Ivory editor
Ivory is a white hard object. The main component is dentin, which is similar to bone. In a narrow sense, it refers to the tusks of male Asian elephants, African elephants and mammoths. In a broad sense, it can also refer to the tusks or teeth of hippos, wild boars, walruses, whales and other animals. [ 1]
Ivory was a valuable material in ancient times, which was used to make tooth carvings, dentures, fans, dice and so on. In modern times, it is used as ornaments or utensils, such as tooth carving, billiards, dice, keys, mahjong, buttons and so on. After the appearance of plastic, it replaced ivory in many fields [2], but due to its rarity, some luxury goods still use ivory.
In order to protect elephants from being killed, 1973 and 2 1 countries' plenipotentiaries were ordered to sign the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora [3], which strictly restricted ivory trade, and China joined the Convention in 198 1. However, because ivory trade is a very important economic source for some African countries, and in order to inherit traditional culture such as tooth carving, the Convention approved Japan to become a legal importer of ivory in 2008 [4].
In order to expand the scope of banning ivory products, China temporarily banned ivory trade. The legal import and export of ivory was prohibited on March 20, 20 16, and was lifted on February 30, 20 19 19 3 1 year. State Forestry Administration 201March 20, 6
Structural editing
The chemical composition of teeth or tusks of all mammals is the same, so the "ivory" materials from different animals are basically the same. Different sports
Elephant's tusks
Elephant's tusks
The color of ivory may be slightly different. However, it is easy to distinguish which animals' teeth contain different chemical structures, but it is possible to observe the chemical composition particles with a discriminator or a microscope.
Teeth and fangs are a substance. Teeth are special structures for chewing. Tusks are slender teeth that stick out their lips. They evolved from teeth and are generally used as defensive weapons. Most mammalian teeth consist of root and crown.
Teeth and tusks have the same structure, which consists of pulp, pulp cavity, dentin, cementum and enamel from the inside out.
Dentin cells on the pulp cavity wall produce dentin outward. Ivory carving is mainly composed of dentin, which is the main component of teeth or tusks. The inorganic part of dentin is mainly carbon apatite, and there are very small pipes inside dentin, which radiate from pulp cavity to cementum. The structure of the pipes in ivory of different animals is different, with diameters ranging from 0.8 to 2.2 microns. The three-dimensional structure of microtubules is different for each animal. [6]
Overview editing
Ivory refers to incisors similar to the upper jaw, especially those with delicate and shiny texture, which are mostly used for carving ornaments and arts and crafts.
Elephant's tusks
Elephant's tusks
Bao Ode to the Cave and Xiao: "Bring ivory." "The Biography of the Southwest Ailao in the Later Han Dynasty": "In the first year of Yongchuan, there were more than 3,000 people from other nationalities and land species, who raised seeds and offered ivory, buffalo and cattle." Don Weber's Preface: "Therefore, it took five years to study and publish ivory fan and poor bay leaf map. "
Teeth and tusks have the same structure, which consists of pulp, pulp cavity, dentin, cementum and enamel from the inside out.
Dentin cells on the pulp cavity wall produce dentin outward. Ivory carving is mainly composed of dentin, which is the main component of teeth or tusks. The inorganic part of dentin is mainly carbon apatite, and there are very small pipes inside dentin, which radiate from pulp cavity to cementum. The structure of the pipes in ivory of different animals is different, with diameters ranging from 0.8 to 2.2 microns. The three-dimensional structure of microtubules is different for each animal.
Too much resentment on the hunted ivory will bring you bad luck-love life and stay away from all ivory products.
Ivory is the tusk of a male elephant in a narrow sense, and it can also refer to the tusk or bone of other animals (such as mammoths, hippos, wild boars, walruses, whales and other animals) in a broad sense. Ivory is often processed into sculpture, jewelry or jewelry, in addition, it is also processed into billiards, dice and piano keys, which is a very expensive raw material.
The chemical composition of teeth or tusks of all mammals is the same, so the "ivory" materials from different animals are basically the same. Different animals may have slightly different ivory colors.
Teeth and fangs are a substance. Teeth are special structures for chewing. Tusks are slender teeth that stick out their lips. They evolved from teeth and are generally used as defensive weapons. Most mammalian teeth consist of root and crown.
Teeth and tusks have the same structure, which consists of pulp, pulp cavity, dentin, cementum and enamel from the inside out.
