupled with the decomposition products and some substances of the corpse tissue, it is not conducive to the growth and reproduction of corrupt bacteria, and the corruption of the corpse gradually stops. The water of the corpse seeps out of the body and is absorbed by water-absorbing substances such as rush, charcoal and lime stored in the coffin or coffin memory, and the corpse gradually melts to form a mummy. Therefore, it can be considered that all mummies formed after artificial treatment such as antisepsis, organ removal, rosin pouring or putting water-absorbing substances in the coffin are called artificial mummies before burial.
2. Natural mummies
It refers to those mummies that are naturally formed without artificial treatment, mainly because of the dehydration of the corpse due to the dry burial environment. For example, the body discovered in Loulan, Xinjiang, was covered with coarse woolen cloth and sheepskin, with a layer of dry branches and sand on it, and there was no sealed coffin. Therefore, the body can be exposed to the air circulating outside. In the hot and dry desert, the water in the body evaporates rapidly, which is extremely unfavorable to the growth and reproduction of bacteria. Even organizations that have begun to corrupt will gradually slow down their corruption process. Under the electron microscope, a large number of bacteria or bacterial bud structures were observed in tissues such as fascia, cartilage, striated muscle, kidney and intestine. This is enough to show that the process of bacterial reproduction occurred in the deceased. The autolysis and decomposition interaction between these bacteria and human tissues has damaged some tissues and organs to some extent. However, due to the influence of dry and hot environment, the water content of the corpse decreased rapidly, and the growth of bacteria and the corruption of the corpse tissue were quickly suppressed, which is also an important reason for the good preservation of Loulan ancient corpse. Another example is the body discovered in Hami, which is similar to the body discovered in Loulan. Its burial place is a remote oasis on the Gobi Desert. Low-lying, only 200 meters above sea level, surrounded by a Gobi desert, the climate is particularly dry, known as the "Turpan of Hami". The average annual rainfall in Hami County is only 34. 1mm, and the average annual humidity is 40% ~ 50%. It can be seen that the environment where the tomb is located is very dry. The tombs and burial rooms found in Hami's body are very simple, the top of the tomb is sealed with shallow soil, and the burial utensils are not sealed. These factors will lead to the contact between the body and the air circulating outside, and the water in the body will evaporate quickly in an extremely dry environment. At the same time, it also inhibited the reproduction of bacteria, stopped the decay of the corpse and kept it well.
How can I store apples well? The kind that does not rot for a long time can only be made into specimens because it will rot in the refrigerator.
There are many ways to make plant specimens, which can be divided into two categories: soaking method and drying method. The key to preserving plant specimens by liquid immersion is color preservation and antisepsis. The common specimen liquid immersion method is made up of 50 ml formalin, 300 ml alcohol and 2000 ml distilled water. This kind of immersion liquid can make the plant specimen not rot and deform, but it can't keep the color.
This is very professional. If you feel reluctant, you can try waxing apples. This will be less effective, but easier. Mainly to avoid contact with air oxidation.
Good luck raiding the girl you like.
I hope the above will help you.
Can pumpkin rot be treated with drugs? If the flowers wither, they don't grow up, and then they start to rot. It should be unsuccessful pollination or no pollination at all. There is no way.
Why does human hair not rot after being stored for many years? This is a disulfide-bonded keratin body, which is difficult to be decomposed and destroyed under normal circumstances.
Why doesn't the crystal coffin rot? It is because the crystal coffin can isolate oxygen, and the objects inside don't come into contact with oxygen, so it won't rot. Crystal coffins are vacuumed every once in a while to keep the pressure balance in the coffin.
Why don't McDonald's hamburgers rot for a long time? Under normal circumstances, McDonald's hamburger products will inevitably deteriorate.
However, the lack of water in Hamburg will lead to an insignificant reaction.
Hamburgers that lack water naturally don't rot so quickly.
Bacteria can't live without water.