Why did the emperor who had the ability to control the people let tens of thousands of people be buried with him? After Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang ascended the throne, he adopted the advice of Shu and restored the etiquette, which made the Han Dynasty have the reputation of "a country with clothes and etiquette", but there were still absurd things in the Han Dynasty. What's the funniest thing in the world? Nothing is better than wearing clothes and going to the countryside to be buried with the living, and the emperor who is chased by later generations as a wise emperor and a wise king can't avoid selfishness and fear of loneliness. These shallow humans are buried with thousands of people. What an inhuman act! Later grave robbers, when excavating the tombs of the Han Dynasty, found the bones everywhere, white and dense, which may be too shocking. Martyrdom is an ancient funeral custom in China, which first appeared in patriarchal society. Patriarchal families regard wives, concubines and granddaughters as private property and have the right to kill and seize them. Since jade jewelry can be buried with people, of course, this attribute can also be used. Therefore, after the death of princes and nobles in ancient China, people were generally martyred, especially after the death of the emperor. Moreover, the specifications of burial are higher and the number of people will be more. However, since the establishment of the Han Dynasty by Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, the phenomenon of martyrdom has been weakened. Why did Han people weaken the wind of martyrdom? Most viewpoints expressed that after the unification of China, the tyranny of Qin Shihuang and Qin Ershi caused resentment all over the world, and the long-term war reduced the population greatly. Liu Bang, a former curator, has a deep understanding of this emotion. After he ruled the world, he abolished the inhuman martyrdom ceremony and encouraged women to have more children and develop production. The emperors of the Han Dynasty did not advocate that people should be buried with the living. In addition to Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang, many other emperors in the Han Dynasty also banned the system of mausoleum martyrdom. For example, when Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty was in power, someone wrote a letter to abolish the system of human sacrifice. Hanshu? "Shihuozhi" (Volume 24) records that Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian scholar, wrote that "salt and iron belong to the people; Go to the handmaiden, except the power of killing. Thin tax, save corvee, in order to broaden the people's strength. Then you can manage it well. " "Go to the handmaiden and get rid of the right to kill" is a suggestion to the imperial court to crack down on martyrdom at that time. This suggestion was taken seriously by Liu Che and influenced the ruling behavior of emperors in past dynasties. Another example is about Liu Xun, Emperor Xuan Di. Liu Xun is also very opposed to martyrdom. Hanshu? The Biography of King Jing Thirteen (Volume 53) records that when Emperor Xuan Di and Liu Xun were in power, Miao Wang Liu Yuan had his maid buried together. Yu Da-hong said, "Before Liu Yuan, he stole swords and killed handmaiden, while Zi Man killed the mourners. It was the secretariat, and the charges were clear. Sick shilling makes handmaiden die for pleasure, 16 people are forced to commit suicide, which is extremely cruel. Therefore, the meaning of Chunqiu is not suitable for Zhu Jun's son. Although Yuan has not been suppressed, it is not appropriate to establish an heir. " This paper was recognized by Liu Xun, and Liu Yuan was abolished as the monarch. Although Liu Bang banned human sacrifice, this phenomenon was still repeated. Hanshu? "Five Elements" (Volume 29) records that "there was another tomb in the Zhou Dynasty where women were buried. She was angry for a few days, but she couldn't speak for months. Queen mother Guo loves to raise. " Zhang Hua's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and Natural History in the Eastern Jin Dynasty described the miracle that the woman buried in the Western Han Dynasty was unexpectedly resurrected because of the robbery of a grave robber. In addition to the description in the ancient books above, it is proved that martyrdom existed in the Han Dynasty. Here is an example of modern archaeology. From June 65438 to June 0976, the "Radish Bay Han Tomb" was discovered in Guicheng Town, Guigang City, Guangxi. This tomb was stolen many times before the archaeological excavation. Experts found the bodies of seven victims inside. Jiang, the former director of Guangxi Museum, believes that the skeletons of these seven bodies were not damaged, so they could not have been killed by swords, but they were most likely poisoned. When they died, they still wore elegant clothes, their limbs were flat and straight, and their posture was natural, just like being buried after death, which was a way of martyrdom. For example, in the Martyrs' Pit No.2, the bamboo mat wrapped in the skeleton is well preserved, but the head is wrapped upside down in the mat, and a flat shoe is exposed outside the mat; In pit 4, a human coffin was found. Although the coffin was somewhat rotten, the bones in the coffin did not completely turn into soil. Two amber beads were found on the west side of the wrist of the deceased, and there was a copper belt hook on the pelvis. Pit 5 is also a coffin for sacrifice, but it is very simple compared with others. The body inside is wrapped in straw mats or bamboo mats, and the posture of the body