About the author: Liu, the third member of insurance institute of china Artificial Products Professional Committee, is an assistant researcher of Zhonghengyu Assets Appraisal Co., Ltd.
Since the reform and opening up, China's economy has developed rapidly, and the jewelry industry has also achieved unprecedented development. The output value increased from 1 100 million yuan to1.200 million yuan. With the development of jewelry industry, more and more economic fields at home and abroad involve jewelry trading, and professional jewelry value evaluation opinions are urgently needed to provide reference for its economic behavior decision-making.
First, the development of jewelry appraisal industry and the first jewelry appraisal institution in China
International assets appraisal is mainly divided into six series: including real estate appraisal, machinery and equipment appraisal, enterprise value appraisal, movable property appraisal, intangible assets appraisal and jewelry appraisal. Among them, jewelry appraisal was separated from movable property appraisal in 1980s, and asset appraisal was widely used as the basis of economic behavior decision-making in western developed countries. The asset appraisal industry in China came into being in the late 1980s with the development of economy and the expansion of opening to the outside world, and the jewelry appraisal industry developed in the late 1990s with the demands of various fields.
In order to standardize the development of the industry and make the jewelry appraisal industry better serve all fields, in 2002 1 month, under the guidance and support of the Ministry of Finance, China Assets Appraisal Association, National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center and China Jewelry Industry Association, and with the approval of the Ministry of Finance and the administrative department for industry and commerce, Zhonghengyu Assets Appraisal Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Zhonghengyu), the first professional jewelry appraisal institution in China, was established in Beijing. Since its establishment, Zhonghengyu has successfully completed a number of jewelry appraisal businesses, providing high-quality jewelry appraisal consulting services for all sectors of society. The main business involves company restructuring, appraisal of capital injection jewelry value, appraisal of jewelry with bank mortgage loan, appraisal of jewelry involving judicial departments such as courts, public security and customs, appraisal of jewelry with insurance claims, appraisal of jewelry with state-owned assets disposal, and appraisal of jewelry financing consultation. It can be seen that jewelry appraisal has become an important link between jewelry industry and other industries, and plays an increasingly important role in economic activities of all walks of life.
Second, jewelry evaluation procedures
Many people think that jewelry evaluation is to look at jewelry and give a price. It's simple to say, but in fact, jewelry evaluation is much more complicated. Perfect jewelry evaluation procedures are generally divided into three periods: before, during and after:
The preliminary work is mainly to clarify the basic business matters of the evaluation, which is the first link of the evaluation procedure. The preliminary work includes: understanding the basic situation of the entrusting party and related parties; Understand the basic situation of evaluation purpose and evaluation object; Understand the evaluation benchmark date and the purpose of the evaluation report; On this basis, analyze and evaluate the risks of the project, judge the professional ability, and finally determine whether to undertake the evaluation project.
Mid-term work is the most important link. Including signing a business agreement, preparing an evaluation plan, on-site asset investigation, market research and data collection, evaluation and estimation, and preparing and submitting an evaluation report.
Once the evaluation project is finalized and the business engagement letter is signed, the evaluation institution shall organize relevant professional appraisers, set up an evaluation project team, determine the project leader, prepare the project plan, make reasonable staffing and project schedule arrangement, and further communicate with the entrusting party to clarify the way, time and work of the entrusting party's assistance.
For jewelry evaluation, on-the-spot investigation is both the most basic and one of the most important links. The field investigation is mainly to verify the quantity of jewelry assets, collect basic data, describe and identify them, and accurately name jewelry through identification. If it is suspected that it may be an artificial product, further testing is needed. If the test result is determined to be an artifact, it is necessary to further determine whether the artifact is a synthetic gem, a artificial gem, a divided gem or a reconstructed gem, and finally name it.