Dentin cells on the pulp cavity wall produce dentin outward. Ivory carving is mainly composed of dentin, which is the main component of teeth or tusks. The inorganic part of dentin is mainly carbon apatite, and there are very small pipes inside dentin, which radiate from pulp cavity to cementum. The structure of the pipes in ivory of different animals is different, with diameters ranging from 0.8 to 2.2 microns. The three-dimensional structure of microtubules is different for each animal.
For the ivory in Yin and Yang studies, the dragon touches the scales and dies, while the wolf looks at it and kills it. It is said that shark's teeth and fins, white coral, hawksbill, bird feathers, rhinoceros and bird products, especially butterflies, should not be kept at home, otherwise people will die. Wolves, bears, snakes, monkeys, elephants, owls and other fierce animals. You can't leave your pawns' fur at home, or there will be a bloody disaster. You need to wear a purple ice silver seal to carve an array on it: the array was born from March to May in the lunar calendar, and it is two arrays of "Yi" and "Zhai". Born in June to August of the lunar calendar, the final array was "Love for the Good". Born from September to 165438+ October in the lunar calendar, there are two arrays, namely, "Shanshan, Shanshan, Shanshan". The knot array born from February to February in the lunar calendar/kloc-0 is two arrays, namely, "winding and plateau". After that, six seals, Feather Heart, Yunyue Dancing Crane, Xicheng, Kuranosuke, Zhuque and Qian Fan Tuanfan, were added to the seal book. These seals can weaken the influence of yin and evil qi on themselves and relieve symptoms. But there is no way to completely eliminate it for life, because the evil is too heavy.
Ivory has long been a commodity. "The Book of Songs Truffle Flooding" says: "Yuan is as expensive as a tooth, and it has a lot of gold." Zuo Zhuan said, "Elephants have teeth to burn their bodies and bribe them." There was an ivory carving industry in the Zhou Dynasty. According to Zhou Li Taizai, the handicraft industry in the Zhou Dynasty was called "Eight Materials", and ivory was one of the eight materials. The Zhou dynasty stipulated that only governors could hold elephants, and in the Tang dynasty, officials under five grades could hold elephants.
Due to the sharp decline in the number of animals producing ivory, many countries have banned the import and sale of ivory, or at least imposed great restrictions on the ivory trade. Especially in the1980s, poaching led to the death of many animals. Since 1989, with the increase or decrease of the number of elephants, ivory trade has been banned and allowed several times. Many African countries, including Zimbabwe and South Africa, emphasize that ivory trade is necessary, firstly to stimulate their economies, and secondly to control the number of elephants, otherwise the proliferation of elephants will cause damage to the environment. In 2002, the United Nations allowed some countries to export a certain amount of ivory. However, a study by Oxford University 1999 shows that only 1% of the 500 million dollars brought by ivory trade reaches Africa every year, and most of them are taken away by middlemen, so the efficiency of ivory trade to African economic development is very doubtful. In July 2008, the Standing Committee of the United Nations Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora voted that China became the second largest legal importer of ivory in the world after Japan.
The ivory trade of mammoths has a history of more than 300 years, and the ivory trade has never been banned.
Distinguish between true and false editing
First, observe the color and fracture line of ivory itself. The skin carved by ivory will age. After a long time, the surface began to yellow, and then gradually changed from light yellow to turmeric and dark yellow until light brown. Moreover, the color of the same ivory vessel is often different. With the change of color, short hairs and silky shallow lines will appear on the surface of some objects, which we call "sparrow silk". The longer the dental instrument, the more birds, the darker and longer the color, and then cracks will appear. What counterfeiters make are all old ivory objects, the skin is colored but dull, there is no patina, and the crack of sparrow silk is unnatural. Smell it, there is a choking smell of smoke.
Second, from the artistic style of sculpture. For example, the Guanyin statue carved in the early Qing Dynasty has simple lines and the legacy of tooth carving in the Ming Dynasty. Because of the combination of deep and shallow knife techniques, it is round and straight, and the garment line is drooping and calm, giving people a sense of calm. Modern imitation Guanyin image has complex lines, weak three-dimensional sense and weak knife method.
Third, pay attention to old materials and new sculptures. The so-called "new carving from old materials" means carving old dental appliances into "ancient famous products", or transforming a part of old dental appliances into ancient dental carvings. In this regard, we can identify it from two aspects: material and technology.
