Question 2: How to identify natural rubies The identification of rubies can be divided into two steps. The first step is to distinguish rubies from other rubies. The second step is to distinguish natural rubies from artificial rubies.
The main difference between ruby and other rubies is to test its refractive index and light convenience. Hardness test is suitable for raw stone.
One way is to measure its refractive index. The refractive index of garnet is similar to that of ruby, and the refractive index is between 1.74- 1.75, which is lower than that of ruby. Sometimes Fe-Al DD Mg-Al garnet may be mixed with rubies made in Thailand, but the colors are very different.
Secondly, except for artificial ruby and red tourmaline, other red varieties have no dichroism. The dichroism of red tourmaline is similar to that of ruby, but under Chelsea filter, red tourmaline does not show red fluorescence (note that the redness of a few red tourmalines is caused by chromium, and fluorescence reaction can be seen under the filter. But can be distinguished from hardness).
As long as you look carefully, it is not difficult to distinguish the second floor stone. That is, remove the jewelry from the holder, put it in a bottle filled with water, and observe it carefully from the waist of the gem. Because the two layers of stones are composed of two red varieties, the colors are very different, which is easy to see in the water. In addition, observing the waist with a magnifying glass of 10 times, you can see the bonding lines and bubbles at the bonding place. Another reliable method is to measure the refractive index of the upper and lower layers, and the difference is two layers of stones.
After distinguishing rubies from other rubies, the second step can be carried out, that is, distinguishing natural rubies from artificial rubies.
The method is to observe carefully with a magnifying glass first and find doubts. Then use various means, various equipment and instruments to check. Then, in fact, natural products and artificial products can be roughly judged by experience according to the feeling at first sight.
If the artificial products are very pure and have good transparency, they will have a fleeting rosy hue, and natural products are not easy to appear.
In addition, if there are individual independent black carbon spots and patches on the surface or shallow part of ruby raw materials or finished products, they are all artificial rubies.
Furthermore, some natural rubies with white spots and uneven colors are genuine.
Finally, the six star lines of the artificial starlight Hongbao antiquities are conspicuous. The star lines extend to the lower part of the gem, and natural white fog can be seen on the surface.
However, even if you have seen the authenticity, before you actually buy it, if possible, you must carefully check it with several instruments. Because people's judgment ability is often influenced by many natural and human factors.
The method of identifying ruby by food has been reported in foreign works, and the method is similar. She made several tests on high-value rubies. But the most important thing is to correctly judge the observed phenomenon, otherwise there will be mistakes.
Natural ruby is a trigonal crystal system, and its growth lines are all straight lines, which are parallel to the crystal plane and intersect with the straight line, and the intersection angle is 120 degrees. Artificial products grow in an inverted pear shape. Therefore, it is a dense curved pattern, much like the groove pattern on a record.
If the growth line cannot be observed with a magnifying glass, pure diiodomethane can be used as the immersion liquid (the refractive index is similar to that of ruby). Put a developing photographic paper on the bottom of the bottle containing diiodomethane solution, put the ruby face down on the photographic paper, and use appropriate lighting. If developed correctly, even transparent and colorless corundum will show long lines (which should be carried out in a dark room), which is one of the very reliable identification methods.
Ruby is rarely complete, and usually contains small crystals of other minerals and fine needle-like red rutile reflective fiber bundles. Some small gaps containing liquid and small tubes with irregular fragments can be observed. With a magnifying glass or microscope, it is the real thing that can see these contents. But be careful not to mix it with the dark crystal impurities of artificial ruby and the spherical or slender bubble characteristics common in artificial products. Such bubbles are rare and sometimes appear in groups. If you look at it with light, you can see that it is milky white and very bright. Although it is difficult to distinguish it from natural products, it is easy to distinguish it with more experience through long-term observation.
Natural rubies often contain a large number of trace elements that cannot be prepared artificially, which inhibits the penetration of short-wave ultraviolet rays into natural rubies. Artificial rubies with pure short-wave ultraviolet rays are easy to penetrate. Using this principle, we can put a developing photo paper in a flat water bottle, put a ruby under the photo paper, put a short-wave ultraviolet lamp 20 cm above the photographed ruby, and expose it in a dark room for a few seconds. As long as the exposure is accurate, the natural ruby is white on the developing paper, indicating that the ultraviolet ray is * * * transparent. Cultural relics are dark, with only a white circle on the edge, indicating that ultraviolet rays can penetrate.
