It is only a guess that the northern Xiongnu moved westward.

In BC 1 century, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty dealt a heavy blow to Xiongnu, and eventually divided Xiongnu into North and South Xiongnu. In 89-9 1 year, the northern Xiongnu was defeated by the forces of the southern Xiongnu and the Han Dynasty, and the main force of the northern Xiongnu later disappeared. Since then, the Northern Xiongnu has disappeared from China's history books. In 374 AD, a powerful cavalry team named Hungarians suddenly appeared in Eastern Europe. They are brave and invincible. In the following decades, they swept across most of Europe and established a powerful country in the Hungarian Plain. Are they Huns who moved westward from northern China? Recently, some Hungarians claimed to be "descendants of Xiongnu", and they demanded official recognition of their minority status. So, were their ancestors really Huns in northern China?

Whether there is a relationship between Hungarians and Huns has long been a controversial issue between the two factions.

Yu Taishan, a researcher and doctoral supervisor in the Chinese-foreign Relations Research Office of the Institute of History of China Academy of Social Sciences, told reporters that whether Hungarians and Huns are related by blood is actually a very interesting academic question. Westerners are very interested in this, because the heavy blow of Hungarians contributed to the demise of the Western Roman Empire.

/kloc-In the late 8th century, French scholar De Garni pointed out that Huns were Huns in the history of China according to the historical records of China. Later, the British historian Ji Peng wrote this sentence by De Giovanni into his masterpiece The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. However, they failed to verify the specific process of the Huns' westward migration, so the statement that Hungarians are Huns has aroused many people's opposition. British scholar Burleigh even said that this statement of De Giovanni and Gibbon was "based on fantasy, not on historical facts". Since then, two factions have been formed on this issue and have been arguing for a long time. Until now, some people still insist that Hungarians are Huns, while others think that Hungarians are not Huns, and the origin of Hungarians is unknown.

Was the Xiongnu in western historical materials moved to the west by the northern Xiongnu in northern China?

1937, China scholar Mr. He Zhenya wrote an article about Huns and Hungarians. He thinks Huns have nothing to do with Hungary, so why are there so many misunderstandings now?

Yu Taishan said that after the Huns were defeated by the Han people in the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was said that some Huns moved westward. Some scholars even suggested that the completion of the Great Wall of Qin Shihuang doomed the demise of the Western Roman Empire, because the Huns could not go south, but only went west, which eventually led to the demise of the Roman Empire. In fact, this statement is unfounded. Those who defeated the Western Roman Empire are called Huns in western historical materials. It can be said that this name is Xiongnu, but it is hard to say whether it is actually Xiongnu living in the north of China. Nomads have a very strange phenomenon. Unlike Han people who have their own surnames, they often change their names. The Huns are strong, and everyone is willing to call themselves Huns. At that time, in the north of China, what was Xiongnu was confusing. When the Xiongnu was strong, its territory reached Northeast Asia in the east and the Western Regions in the west, and the whole northern China was its sphere of influence. Under their rule, there are many different ethnic groups, including white people, yellow people and many robbed Han people. It can be said to be a hodgepodge of different languages and customs of a nation. At that time, everyone was called Xiongnu, and there were not many real Xiongnu. After the demise of the Huns, these nomadic people were no longer called Huns.

Yu Taishan said that there was indeed an oriental nomadic people who moved westward to Europe in history, but from the demise of the Xiongnu in the East to the prosperity of the Hungarians in the West. The time difference is hundreds of years. Although Hungarians borrowed the name of Xiongnu (they may call themselves Xiongnu or be called Xiongnu by others), there is no sufficient evidence whether they are Xiongnu or not. Now, some people try to prove the existence of the event that the northern Xiongnu moved westward, saying that they went there first and then, but it does not exist in the literature. Some historians have also demonstrated this point, but it is not reliable. Xiongnu in Europe is a genuine yellow race, while Xiongnu in northern China may be white.

Yu Taishan said that "Xiongnu" is actually a general term for westerners. Anyone who goes to the East is called Xiongnu. According to his textual research, the Xiongnu who moved west to Europe should be Xianbei people, but it does not rule out that some Xiongnu were mixed in. These Xianbei people call themselves Huns, or they are called Huns by Europeans. Of course, saying that these people are Xianbei people is just speculation. There is no conclusive evidence yet, but it is more likely than saying that they are Huns.

Yu Taishan believes that the so-called Huns who moved to Europe are genuine yellow people, and this view is no problem. Because according to Byzantine scholars' records about the Huns in Europe, Huns have short noses, small eyes and no beards, and the Huns who were active in northern China in ancient times were not yellow (this view is different from that of most scholars at present). As can be seen from the records of China documents, when referring to Huns, these documents all say that they are tall and handsome, which is totally different from Han people. At present, there is still a stone statue of "Horse Treading Xiongnu" in Han Dynasty in front of Huoqu's tomb in Shaanxi. The Xiongnu in the stone statue has a beard, while the typical Mongolian race has no beard.

