Jiuzhaigou-Huanglongsi tourist area is vast, bordering Gansu and Qinghai provinces in the north, Ganzi Prefecture in the west and Longmen Mountain in the southeast. The natural landscape consists of three blocks: the northern foot of Longmen Mountain, Qionglai Mountain of Minshan Mountain and the hilly plateau of Aba Zoige. There are four famous mountains: Siguniang Mountain, Xuebaoding Mountain, Jiuding Mountain and Zoige Prairie. The terrain is cut by the water systems of the Dadu River, the upper reaches of the Minjiang River and the tributaries of the Yellow River, Baihe River and Heihe River. Siguniang Mountain, the highest peak, is 6250 meters above sea level, the lowest Minjiang River bed is about 1000 meters above sea level (Yingxiu and Wenchuan), and Zoige Plateau is 3400-4000 meters above sea level. Influenced by plateau topography and atmospheric circulation, the climatic conditions are more complicated. The whole region is dominated by the temperate and cold temperate monsoon climate in plateau mountains, and the climate in the valley area is mild and humid; In most areas, the four seasons are unknown, Leng Xia is cool in winter, with poor water and heat conditions, abundant sunshine, little rain and windy; However, the alternation of dry and wet seasons is significant, the vertical change of climate is greater than the horizontal change, the spring and autumn are long, and there is no heat in summer. From the eastern alpine canyon area to the alpine plateau, the terrain fluctuates greatly, and the vertical climate changes obviously. From the bottom of the canyon to the alpine area, complex and diverse bioclimatic zones such as warm temperate zone, sub-frigid zone and permanent ice and snow zone are formed, forming beautiful natural ecological beauty. It has complex geological structure, rich mineral resources, dense forests, open grasslands, diverse animals and plants, frequent rivers and abundant hydropower resources.
social environment
Jiuzhaigou-Huanglongsi tourist area is vast and sparsely populated. Tibetan, Han, Qiang, Hui and other ethnic groups live in the southeast alpine valley area, while the northwest plateau area is mainly inhabited by Tibetan herders. In recent years, great progress has been made in economic construction, science, education, culture, health and sports. Traffic and transportation conditions have gradually improved. The rise of tourism has effectively promoted the development and utilization of forest, animal husbandry, medicine, fruits and minerals, hydropower and other resources. With the development of electric power industry, the development and construction of wood, dairy, leather, pharmacy, building materials and other processing industries have been promoted. At present, the material and cultural living standards of people of all ethnic groups have improved significantly, and tourism resources are being further developed to develop the tertiary industry.
Folklore and religion
Today, Jiuzhaigou people have maintained rich and simple Tibetan traditions in food, clothing, housing, transportation, weddings, funerals, and modes of production: exquisite costumes, fierce waist knives, mellow highland barley wine, butter tea, white hada, cheerful tap dancing, and steady two cows, full of passion for life; Manidui, towering Lama pagoda and endless prayer wheel can be seen everywhere, all of which are religious piety.
Jiuzhaigou Tibetans believe in Bonism, which is called "Bonism" or "Stupid Religion" in Tibetan, commonly known as "Black Religion". It was a primitive religion prevailing in ancient Tibet, and later it became a sect similar to Tibetan Buddhism under the influence of Tibetan Buddhism-Lamaism.
Religious activities: In addition to the Tibetan calendar festival on the first day of the first lunar month, there is also the Zhuanshan Festival in religion: the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, and the most lively is the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. All Tibetan men, women and children in Jiuzhaigou villages, the whole Baihe District and Songpan County put on holiday costumes, brought wine and food, walked counterclockwise around Zhayi Zhaga Mountain, the ancestor of Wanshan Mountain, and got on their horses. Chanting while turning the mountain. People also propose a toast to each other, and take a pious three-step knock on the head. It takes one day to go around the foot of the mountain and three days to get to the top. There are Shenshui Waterfalls in the mid-levels and at the foot of the mountain. You can wash your hands, face or take a bath. Some monks are invited to sprinkle water on their heads, thinking that it can wash away filth and bring good luck.
Zharu Temple under Baoyu Rock is an important place for Buddhist activities, with flying pavilions and flowing Dan, and morning bells and drums. It is a Tibetan Bonism temple built in the late Ming Dynasty, and the annual "King Yvonne" and "Temple Fair" are sacred and grand.
The fifth day of the first month is the "Liang Minyi Feng Wang" temple fair in Zharu Temple. In order to commemorate the death of a famous Bonny Lama, on this day, all local Tibetans, except the Lama of the whole temple, should put on clean clothes and pay homage to the temple to show their sincerity to religion and inner holiness. Every May, Mazi Festival is a religious festival in Zharu Temple. Three days before the meeting, the lamas and monks of the whole temple will gather in the temple to fast and recite scriptures and rehearse the program. On May 1 day, Tibetan people in Songpan, Zoige, Baozuo, Dalu, Tazang, Longkang and other places around Jiuzhaigou dressed up and gathered in temples to participate in celebrations, present Hada and watch Tibetan opera performances. Then scattered in groups of three or five in the emerald river, pine forest, sitting on the floor, simple toast, * * * Syria friendship. Young men and women, on the other hand, went deep into the jungle and made a lifelong love vow.