In cutting ... >>
Question 3: Simple identification method of ruby. Identification method of ruby 1. Mirror image method is suitable for faceted gemstones. The optical characteristics of ruby determine that it is the only red gem with a ring-shaped center and double rainbows partially overlapping. Seeing this image, they can definitely be rubies. 2. Hardness ruby is the only ruby with a hardness of 9, and cubic zirconia has a hardness of 8.5. This is a synthetic product. As long as cubic zirconia is scratched by the edge of the ruby to be tested, the rower is a ruby, but the rower is not a ruby. This method is suitable for the identification of gemstone raw materials and various cut rubies. But it's a destructive appraisal. Be careful of faceted gems. Never scratch the ruby desktop with the sharp edge of cubic zirconia. Otherwise, the ruby will be scratched. 3. Fluorescence photometry Among many rubies, only rubies and red spinels show red-dark red fluorescence under long-wave ultraviolet irradiation. Accordingly, the unknown ruby can be tested by fluorescence method first. A ruby that doesn't shine is definitely not a ruby, but it may be a ruby or a spinel that shines. Ruby is not isotropic, spinel is isotropic. In general, only a simple polarizer is used for detection. The former rotates 360 degrees between crossed polarizer, and four extinction and four brightness appear. The latter is completely dull. The difference between ruby and similar ruby is ring birefringence, B dispersion, D B-D hardness, fluorescent multicolor ruby 1.77, 0.008 0.0 1 81.8-1.09 red-dark red anisotropic strong red-yellow spinel1. 0.020 2.0 8 red-dark red isotropic iron-free garnet 1.78 medium single rainbow 0.024 2.4 7.5 isotropic magnesium-free garnet 1.75 medium single rainbow 0.027 2.7 7.2 isotropic zircon 1.95 large 0.059 5.05. 8 3.8 2. 1 7.5 is nothing more than isotropic weak reddish-brown tourmaline 1.63 small 0.01.80.0171.7 is nothing more than isotropic strong crimson- 1410.4-0.58 is not isotropic weak light red yellow cubic zirconia 2. 15 large single rainbow 0.060 6.0 8.5 non-isotropic glass10.47 small single rainbow 0.020 2.0 5.5 non-isotropic body B= birefringence */. 100 B-D0 indicates that the two rainbows do not overlap, and the greater the difference, the greater the interval between the two rainbows. The difference between natural ruby and synthetic ruby is 1. There are many methods to synthesize ruby by inclusion method, mainly including flame melting method, flux method and hydrothermal method. Ruby synthesized by different methods has different inclusions, which need to be distinguished in professional laboratories. Use identification only needs to identify whether it is natural or synthetic. There is no need to find a synthetic method. Synthetic ruby is characterized by bright color and relatively uniform color, and it is difficult to find the inclusions with naked eyes. However, most natural rubies on the market have more or less obvious so-called cotton veins, that is, the combination of inclusions and internal cracks distributed in a certain direction (controlled by the internal structure of the crystal). Sometimes you can see the contents of spun silk. 2. Fluorescence method For natural rubies that are difficult to find obvious inclusions, they can be distinguished from synthetic rubies by long-wave ultraviolet lamps (ordinary portable money detectors). The experiment shows that both natural ruby and synthetic ruby emit red light under long-wave ultraviolet lamp, but synthetic ruby is brighter and brighter.