Fourth, the discrimination of monetary knowledge. With regard to the identification of money, we should not only pay attention to the counterfeiting method of "adding money later", but also be wary of passing real money off as real money, especially for famous tooth carvings with inscriptions. For example, Yu Shuo, a master of micro-carving in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, his calligraphy is not only fresh and beautiful, but also coherent and coherent. At present, Yu Shuo's works have also been counterfeited, because they are very different from the original works because of their micro-engraving, oblique fonts, straight knives and consistent strokes.
shape
The shape of ivory may have been seen on TV, usually a slightly curved cone. About one-third of the area near the mouth is hollow, and the older the elephant is, the more hollow this area is. The solid part is suitable for carving and is the best part of dentin. The cross section of ivory is round, and obvious layers can be seen. Distinguishing the authenticity of ivory from its shape is only applicable to unprocessed ivory.
colour
Color and fracture line
Fracture mode of old ivory
Fracture mode of old ivory
Fresh ivory is generally white or yellowish. After a certain period of playing, touching, or standing for a certain period of time, ivory will gradually turn pale yellow, dark yellow, and finally yellow-brown. The color of the same ivory product is often different. With the passage of time, under the influence of temperature and humidity, shallow cracks will appear on the surface of some ivory objects, like hair. These cracks are always horizontal, vertical and circular. Ivory lovers believe that this kind of crack is also a unique beauty, and it is also affectionately called "laugh line". The fake ivory looks dull, the cracks are unnatural and it has a strange smell. Tooth type
The outer layer of ivory is enamel, the inner layer is hard protein and calcium phosphate, and many tubules made of hard protein radiate from the pulp to form a cross texture. Seen from the longitudinal section, these textures are similar to parallel ripples. This structure is unique to ivory, but counterfeit ivory does not have this feature. Ivory contains oil, so its luster is bright and smooth, and it feels delicate.
incise
Carving style
There are many modern antique products, which should be judged from two aspects: material and style, that is, replacing ivory with other materials or although ivory is
Elephant's tusks
Elephant's tusks
It's true, but it's that work of ancient celebrity. The identification of fake ivory material is relatively simple, and the identification of impostor is more difficult. At this time, it is necessary to identify from the carving style. For example, the ivory Guanyin statue in the early Qing Dynasty has simple and clear lines, deep and deep knife skills and full three-dimensional sense. Modern counterfeits, however, are inherently complicated, weak in knife work and lacking in three-dimensional sense. This ivory product is obviously valuable now, but there is still a considerable gap compared with the ivory products handed down from ancient times.
Common counterfeiting methods of ivory carving
In the market, we often see some deliberately made old tooth carvings, the material itself is ivory, but the new ivory, in order to pretend to be the old tooth carvings, counterfeiters use various means to make the new ivory teeth yellow, so as to obtain rich profits by counterfeiting antiques. Commonly used forgery methods are as follows:
First, soak the new ivory in strong tea water and heat it, or soak it in coffee juice for weeks or months.
2. Soak the ivory products in turpentine and expose them to the sun for three or four days.
Thirdly, the new ivory is baked and frozen alternately in the oven and freezer, so that it expands with heat and contracts with cold to produce cracks, pretending to be the natural cracks of the old ivory.
4. Smoked in smoke to make the color of new ivory similar to that of old ivory. After smoking, some volatile tar-like substances are evenly attached to the surface of new ivory. However, if this method is used for counterfeiting, its color can be wiped off with a cloth stained with organic solvents such as gasoline or alcohol, and the new ivory will still retain its original natural color after being erased by the false color. Sometimes, pseudo color can be washed off with warm water and soap. Dyeing with dyes was popular in the Republic of China to achieve the purpose of aging. The overall color of dyed ivory is uniform, however, the color of ivory that naturally ages with age, the most exposed part, appears darker.
Ivory parrot in Qing dynasty
Ivory parrot in Qing dynasty
Therefore, when identifying the color of teeth, we can look at the bottom or inside of teeth to see whether the change degree of color aging is consistent with the surface. Generally, it is impossible to make the color of the surface of the artificially dyed ivory different from that of the deep inside, but the natural old ivory is different in this respect, which provides a sign for us to distinguish whether the ivory is naturally yellowed or artificially made.
Ivory is a very precious dental material, which can be made into various exquisite handicrafts. Ivory is white, delicate, moist and smooth. Since ancient times, it has been regarded as a rare treasure by emperors, generals and dignitaries. Owning ivory products is a symbol of status and status. Because of the preciousness of ivory, people's killing of elephants has led to the near extinction of elephants, so the international sale of ivory should be banned. Ivory is a precious treasure in the market, so few people see real ivory products. Because there are many ivory products handed down from ancient times, there are still some ivory products on the market now. Ivory products are very expensive and rare, so they are sought after by many collectors. In the process of purchasing, how to identify the true and false ivory has become a concern of many collectors.