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Report | 2013-11-0615: 01enthusiastic users

Xiongnu once dominated Europe:

In the middle of A.D. 1 century, Xiongnu, who was active in the Mongolian Plateau, was repeatedly defeated by the Eastern Han Dynasty in China and squeezed by the emerging Xianbei people in the Mongolian Plateau, and had to move westward. After 300 years, history books rarely mention the whereabouts of Xiongnu. In the 4th century A.D., this mysterious nation appeared in Europe and roamed the Don grassland on the northern shore of the Caspian Sea.

In 375 AD, the Huns began to expand on a large scale. They attacked the Danube to the west and destroyed the countries established by Alan and ostrogoths, conquered Armenia to the south and reached Persia and Syria. Where they pass, they often leave ruins and bones. After the Huns invaded the Hungarian grassland, they settled down temporarily. In 433 AD, Xiongnu Khan became the head of ministries in Attila and established a strong centralization. From the Volga River in the east, the Rhine River in the west and the Danube River in the south, a huge empire appeared. During Attila's 20-year reign, Buda, the capital of Xiongnu, became the political center of Europe, where envoys from various countries gathered to pay tribute and express their obedience. The Xiongnu Empire entered its heyday.

Xiongnu nemesis and Attila are brothers.

In the 5th century, the Roman Empire was in turmoil. In the conflict with the barbarian regime, it became more and more powerless and had to acquiesce in their independent status. Just then, a great figure in the history of the Roman Empire appeared. His name is Achilles. Achilles was born in a noble family in Gaul, and his father Gordon Jones made many meritorious military service in the western Roman army, and finally became the cavalry commander of the western Roman Empire, and was made an earl. Achilles spent his adolescence among Goths and Huns. As a hostage, Achilles met many Xiongnu nobles. With the support of Huns, Achilles quickly emerged in Roman politics and became the governor of Gaul in the western Roman Empire. In Gaul, he fought against barbarians such as Visigoths, Franks, Alan, etc., and won many battles and became famous.

Arches and Attila are very close friends. Achilles once found Attila a knowledgeable private secretary to help Attila manage diplomacy; He also sent his son to Attila to learn riding and shooting. Arch hopes to live in peace with Xiongnu Empire. He knew that it was hard for the West Rome to deal with the Germanic barbarians in China, and it was absolutely impossible to make bad relations with the Huns. The hostage experience in his youth gave Achilles a deep understanding of the Huns. He is familiar with the tactics of the Huns and knows exactly what their weaknesses are. Achilles' efforts won peace for the Western Roman Empire for more than 20 years. During this period, Attila attacked the Eastern Roman Empire many times, but she always lived in peace with the Western Roman Empire. However, the dispute of interests made the two friends finally draw swords against each other, and Achilles' rich experience made him a veritable Xiongnu nemesis.

Want women and land in western Rome

The ambitious Attila had long coveted the prosperity of Gaul and Italy. In 449 AD, the sister of Honoria, the emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was found to be having an affair with the guards. Emperor Valentinian sent her to a monastery and put her under house arrest. Romantic Honoria secretly wrote to Attila for help and made a promise to each other. Attila immediately asked the western Roman emperor for Honoria and asked the western Roman empire to take half of the land as a dowry. Such an excessive and humiliating request was rejected by the western Roman emperor. So Attila used this as an excuse to launch a war against Western Rome.

In 450 AD, Attila assembled the Xiongnu army and 500,000 servants of the conquered people and launched an attack on Gaul in western Rome. With the fall of Gaul, Attila's soldiers pointed to the famous city of Orleans. Attila's army's ravages of northern Gaul shocked all barbarians in the western Roman Empire, and everyone realized that they could not fight the Huns alone. Arches seized the opportunity of uniting the enemy and ran around, and finally United with barbarians to establish a United front against Xiongnu. Gauls, Germanic barbarians all over Spain, and even the Celtic tribes in Britain sent troops to support them. Theo Doric, the visigoth king who fought Archie for 20 years, led the troops to help him personally. When Attila stationed troops at the gates of Orleans, the western Roman Coalition forces in Achilles became stronger and stronger, gathering more than 500,000 people and officially launching a war against the Huns. The two former friends finally met on the battlefield.

1.6 million people died, and Attila miraculously survived.