is generally straight. In addition, the "mass grave" of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty can also prove that the phenomenon of human sacrifice has not completely disappeared in the tomb of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. Anyone who has read China knows Emperor Han Jingdi, because he is a world-famous saint. Later generations called the rule of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty and his father "the rule of literary scene", which was just as famous as the "rule of Zhenguan" of Li Shimin and Li Longji in Tang Dynasty. What needs to be written in detail is that during the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, he inherited the actions of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty and carried out "frivolous and thin taxes", which reduced the burden on farmers and promoted economic development. In addition, during the decades under the rule of Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi, the policy of "sharing interest with the people" was adopted. Therefore, with the gradual development of production, there has been a scene of stability and prosperity that has not been seen for many years. Besides, Emperor Han Jing was kind, humble and thrifty, and his policy was to be quiet and not disturb the people, which made the country rich and strong. This was the first prosperous time of China feudal society, and it also laid a solid foundation for the martial arts after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. No wonder Sima Qian, the author of Historical Records, said that when Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, "the millet in Taicang was all due to Chen Xiangyin", which meant that there were too many grains in the national grain depot, which were moldy together and could not dissipate heat. Because of low food prices, Lebanese people can't spend all their coins, and they are rusted at home. Although this statement is somewhat exaggerated, it reflects the outstanding achievements of Emperor Han Jingdi to some extent. However, it is such a talented and skilled emperor that more than 10 thousand people were buried with him. It is incredible to the extreme. Since ten thousand people can be buried with him, the scale of his tomb is self-evident. Let's learn more about the Tomb of Liu Qi in Han Jing. Yangling is located in Xianyang Plain, north of Hougou Village, Zhangjiawan, Zhengyang Town, Weicheng District, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province. It spans Weicheng District, Jingyang County and Gaoling County of Xianyang City. This is a cemetery. Liu Qi, the Emperor of the Han Dynasty, and his queen Wang were buried in the same cave. The cemetery was built in BC 153 and completed in BC 126, covering an area of 20 square kilometers. The government has now built the Hanyang Mausoleum Museum, which is a large-scale cultural tourist attraction that skillfully integrates modern science and technology with ancient civilization, culture and garden landscape. It can be said to be the largest museum in China. There are 86 slave burial pits in the mausoleum, covering an area of 66,000 square meters, which are located in the south slave burial pits in the southeast and south of the mausoleum and the north slave burial pits in the northwest of the mausoleum. In Burial Pit No.0/4 in Nanqu/Kloc-0, archaeologists found that there were many warrior figures, warehouses for storing grain, and pottery animals such as cattle, sheep, pigs, dogs and chickens. These animals are smaller than the terracotta figures and arranged neatly, forming an "underground animal world". There are also some metal objects, such as bronzes, crossbows, hooks, horse titles, "half Liang" money, iron spears, swords, chisels, castings and so on. There are also pottery wells and pottery stoves. These are all matched with pottery figurines, which belong to a miniature imitation. But it is exquisitely made, meticulously processed and meticulous, and it is a "ghost" with the same research value as pottery figurines. These pottery fully show the scene of military life in Han Dynasty. The criminal cemetery of Hanyang Mausoleum is located about 1.5 km northwest of Mausoleum, with a total area of 80,000 square meters, where more than 1 10,000 criminals are buried. One of the reasons why Hanyang Mausoleum is famous in the world is also because of mass graves. These tombs are arranged in disorder, the bones are messy, the burial is hasty, and there are no funerary objects. Most of the skeletons are iron instruments of torture such as "pliers" and "titanium", and some of them have obvious cutting marks. From this we can infer the situation at that time. In fact, Emperor Han Jingdi set up a separate execution ground in his mausoleum to execute a certain range of prisoners, which not only made him not lonely after his death, but also effectively solved the prison congestion caused by these death penalty elements. Therefore, Emperor Han Jing set up such a "mass grave", which really killed two birds with one stone. What a pity! The development of human beings is a gradual process from barbarism to civilization, and the system of martyrdom only appears frequently in the barbaric primitive society. If this kind of martyrdom still happens frequently in feudal society, it is a retrogression. It was a great progress from killing captured prisoners of war by various tribes in ancient primitive society to treating them as slaves later. In the highly developed Han Dynasty, martyrdom was forbidden in writing, which was also a commendable thing in China, but the problem of martyrdom was not completely solved in the Han Dynasty.