Question 4: How to identify ruby and three methods to identify ruby; First, artificial glass or other substances are filled in the cracks of ruby. This kind of treatment, there is no professional appraiser, and it is difficult to identify only by appearance. Second, the upper end of the sandwich ruby is a transparent layer of natural corundum, and the pavilion at the bottom is a synthetic gem. From the above, you can see the natural inclusions, which makes people mistakenly think that it is a natural ruby. 3. In addition, there is a method of flame firing. Colorless corundum is put into chemical raw materials containing color-developing elements, and then the color-developing elements are heated at high temperature to make them penetrate into the surface of the gem, so that the colorless corundum becomes ruby. But the color only reaches the surface of the stone, so the stone can't be cut or polished again, otherwise it will lose its treated color. Ruby is one of the precious varieties in jewelry. True ruby has bright color, which can reflect beautiful and moving six-line starlight under the illumination of light source, commonly known as six-line, which is caused by the special crystal structure of ruby and its unique optical phenomenon. Ruby is transparent, translucent and opaque, and its colors are water red, pink, pigeon blood red and rose red. There are two kinds of fake rubies: the first is to pass the low-grade rubies off as rubies, and all fake rubies do not have the unique color of rubies. The second is artificial ruby. Artificial ruby is very similar to natural ruby in terms of specific gravity, hardness and color. Intuitively, artificial rubies have uniform texture, no natural impurities, even and positive color, often large particles and lack naturalness. Therefore, rubies with larger particles that are usually seen are generally fake.
Question 5: Identification of ruby: It is a Sri Lankan ruby.
The white reflection of the thin lightning stripe makes the gem rotate and the shape of the stripe changes accordingly, which is the unique inclusion feature of ruby growth line and ruby.
Identification method of ruby list: Ruby is a kind of non-isotropic solid gem, which is multicolored. Observe the gem carefully, and the color changes from different angles, red, light red or purple. In addition, ruby has the characteristics of fluorescence display, and it shows red fluorescence under the irradiation of ultraviolet lamp (ultraviolet lamp is enough for banknote inspection). In addition, the Mohs hardness of ruby is 9Hm, which is the highest hardness among natural gemstones except diamonds, and can be used to carve crystals.
For reference only.
Question 6: How to identify the authenticity of a ruby The following is a super simple identification method:
1. Put the gem in the water. Natural gemstones are "∧" or "-"or concentric hexagons, while artificial rubies are cylindrical or concentric circles.
2. Natural ruby has a strong "dichroism", that is, from different directions, it has two colors: red and orange. Moreover, synthetic faceted rubies show dichroism in the table direction of gemstones, while natural faceted rubies only show dichroism when viewed in the waist direction.
3. Under the illumination of light source, it can reflect beautiful and moving six-ray starlight, commonly known as six lines, which is caused by the special crystal structure of ruby and its unique optical phenomenon.
There are some common sense of jewelry, maybe you will use it:
Carat: [1ct is equivalent to 200mg] is an important unit of measurement for jewelry. The higher the number of carats, the more expensive the price.
Cutting: The shape of a diamond after cutting and polishing is also important. Because the beauty and brilliance of a diamond can only be displayed by good and ideal cutting, the cutting technology is also an important factor to determine the value of a gem.
Color: Excellent gemstones are clear and transparent.
Transparency: Perfect gems are extremely rare, but of course, the fewer flaws, the better. The more flaws, the lower the relative transparency. In addition, defects are also distinguished by location, size, quantity and whether they are obvious or not.
Question 7: Identification of False Ruby The difference between natural ruby and synthetic ruby.
There are many ways to synthesize ruby by 1. Inclusion method, mainly including flame melting method, flux method and hydrothermal method. Ruby synthesized by different methods has different inclusions, which need to be distinguished in professional laboratories. We only need to identify whether it is natural or synthetic, and we don't need to find a synthetic method. Synthetic rubies are also characterized by bright colors and uniformity. It is difficult to find inclusions with naked eyes. But most natural rubies in the market have more or less obvious so-called cotton veins, that is, the combination of inclusions and internal cracks distributed in a certain direction (controlled by the internal structure of the crystal), and sometimes spun silk inclusions can be seen.
2. Fluorescence method For natural rubies that are difficult to find obvious inclusions, they can be distinguished from synthetic rubies by long-wave ultraviolet lamps (ordinary portable money detectors). The experiment shows that both natural ruby and synthetic ruby emit red fluorescence under long-wave ultraviolet lamp, but synthetic ruby is brighter and brighter.
Natural gemstones have "ten Hong Jiu cracks", and natural rubies without any flaws and cracks are extremely rare. Artificial rubies have the same color, few internal defects or crystal inclusions, and are clean and large. As a precious gem, natural rubies over 3 carats are very rare in the market. If you encounter a big ruby, you should pay attention, because the value of natural ruby is thousands of times higher than that of artificial ruby. A little carelessness will "take medicine."
