Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? Animals not only compete for survival, but also help each other.

Honey badger and honey bird are good companions. They often cooperate with each other to destroy the hive. Wild bees often nest in tall trees, and honey badgers are not easy to find. The eagle-eyed honey bird found the beehive in the tree and went to find the honey badger. In order to attract the attention of honey badger, honey birds often flap their wings and make special movements, making a "click" sound. When the honey badger received the signal, he rushed to climb trees, bite the hive, drive away the wild bees and eat honey. The honey bird stood by and waited for the honey badger to have a good meal before enjoying the beeswax alone in the hive.

Anemone shrimp and red sea anemone also cooperate well. The two big paws (áo) of the anemone shrimp each hold a red anemone and wander around all day. Once in danger, anemone shrimp will immediately mention red anemones, which will use toxic tentacles to deal with intruders. In this way, anemone shrimp can feed everywhere without worrying about safety; Red anemones can eat as long as they collect the leftover food of anemone shrimp.

The mutual benefit between crocodiles and birds is more interesting. Thousands of birds not only look for insects to eat in the fierce crocodile, but also enter the crocodile's mouth to peck at the remaining fish, mussels and frogs' meat scraps and parasitic water to help the crocodile clean its mouth. Sometimes when the crocodile shuts its mouth, thousands of birds are locked in it. However, you don't have to worry about a thousand birds. As long as the thousand birds gently hit the upper and lower jaws of the crocodile with their beaks, the crocodile will open its mouth and let the thousand birds fly out.

Marx and Engels

The friendship between Marx and Engels, two revolutionary giants, is unmatched by any friendship in the world. Marx admired Engels' talent and said that he had been following in Engels' footsteps. Engels always thought that Marx's talent was stronger than his own. In their career, Marx was the first violinist and he was the second violinist. The writing and publication of Das Kapital is the crystallization of their great friendship.

1848 After the failure of the Great Revolution, Engels had to return to Manchester Commercial Office to engage in commercial activities. This made Engels very angry. He called it "damn business" more than once. Moreover, he made up his mind more than once to get rid of these things forever and do his favorite political activities and scientific research. However, when Engels thought that Marx's family, who was forced into exile in London, England, often lived a poor life of bread and potatoes, he put down the idea of abandoning business, gritted his teeth, persisted and succeeded. This is to help Marx materially, to preserve the friends and the best thinkers of the capitalist movement, and to make Das Kapital written and published as soon as possible.

So, every month, sometimes even every week, a money order of one pound, two pounds, five pounds or ten pounds is sent from Manchester to London. 1864, Engels became a partner of Manchester Omen-Engels company and began to give Marx great help. A few years later, after he sold his partnership in the company, he gave Marx 350 pounds a year. Together, the money greatly exceeded Engels' family expenses.

In Marx's view, Engels accepted this kind of help precisely to effectively guide the emerging scientific socialism and expose the fundamental defects of capitalism.

Marx and Engels are close friends, and everything they have, whether money or knowledge, cannot be separated from each other.

Although separated for 20 years, their ideological life is not over. They correspond every day and talk about political and scientific issues. For a time, Marx regarded reading Engels' letters as the most enjoyable thing. He often talks to himself with letters, as if he were talking to Engels.

"Well, no, it's not like that anyway ..."

"You are right on this point!"

As Marx talked, he shed tears of joy.

Marx and Engels respect each other so much. In their view, no one's criticism of their thoughts and works is more meaningful than their exchange of views. So, at the first opportunity, Engels abandoned his business and ran back to London. They meet every day, either in this house or in that house. When discussing this problem, they walked around the room and talked for hours. Sometimes, two people walk in tandem for a long time without saying a word until they reach an agreement. Then, two people burst out laughing.

1867 August 16, this is a memorable day. At two o'clock in the morning, Marx reported to the comrades that the proofreading of all the printed copies of the first volume of Das Kapital (a ***49 printed copy) had ended. He was so excited that he wrote to Engels and said:

"This volume can be completed, thanks to you! Without the sacrifice you made for me, I couldn't have finished such a three-volume masterpiece. I hug you, thank you very much! "

Das Kapital was published in Hamburg, Germany on September 4th, 867. This is a great event in the whole international workers' movement and the crystallization of the friendship between the two giants.

This understanding of friendship was so profound that it even lasted until the death of Marx.

When Marx was seriously ill, he told his daughter Elena that he hoped Engels could "do something" for the unpublished second and third volumes of Das Kapital. Of course, even if Marx did not make such a request, Engels would have done so.

Since the death of Marx in 1883, Engels put down his work and spent ten years trying to sort out and publish the last two volumes of Das Kapital, supplementing a lot of materials and rewriting some chapters, so that Das Kapital could be published in 1885 and 1894.

An outstanding example of the spirit of cooperation

1945, the Royal Swedish Medical College decided to award this year's Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine to Flory, Laiming and Qian En. In the acceptance speech, the discovery of penicillin was called "the most valuable contribution in the history of modern medicine", and it was particularly emphasized that it was "an outstanding example of cooperation between different scientific methods for the same goal."

