Courtyard posting is an imperial edict issued by the Qing emperor in China.
Or send a letter, send a letter. In the early Qing Dynasty, under the old system of the Ming Dynasty, all imperial edicts issued by the emperor were announced by the cabinet and copied and issued by the yamen.
This kind of communication is not easy to keep secret, and the speed is slow. By the middle of Kangxi, some secret orders issued by the emperor were not issued by the cabinet, but were undertaken by imperial palace officials or princes and college students and directly conveyed to the governor and minister.
After Yongzheng succeeded to the throne, due to the need of political struggle, he often secretly sent letters to his cronies. At that time, there was no fixed format for sending letters, and the courtiers who sent letters were not fixed.
After the establishment of the military department in Yongzheng seven years, postal service was widely used and became the task of the military affairs minister, and it was fixed as a system. All relevant confidential orders, such as admonishing ministers, instructing military orders, inquiring about political affairs, and asking about improper punishment, are not convenient to be issued by the cabinet, but are directly conveyed to appointed ministers by the Minister of Military Affairs in the form of letters to prevent leaks.
2. Common sense about my ancient culture
In the pre-Qin era, "I" was the first person pronoun. That's what I'm saying. Regardless of rank, everyone can call himself "I". Qu Yuan's Lisao: "My Emperor Kao Boyong." According to Sima Qian's Records of the First Qin Emperor, since Qin destroyed the Six Kingdoms, Wang Wan and Li Si discussed the title of monarch: "The son of heaven calls himself' I'". After that, he called himself the emperor.
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Hope to adopt! !
3. What should we pay attention to when collecting common sense of ancient culture in China?
There are roughly three situations of calling people by their first names: (1) claiming their first names or calling them by their first names.
Such as "Within five steps, please ask the king to spill blood on his neck" and "Luling Wen Tianxiang preface his poems". (2) for introduction or biography.
For example, "Sui and Lu Su are both interested in Sun Quan" and "Liu Jingting is from Taizhou". (3) people who are disgusted and despised.
For example, "Unfortunately, Lu Shimeng is evil in the former, but flattering in the latter". The ancients named it "Cheng Zi" when they were young, and took the word (male 20 years old, female 15 years old) when they came of age. There is a meaningful connection between words and names.
Chinese characters are for the convenience of others, courtesy and respect for peers or elders. For example, Qu Ping is Qu Yuan, Sima Qian is Sima Zichang, Tao Yuanming is Tao, Li Bai is Du Fu, Han Yu is Han tui, Liu Zongyuan is Liu Zihou, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Yongshu, Sima Guang is Sima Junshi, Su Shi is Su Zizhan, and Su Zhe is Su Ziyuan.
Book names are also called alias numbers and table numbers. The fundamental difference between a name, a character and a number is that the former is decided by the father or elder, while the latter is decided by himself.
Number, generally only used to claim to express some interest or express some emotion; The address of a person is also a kind of honorific title. Such as: Mr. Wu Liu, Li Bai's Qinglian Jushi, Du Fu's Shaoling Yelao, Bai Juyi's Xiangshan Jushi, Li Shangyin's Yuxi Sheng, He's self-proclaimed Siming Fancy in his later years, Ouyang Xiu's Drunk, Liu Yi Jushi in his later years and Wang Anshi's Mid-Levels in his later years.
In ancient posthumous title, after the death of princes, senior officials and famous scribes, they were called posthumous title. For example, Tao Yuanming's name is Jing Shi, Ouyang Xiu is Ouyang Wenzhong, Wang Anshi is Wang Wengong, Fan Zhongyan is Gong, Wang Ao is Su Gong, Zuo Guangdou is Zuo Gong, Shi Kefa is Shi Zhonglie Gong, and Lin Zexu is Lin Wenzhong Gong.
Calling Qin Gui Minister is a kind of "evil death". Calling a vegetarian name means calling it by a vegetarian name or room number.