Attila learned that the western Roman Coalition was approaching Orleans and immediately withdrew to the north. At the same time, Attila ordered the Xiongnu troops who plundered all parts of Gaul to gather in the Champagne Plain. Achilles led a great army followed, and the two armies met near Sharon on the Marne and started a decisive battle. As for the western Roman Coalition, Achilles led the western Roman legion to form the left wing, the Visigoth army was on the right wing, and the Arameans and other barbarians were in the middle. Achilles' deployment was quite risky, because he put the weakest part of the western Roman Coalition in the middle, which made it very easy for the Xiongnu army to break through the center and cut off the western Roman front. On the other hand, the Xiongnu army that broke through the center was also in danger of being attacked by the western Roman Coalition forces. In the face of his old friend Attila, Achilles took a risk. Attila was tit for tat, leading the Huns to ride in the middle, leaving ostrogoths on the left and other barbarian troops on the right.

On September 20, 45 1 year, the two armies fought a decisive battle in Sharon. In this campaign, both sides invested more than 6.5438+0 million troops. Xiongnu allied forces attacked first. Under the cover of arrows and rain, the Xiongnu elite rode like lightning and rushed to the center of the western Roman Coalition forces. The central front composed of barbarians could not resist, and was deeply inserted by tarquin in a wedge shape. At this point, tarquin began to turn left and outflanked the Visigoth army. Attila is a keen observer of the war situation. He knew that the western Roman legion could not resist the most violent attack of the Huns. But the Visigoths are stronger than Ma Zhuang and a powerful enemy. If we can destroy them, we will win. He organized the two wings of the Xiongnu Coalition forces to press up together, and the battle has turned into a melee, and the situation of the Western Roman Coalition forces is critical. Although the fighting lasted only five hours, there were bodies everywhere and rivers of blood, and 6,543.8+0.6 million people were killed.

The powerful Visigoths saved the Western Roman Union. Theo Doric, the Visigoth king who was over sixty, personally led the armored cavalry to fight back. As a result, the arrow fell and he was trampled to death by the visigoth soldiers who followed closely. The Visigoths who lost their leader only had a moment of panic, and quickly restored order under the command of Prince torres Monte. The fierce counterattack of the Visigoth cavalry drove the Huns back, and tarquin, who had nowhere to go, ran head-on into the shield line of the left-wing Western Roman Legion and fell under the javelin. At this time, ostrogoths, the left wing of Xiongnu, could not resist the impact of Visigoth warriors and took the lead in fleeing, thus ending the battle of Shalong.

Attila was forced to lead the remnants of the Huns to retreat to the camp on the banks of the Marne. The caravan of the Huns was connected end to end, and the archers gathered in the middle, forming a fairly solid defense line. Attila built a hill with a wooden saddle and put all his gold, silver, jewels and concubines on it. He sat in the middle, intending to set himself on fire once the western Roman army breached his camp.

The arch let Attila go at the critical moment. This outstanding leader of western Rome has a long-term political vision. He believes that the great threat of the Western Roman Empire is not the Huns, but the Gaul barbarians. The invasion of Xiongnu as a foreign enemy can make barbarians headed by Visigoths frightened and have to continue to cooperate with the Western Roman Empire. If Attila dies, the Xiongnu Empire will surely collapse, and the Gaul barbarians will definitely turn their backs on the Western Roman Empire.

Attila died in her new house.

Attila narrowly escaped the battle of Sharon and only lived for two years. In the past two years, he organized troops to attack the Eastern Roman Empire in an attempt to save the decline of the Xiongnu Empire. In 453 AD, Attila married a Germanic bride, Ildico, who was as drunk as a fiddler at the wedding reception. The next day, when they entered the new house, they found Attila's blood vessel ruptured, she died in a pool of blood, and his bride was shivering at the corner of the bed. At that time, some people thought that Attila died of circulatory diseases, while others suspected that Ildico had murdered Attila. At Attila's funeral, Huns cut off their hair, punctured their cheeks and mourned their monarch with blood. Attila's coffin is divided into three layers: the outermost layer is iron, the second layer is silver, and the innermost layer is gold to symbolize his immortal achievements. The Huns stopped the water in a river, buried Attila's body under the dry river bed, and then opened the gate to release water. All the slaves involved in the construction were put to death, so that future grave robbers had no chance. His grave has not been found so far.

After Attila's death, his sons fought a civil war for Khan's position, and the Xiongnu Empire collapsed. In 454 AD, ostrogoths formed an alliance with the Gypsies and defeated the Huns in Hungary. Since then, the Huns have been forced to retreat to the southern Russian grassland. In 46 1 year, one of Attila's sons tried to rebuild the Xiongnu empire and launched the Eastern Gothic War in the Danube River basin, but failed. In 468, he launched a war against the Eastern Roman Empire. As a result, he died on the battlefield. From then on, the Huns were completely silent until they were forgotten by history.

Now Hungary claims to be descended from Huns, but today's Hungarians are not pure Huns. Xiongnu, an ancient and mysterious nation, disappeared in the long river of history as early as the 6th century.