Before 1930s, human beings often suffered from germs. Many people often die from being infected by germs. But doctors at that time knew little about these germs, and they were helpless in the face of the disease and could only watch the patient die.

Alexander, a British bacteriologist at St. Mary's Medical College, University of London? Fleming hopes that his scientific research can change this situation. For more than ten years, he has been devoted to exploring ways to eliminate germs and developing drugs to kill these deadly enemies. 1928 In the summer, Fleming discovered that the secretion of a green mold could effectively kill malignant staphylococci. He called this green mold Penicillium, and the secretion of Penicillium was named penicillin.

At a party, Fleming told a great English man about his discovery. The great man kindly suggested, "Fleming, here's your chance to get rich." Think about it, how much will this penicillin be used in medicine in the future? You should apply for the patent right to manufacture penicillin as soon as possible. From now on, you and your family will never have to worry about their livelihood as they do now. "

At that time, Fleming's family was very tired and often needed the help of relatives, so Fleming was moved by the great man's advice. But after some consideration, he refused the proposal. In his letter to the great man, he wrote: "I can't bear to endanger the lives of countless people intentionally or unintentionally for the sake of the prosperity of myself and my family."

Fleming knew that it was impossible for him to extract penicillin from the filtrate with very little content and make it into a medicine for clinical use, but it also required the joint efforts of many scientists. Therefore, he did not hesitate to publish his findings in the Royal Journal of Experimental Pathology, and called on more scientists to participate in this research.

British pathologist Hu (Ⅱ) Walter? Walter. Flory has also been studying natural antibacterial substances. He has always advocated the need for close cooperation between scholars of different disciplines. After Fleming's discovery was announced, Flory decided to cooperate with the brilliant German biochemist ernst boris chain to conduct a systematic study on penicillin.

From 1939, under the auspices of Flory, a group of enthusiastic scientists voluntarily formed an experimental research team. Bacteriologists Gardner and Saunders are in charge of penicillin culture, and Ernst Boris ernst boris chain is in charge of extracting penicillin from the filtrate. Sandoz also developed a simple method to determine the content of penicillin. The content of penicillin in the culture medium is very small, and it takes several tons of filtrate to get a little penicillin. Scientists have to wash hundreds of large glass bottles every day, cultivate more than ten tons of culture solution, inoculate, separate and dry ... This work is very hard. But scientists are not bitter, because they know that once penicillin preparation is developed, it will bring good news to the whole human society.

1940, Flory and others finally got the original penicillin product, and its bactericidal ability was unprecedented. At this time, a seriously infected patient was admitted to a nearby hospital and was unconscious when he was taken to the hospital. Although the doctor tried his best to rescue him and used a lot of medicine, it still had no effect. Flory slowly injected penicillin solution into the patient's vein, and the patient soon woke up and his temperature gradually returned to normal. Later, they treated a group of patients infected by staphylococcus with penicillin products, and all the patients recovered quickly.

However, the penicillin extracted from Penicillium is too small to meet the medical needs. In order to find high-yield strains and solve the problem of too little penicillin content, Flory and others rushed around and separated hundreds of mold samples from soil, garbage dumps and moldy food in various places, and studied and compared them one by one. Everything comes to him who waits. They found high-yield and excellent strains on the watermelon skin in the trash can, which doubled the output of penicillin. At the same time, they further studied and improved the extraction method, and constantly improved the purity of penicillin products, making them become clinical drugs.

With the mass production and wide application of penicillin, many malignant diseases can no longer be rampant (chāng), and countless patients facing death threats have been saved, especially during the Second World War, penicillin cured thousands of patients. People unanimously called penicillin, the atomic bomb and radar the three great inventions in the Second World War.

The power of unity

In ancient times, there was a farmer who always had eight sons. These boys are always fighting and quarreling since childhood, which worries their father. As the days passed, the farmer grew older and his sons grew older, but this noisy temper did not change at all, and the old father worried about it day and night.

So one day, the farmer went to consult the most learned elder in the village, hoping that he could help him think of a good way to make these ignorant sons understand how stupid they are.

The elder asked the farmer to gather all his sons, then took out eight chopsticks and handed them one by one, saying, "Break them as hard as you can."

"Break such a thin chopsticks still need hard? Haha, that's ridiculous! " The boys said derisively. Sure enough, they broke the chopsticks with a gentle force.

At this time, the elder took out eight chopsticks and tied them tightly with a rope, saying, "Now, who can break this bundle of chopsticks?"

The eldest son grabbed the chopsticks first, and his hands were red. That bundle of chopsticks is still good, not even bent. The other boys tried unconvinced, but no one could break the chopsticks.

The farmer looked at the old man gratefully and said to his sons, "Children, can you understand what this means?" You quarrel all day, and everyone only cares about themselves, just like a thin chopstick, which will be easily broken. And thin chopsticks together have such great strength, not to mention you eight strong men? "

These words let the boys finally understand the power of unity and realize how much trouble their past behavior has brought to their father. They whispered apologies to each other and then helped their old father home.

The power of cooperation