After the on-site investigation is completed, the entrusting party is often anxious to know the value conclusion. If the object of appraisal is only one or two pieces of ordinary jewelry, at this time, there may be an interval value in the appraiser's mind, but can we draw a conclusion from this? The answer is no, of course. Whether the evaluation conclusion is reasonable is related to the economic behavior decision of the relevant parties. Before the final evaluation conclusion is reached by the evaluation agency, it is necessary to do sufficient market research, carefully collect and analyze data, and use reasonable evaluation methods to estimate the preliminary value conclusion. Market survey needs to select suitable markets and reference objects purposefully, screen out effective information materials for analysis, and finally determine reasonable and effective evaluation parameters. After the preliminary conclusion is reached, the evaluation project team should fully discuss the preliminary conclusion, comprehensively analyze and summarize the final evaluation conclusion, and finally write and submit a report.
The later work is mainly archival work, that is, all kinds of written records, photos, materials, copies of reports and other materials formed in the evaluation work are filed and preserved in time.
Third, the evaluation case of artificial products
In the evaluation projects undertaken by Zhonghengyu, there are both natural jewelry and jade value evaluation and artificial products value evaluation. The common products involved in artificial products include synthetic ruby, synthetic sapphire, synthetic crystal, synthetic spinel, synthetic cubic zirconia, glass and so on.
Case 1 provides reference for customs sentencing and conviction.
A domestic customs seized a smuggling case involving hundreds of carats of colorless and red gems. Physical identification and value evaluation of goods in customs entrustment.
After Zhong accepted the entrustment, he immediately conducted on-the-spot investigation, checked the quantity and weight of the articles, and identified them one by one. After careful appraisal, the appraisal team concluded that the colorless gemstones in the case were all synthetic cubic zirconia, and the red gemstones were all synthetic rubies. After clarifying the materials of the articles involved, the evaluation team further conducted market research, investigated the transaction price and transaction background of different market levels, and analyzed and screened the collected information. Then, the evaluation team selects appropriate parameters according to the specifications, dimensions and quality characteristics of the evaluated object, and finally draws the evaluation conclusion after calculation, adjustment, comprehensive analysis and induction.
Zhongheng Utaji provides high-quality professional jewelry evaluation services for customs, courts, public security, price and other judicial departments.
Case 2: In the case of debt repayment, Zhonghengyu provided reasonable value evaluation opinions, which enabled creditors to avoid property losses.
A customer once sent a piece of jadeite stone of about 100 kg. It is said that this stone is the beryl original stone dug up somewhere in China. This stone has been in the hands of customers for several years. When the debtor borrowed money, it was used as collateral, and now it is unable to repay it. The value is 7 figures. Before the transaction, the customer specially sent Zhonghengyu professional jewelry appraisal agency to ask appraisers to evaluate the value.
Zhong and the National Jewelry and Jade Quality Supervision and Inspection Center formed an expert group to make a preliminary observation on the "beryl original stone". The main body of the original stone is dark to light blue, and the upper layer is transparent and dark blue, containing a large number of needle-like inclusions; The middle layer is translucent and sky blue; The lower layer is slightly transparent and blue-purple; Seen from the direction perpendicular to the ribbon, the color is nearly hexagonal, the fracture of large section is serrated, and the fracture of thin section is shell-shaped. At first glance, the original stone is indeed similar to the natural beryl, but according to the experts' experience for many years, it feels incongruous and has typical glass-conchoidal fracture characteristics. Experts doubt this, but strangely, it doesn't find another typical feature of glass bubbles. On the contrary, there are abundant needle-like and tubular inclusions in the upper layer of the original stone. It is impossible to determine what kind of jade this is with the naked eye.
The expert group suggests sampling first, and then decide on the next step after the appraisal conclusion comes out. With the consent of the customer, we sampled the original stone in an inconspicuous place, and the stripped sample could not be tested for refractive index. We used microscope observation, density, ultraviolet fluorescence and other conventional gem identification methods, and further used infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and other large instruments for testing. The appraisal conclusion proves that the so-called "beryl" original stone is actually a kind of artificial glass. Finally, the expert group gave a reasonable appraisal conclusion, thus avoiding huge property losses for customers.
Four. Concluding remarks
In modern life, jewelry evaluation has penetrated into people's daily life. From the distribution and inheritance of family property to corporate financing, asset liquidation and sentencing and conviction of the judicial department, jewelry evaluation may be involved. Jewelry appraisal has gradually become an important link between jewelry industry and other industries, and plays an increasingly important role in economic activities of all walks of life.