Beside Zharu Temple and Village Road, all kinds of prayer flags are like a colorful dragon, which is rolled up with the wind and spectacular. These prayer flags are printed with red, white and yellow scriptures, which are hung vertically on the flagpole. According to records, as far back as the heyday of the Tubo dynasty, it continued to fight for years. After each expedition, in order to reward heroes, warriors and inspire fighting spirit, the rulers will give Hada gold and silver jewelry, beautiful women's food, cattle and sheep silk as symbols of glory. Soldiers often hang Hada around the counting house to show their respect. Later, in order to realize the supremacy of Buddhism in Tibetan areas, believers borrowed Tibetan compatriots as a long-accepted way to promote religion. It is claimed that as long as the scriptures are printed on cloth and silk, hung high outside the house, instructed by the sun and the moon, and recited on behalf of others, the purpose of practice can be achieved. This method has enabled Tibetan compatriots to find spiritual sustenance and brought them some comfort. They hope to get warm sunshine, warm spring breeze, wet rain and dew, fat cattle and sheep ... Therefore, the custom of Tibetan people hanging prayer flags in temples and houses has been passed down for a long time.
In Jiuzhaigou, people often see another kind of instrument-after turning it around: Tibetans themselves make a cylinder out of wood, as small as a tea urn, with beads hanging on it. The cylinder has a hollow shaft, which can be turned by hand. There are also large prayer circles, ranging from tens of centimeters in diameter to more than one meter in height. It is a cylinder, located in a special prayer room or under the eaves on both sides of the entrance of a big temple. Believers can dial it with their hands as a prayer. Another is to build a water mill-type warp room, which uses a water truck to drive the warp wheel, which is powered by water all the year round and keeps turning.
folk art
Jiuzhaigou County is adjacent to Sichuan, Gansu, Qinghai and other provinces. Due to the special geographical location, Nanping folk songs have long formed distinctive features, with minor as the main symbol. The content of minor is divided into: historical tradition, love, work life and so on. The more famous tracks are: Picking Flowers, Widow, Luoyang Bridge, Tibetan Wine Tune, Othello and so on.
From the form of singing, it can be divided into pure singing and rap. More pure singing and less rap. The melody structure and text structure of minor are relatively complete and stable, with high artistry and beautiful melody. It takes the pipa made by Nanping as the main accompaniment instrument, sometimes accompanied by knocking on the disc and ringing the bell. The playing method of pipa is different from that of China national musical instrument, and the grip and tapping method of the mouth are also different from the general ones. When singing, there are men and women, mostly men. Male voices often use high notes, which are eight degrees higher than the actual notation, and high notes often use falsetto. Minor is popular in areas inhabited by Han people and areas inhabited by Han and Tibetan people, and is widely played and sung by local men, women and children. On holidays, work and leisure, and wedding celebrations, villagers get together and sing until late at night. Nanping is known as the hometown of folk songs and pipa.
Nanping folk dance is mainly represented by Baima Tibetan dance. Baima Tibetans can sing and dance well, and dance can be divided into two categories: sacrifice and self-entertainment. Sacrificial dance, represented by Yi dance, is a dance of offering sacrifices to gods, praying for blessings and exorcising evil spirits. When jumping, several people put on various animal masks, and the dance simulates the dynamics of animals, which is rough, vigorous, dexterous and lively. Self-entertainment dance mainly focuses on celebration and praise. When dancing, men, women and children dance around the fire in a circle.
Tibetan clothes
Traditional Tibetan men and women wear Tibetan robes with big collars and long sleeves, no buttons, long instep and long belt. Winter clothes are sheepskin robe, felt robe, shuttlecock and shuttlecock. Summer clothes are mainly made of cloth, homespun and linen. Cloth is divided into single clips, and the lining of the clip is usually white cloth. Linen: It is called "Shangre" in Tibetan and is made of kenaf. Grayish white is the main costume of Tibetans in spring, summer and autumn. Hats: There are top hats, felt hats, straw hats and fox fur hats. Always wear a hat when going out or partying. There are two kinds of felt hats. Umbrella felt hats can be worn by men and women in spring, summer and autumn, and can also shelter from the rain.
Traditional Tibetan men generally shave their heads. Women have a single braid before 15 years old. At the age of 25, I began to braid my hair. After washing, I put butter on it, braided it into several braids, put it on the back of my head, concentrated it into three strands and hung it on my hips, and then connected it with my hair with three long strips of cloth or cross legs. The middle one is heel-long, and a square or round silver plate (forehead winter), agate, coral and silver beads are hung on the cloth. Both ears are wearing silver earrings with three or five agate beads embedded in them. Tie a pair of agate and coral beads around your neck. A square or round silver box (Garu) is hung on the chest, and red or green agate beads are embedded in the center of the box. Women's headdresses reflect the wealth of the family. The value of first-class headdress 1000 yuan, and medium-sized agate, coral and silver beads also cost 500 yuan to 600 yuan.