For example, Yang Wanli, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, called Zhai Wei, and people called him Yang. Yao Nai is called Mr. Bao and Mr. Bao because of his name. Another example is Pu Songling's name is Mr. Liaozhai, Liang Qichao's name is the owner of the icehouse, and Tan Sitong's name is Tan Zhuangfei (his fasting name is Zhuangfei Building).
According to legend, Meng Haoran, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was from Xiangyang, so he was called Meng Xiangyang. Zhang Jiuling is from Qujiang, so he is called Zhang Qujiang. Liu Zongyuan is a native of Hedong (now Yongji, Shanxi), so he is called Liu Hedong; Wang Anshi was born in Linchuan, Jiangxi Province in the Northern Song Dynasty, so people called him King Linchuan. Tang Xianzu, a dramatist in the Ming Dynasty, was named Tang Linchuan (Linchuan, Jiangxi). Gu, a beginner in Qing Dynasty, was born in Kunshan Town, Jiangsu Province, and was called Gu. Kang Youwei is a native of Nanhai, Guangdong Province, known as Kang Nanhai; Yuan Shikai, the leader of Beiyang warlord, is called Yuan Xiangcheng (from Xiangcheng, Henan). There is a famous couplet full of irony in the late Qing Dynasty: "Hefei, the prime minister, is thinner than the world, and Changshu, the farmer, is barren."
The first couplet "Hefei" refers to Li Hongzhang (from Hefei, Anhui), and the second couplet "Changshu" refers to Weng Tonghe who was born in Changshu, Jiangsu. Although Han Yu, known as the king of the county, was born in Heyang, Hanoi (now Meng County, Henan Province), Han Yu often called himself "Changli Han Yu", because the Han surname of Changli (now Yixian County, Liaoning Province) was an aristocratic family in the Tang Dynasty, so the world called him Han Changli.
For another example, Su Shi was originally from Meizhou, Sichuan, but he sometimes called himself "Su Shi in Zhao County" and "Su Zhao County" because Su Shi was a noble family in Zhao County. It is called "Sun Qiulu is smart and kind", and "Sun Qiulu" is Sun Quan, so it is called because he was once awarded the position of General Qiu Lu.
In Meihualing, there are some sentences, such as "coming from the north" and "Yan Taishi uses his troops wisely, and Wen Shaobao uses his troops to make a bright future". Running is Hong Chengchou's official position, a surname is the provincial name of Yan Zhenqing's official position, and Shaobao is Wen Tianxiang's official position. "Book with Wife": "Sima Chun shirt, you can't learn too much."
"Sima" refers to Bai Juyi, who was once a Sima in Jiangzhou. It was quite common to use official names as titles of people in ancient times, such as calling Jia Yi Jia Taifu; Ruan Ji, one of the "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest", used to be a captain of the infantry and was called Ruan Infantry in the world. Ji Kang once worshipped Zhong Sanyi, who was known as Zhong Sanyi in the world. Wang Xizhi, a great calligrapher in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was a general of the right army, and people still call him Wang Youjun. Wang Wei, formerly known as Shangshu Youcheng, was called Wang Youcheng. Du Fu is called the left scavenger, and he is also called Du Gongbu, because he is a foreign minister. Liu Yuxi used to be a guest of honor of the prince and was called Liu Ke. Liu Yong was the foreign minister of wasteland, known as Liu wasteland; Su Shi was once a bachelor of Hanlin in Duanmingtang, and was called Su.
The title of "training frugality to show health" is "the luxury crown in recent years", the title of Kou Zhun is Lai Guogong, and Lai Gong is a provincial title. In Meihualing, Duoduo was named Prince Yu by the Qing Dynasty.
Liu Jingting biography: "Ningnan South, Anhui Shuai wants to marry Ningnan, Gongting in the shogunate". Ningnan was the provincial name of Zuo Liangyu in the late Ming Dynasty. For example, Zhuge Liang was once conferred the title of marquis of Wu, so later generations are commensurate with marquis of Wu; Xie Lingyun, a poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, attacked the title of Xie Xuan, his ancestor, and he thanked him in the past. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, it was named Zheng Guogong, so it was called Wei in the world. Guo Ziyi, a famous soldier, was named Guo Ziyi and called "Guo Fenyang" for putting down the Anshi Rebellion. Chu Suiliang, a great calligrapher, was named Duke of Henan, known as Chu Henan in the world; In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi was named King Gong Jing. Sima Guang was once named the Duke of Wen, and the world called Sima Wengong. In the early Ming Dynasty, Liu Ji, the minister of Zhu Yuanzhang, was knighted with sincerity, and people were commensurate with sincerity.