Natural ruby has a strong "dichroism". The so-called dichroism means that there are two colors of red and orange red from different directions. If there is only one color, it may be red spinel, garnet or red glass.
Red spinel and natural ruby are very similar, and they are most easily confused, so be very careful.
Ruby is one of the precious varieties in jewelry. Ruby is bright in color, and under the illumination of light source, it can reflect beautiful and moving six-ray starlight, commonly known as six lines, which is caused by the special crystal structure of ruby and its unique optical phenomenon. Ruby is transparent, translucent and opaque, and its colors are water red, pink, pigeon blood red and rose red. Natural ruby crystal is hexagonal or hexagonal bipyramid, so its color is generally cobweb concentric hexagon. "∧" or "-"shape may also appear after cutting. Put the gem into clear water, and its above color and shape will be clearly displayed. Ruby has a specific gravity of 3.99~4.02 and a hardness of 9. Ruby with large particles, pure texture, no cotton and no frills is very precious and rare. In this respect, rubies with large particles are usually fake. There are two kinds of fake rubies: the first is to pass off low-grade rubies as rubies, such as big rubies, ruby, garnet and so on. The way to distinguish between true and false rubies is to observe their colors. The red color of ruby is brilliant red, bright and dazzling, the red color of big ruby is deep red, the red color of ruby is pink, and the red color of garnet is purplish red. Moreover, all fake rubies do not have the unique color, shape and luster of rubies. The second is to be a ruby. Artificial ruby is very similar to natural ruby in terms of specific gravity, hardness and color. The method of identification is to put gems into water. The color of natural gems is "∧" or "-"or concentric hexagon, while the color of artificial rubies is cylinder or concentric circle. Intuitively, artificial rubies have uniform texture, no natural impurities, even and positive color, often large particles and lack naturalness.
The synthesized ruby is uniform in color, with few internal defects, clean and large, with occasional arc growth lines; There are few inclusions in synthetic rubies, and occasionally a single round, teardrop-shaped bubble can be seen. The fluorescence of synthetic ruby is stronger than that of natural ruby, and it is transparent red under ultraviolet lamp. Natural ruby and synthetic ruby are processed in different directions in gemstone raw materials, so the display direction of dichroism is also different. Synthetic faceted rubies show dichroism in the table direction of gemstones, while natural faceted rubies only show dichroism when observed in the waist direction.
The difference between ruby and red glass. Red glass is uniform in color, non-dichromatic, and contains only circular bubbles. In the fake glass gem, the linear flow structure of concentrated sugar when it is dissolved in water can be seen. Fakes of glass gems are all products made of molten glass, and there are traces of casting on the surface.
Ruby is one of the precious varieties in jewelry. Ruby is bright in color, and under the illumination of light source, it can reflect beautiful and moving six-ray starlight, commonly known as six lines, which is caused by the special crystal structure of ruby and its unique optical phenomenon. Ruby can be divided into transparent, translucent and opaque, and its colors are pink, pigeon blood red, rose red, etc ...
Question 8: How to distinguish rubies? ruby
Ruby, a kind of corundum, is mainly composed of alumina (Al2O3), and the red color comes from chromium (Cr). The gem without chromium is naturally sapphire.
Most natural rubies come from Asia (Myanmar, Thailand and Sri Lanka), Africa and Australia, and there are some in Montana and South Carolina. Natural rubies are very rare and precious, but artificial rubies are not difficult, so industrial rubies are all artificial.
Character; Role; letter
Color: deep red.
Gloss:
Crystal morphology:
Stripe mark:
Hardness: 9, extremely hard, second only to diamonds.
Specific gravity: 3.97 g/cm3 -4.05 g/cm3.
Fracture:
Question 9: How to tell the quality of a ruby? The visual identification method of gems is as follows:
1) Look at the color
The first thing to pay attention to is to observe the color of the gem. No matter what kind of gem it is, with the different color and tone of the gem, the scope of identification is somewhat narrowed. The special olive green of olivine makes us feel at home. A few gems are bright emeralds, such as emeralds, garnets and some dyed gems. Black gems are only Wugang stone, coal crystal, tourmaline, diopside and biotite. Purple gemstones include amethyst, purple sapphire, spinel and cubic zirconia. When distinguishing jadeite, Malaysian jade and chrysotile, if carefully observed, we can find that jadeite is unevenly distributed in green, its fracture is dim and serrated, Malaysian jade is filiform in color, its fracture is glassy and sandy, and chrysotile is ivory and evenly distributed. Dyed jadeite is unnatural in color and concentrated in cracks, while true jadeite is natural in color and distribution. The naked eye identification of ruby and spinel shows that ruby is somewhat multicolored, and sometimes hexagonal ribbons can be seen when placed in water, while red spinel is absolutely uniform in color.