Official land refers to the place name of official land. Such as "Battle of Red Cliffs": "What does Yuzhou want now?" Because Liu Bei used to be the secretariat of Yuzhou, he called it an official place.
Another example is Jia Yi, who was once dismissed as Teacher Wang of Changsha, and was known as Jia Changsha in the world. Kong Rong, one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an", was once a Beihai phase, known as Kong Beihai in the world; Tao Yuanming was once the magistrate of Pengze County, and was known as Tao Pengze in the world. Luo was once the magistrate of Linhai County, and was known as Luo Linhai in the world. Cen Can used to be a secretariat, known as CenJiaZhou; Wei was once the secretariat of Suzhou, known as Wei Suzhou in history; Liu Zongyuan used to be the secretariat of Liuzhou, known as Liu Liuzhou in the world; Jia Dao used to be the master book of Changjiang County, known as Jia Changjiang in the world, and his poetry collection was called Changjiang Collection. Also known as "Travel to the Mountain", there are four people, Lu's father, his father and Changle Wang.
Please comment on the oldest jade (Hongshan Culture) and ancient jade seal.
It is difficult to compare the two, because the imperial seal has been lost for nearly a thousand years.
Of course, when the imperial seal exists, it is the most important thing, because the imperial seal represents the orthodox imperial power of the country, and only by possessing it can it be recognized as an orthodox emperor by the world.
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the strength of the Northern Dynasty far exceeded that of the Southern Dynasty (almost equal in the early years of Liu and Song Dynasties). However, because the emperors of the Southern Dynasties always had official seals, the Northern Dynasties basically dared not wage a war of national subjugation against the Southern Dynasties. One of the important reasons why Wang Meng and Rong remonstrated with Fu Jian in the battle of the former Qin Dynasty was that the Eastern Jin Dynasty had an official seal, which was an orthodox place and could not be conquered.
The Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty was settled in Su Zong Dynasty, when Su Zong had absolute power over Xuanzong. However, because the official seal was still in Xuanzong's hand, Su Zongning could get Uighur reinforcements at a great cost, and violated Li Bi's previous strategic plan unscrupulously, so he took two cities first. Its purpose is to officially return to Chang 'an to obtain the official seal of Xuanzong.
As for Hongshan Culture, although its jade is a thousand-year-old ancient jade, it is only valuable in cultural relics. Moreover, the science of archaeological excavation was developed only in modern times, and Hongshan ancient jade was almost unknown in ancient times. Its value only rose in modern times, but if it is compared with the official seal, it is really called "it is not worthy to carry shoes for the official seal"
5. Common sense of ancient culture
First, the immortal star %y! (P"f`q
(standard: not only outstanding military capabilities, but also great military achievements, which have a great influence on future military thinking) HGM (* Q.
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1, Sun Wu w &；; Yb4{V
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Handsome 30,000 entered Ying, creating a rare miracle in military history PVIi_8u.
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His thought of running the army had a great influence on later generations. [
The First General of the Warring States Period *Dsju_-
Two military and political wizards, one of the reformers in the early warring States period ~ u 'tnir p
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3. Jing Li X(| He 8
Hsx XfUu, the first general in the early Tang Dynasty.
I% \/= I, the author of Sun Tzu's Art of War by Li, and Emperor Taizong's query on Li Jing.
Cavalry genius Th}-_MP*
Its decisive victory over the Turks indirectly led to the disintegration of the * * * Empire and the demise of the Eastern Roman Empire, and H yY(Olub
(When China wins, the West will be unlucky, and the formula is the same) $16&; @aG
There is a Genghis Khan missing, but he is from China? We can discuss it. At least most foreigners don't think so.