2) Look at transparency
Transparency can be used to understand the quality of gems. Generally speaking, the transparency of the same gem is more precious. Transparency can also be used to distinguish gems with similar colors but different kinds. For example, spinel and cinnabar root are similar in color, but spinel is transparent, and some cinnabar roots are opaque or translucent. So are topaz and sapphire. Topaz is a transparent crystal, and sapphire is divided into transparent, translucent and opaque.
3) Look at the gloss
The luster of gemstones is an important basis for naked eye identification, and a satisfactory refractive range can be roughly judged. Gloss is determined by refractive index and smoothness of polished surface. Waxy and shiny jade has poor polishing surface, and silky luster indicates that there are many needle-like inclusions in the gem. Amber may have a resin luster, and the curved surface is rich in color, translucent and cloud-like. The sky blue and milky luster is the ice Lunatone. Sodium moonstone with pearl luster and elongated moonstone with yellow-brown and blue luster. It is the sunshine stone that glows golden in the sun. Diamonds have a typical diamond luster.
4) Hardness test
Some gems with similar appearance can be identified by testing their hardness. Such as diamond, zircon, crystal, etc. Although the appearance is similar, the hardness is different. Diamonds can scratch zircon and crystals, but crystals can't scratch zircon.
Another example is ruby, spinel, tourmaline, purple tooth black and so on. They are all red gems. Knowing their hardness differences, we can compare and distinguish them by carving.
The following points should be paid attention to when distinguishing gems by hardness:
This method has two limitations. First, some gems with similar colors have similar hardness, such as zircon and purple tooth black; Secondly, there is nothing we can do about artificial gem, because artificial gem is very similar to natural gemstones in physical properties.
Don't push too hard when testing, especially don't knock and grade, but drag and grade slowly.
Don't test from only one direction, but from different directions, because the hardness of gemstones in different directions is different. For example, kyanite has a hardness of 4.5 degrees in terms of crystal elongation, which can be carved with a knife, but the hardness in the direction perpendicular to it is as high as 6 degrees or more.
Gems, especially gems, can't be carved casually. A safer and more reliable method is to use ground mineral polishing sheets to test. For example, to distinguish the authenticity of a warping stone, it can be used to carve an artificial spinel polishing sheet (hardness 8). If it can mark synthetic spinel, its hardness must be above 8 degrees, which may be ruby.
5) Charge ratio
It is a secret skill for an experienced appraiser to weigh a gem by hand and estimate its proportion. It takes more practice to master them. For example, the ratio of diamond to colorless artificial cubic zirconia is similar to that of diamond with naked eyes, and the ratio of cubic zirconia is 5.8. The ring surface of the same size is weighed by hand, and the lighter one is diamond. Or look at the diameter of the inverted gem, and you can roughly estimate the specific gravity and weight of the gem by hand.
6) observation of inclusions
It is the most reliable method to distinguish natural and artificial products by observing the characteristics of inclusions in transparent gems with a magnifying glass of 10 times. The inclusions in natural gemstones can be solid, liquid and gas, and most of the solids are in crystal form. There are many bubbles in artificial gem, and the swirling solid inclusions are inclusions of synthetic gems.
7) Look at the dispersion
In transparent turning stones, dispersion intensity can provide important clues for identification. Only diamonds, artificial cubic zirconia, zircon, rutile, garnet and cassiterite can be seen with the naked eye.
......& gt& gt
Question 10: How to identify rubies? How to identify rubies with naked eyes? Ruby identification certificate mainly depends on the main stone weight, color description, refractive index, density, cutting, magnification inspection and so on. If it is not bare stone, it depends on the materials and materials of inlaid ornaments, while the value orientation of ruby mainly depends on color, purity (whether there are flaws), weight, origin and technology. I hope the answer can help you.