Andersen (1805— 1875) is a Danish writer and a master of fairy tales. 1805 was born on April 2, 2005 in a slum in odense, Fiying Island, Denmark, and received a university education. My father was a poor shoemaker who volunteered to resist Napoléon Bonaparte's aggression and died in 18 16. My mother is a laundryman and remarried soon. Andersen was tortured by poverty since he was a child. He was an apprentice in several shops and had no formal education. When I was a teenager, I became interested in the stage and dreamed of becoming a singer, actor or playwright. 18 19 became a small role in the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen. Later, I was fired because of the wet voice. From then on, I began to learn to write, but the script I wrote was completely unsuitable for performance and was not adopted by the theater. 1822 sponsored by drama director Jonas Colin, attended a grammar school in Lehrer. This year, he wrote "The Attempt of Youth", which was published under the pseudonym of William Christian Walter. This pen name includes the names of william shakespeare, Andersen himself and Scott. 1827 published his first poem "dying children", 1829 entered the university of Copenhagen to study. His first important works, 1828 and 1829 from the Hollmen Canal to the eastern corner of Amir Island, were published in 1829. This is a travel story with a good sense of humor, quite in the style of German writer Hoffman. The publication of this travel book made Andersen get the initial recognition from the society. After that, he continued to engage in drama creation. 183 1 year, he traveled to Germany and wrote travel notes on his way home. 1833, he went to Italy and wrote a poetic drama "Gretel and the Mermaid" and a novel "Impromptu Poet" set in Italy (1835). Shortly after its publication, the novel was translated into German and English, marking the beginning of the author's international reputation. Drawing on the popular elements in folklore and imagination, he created the Little Match Girl, the Ugly Duckling, the Emperor's New Clothes and other works. Some stories show optimistic belief that goodness and beauty will prevail, while others are very pessimistic and have extremely unfortunate endings. His stories are very attractive, partly because they sympathize with the unfortunate people and vagrants. He also wrote plays, novels, poems, travel notes and several autobiographies.

Brief information

1805 was born in odense on April 2nd.

181611My father died at the age of 0.

18 19 14 years old, he left home alone to seek creative opportunities in Copenhagen.

1822 published the trial collection in August, including poetry, drama and stories. This collection was not published because of its humble origins, but it attracted the attention of some people in the cultural circle. 10 In June, he entered a middle school missionary school to supplement his culture, studied for six years, and felt painful about his own educational methods; However, in the past six years, I have read many famous books, practiced writing poems and practicing writing plays. 1827, leave school and return to Copenhagen. The published poems were praised by high-level critics and inspired Andersen's confidence in writing.

1829, he wrote a long fantasy travel book "A Roaming in Amag Island" and published it. The first edition has been sold out. The publisher immediately bought the second edition on generous terms, so Andersen got rid of the oppression of hunger. The comedy Love on the nikolayev Tower was staged at the Royal Opera House. In the same year, the first book of poetry was published.

1830, the first love failed. Start a trip; The second book of poetry was published.

183 1- 1834, love failed again and mother died. Soon after, she published a long autobiographical novel, The Impromptu Poet.

At the age of 30, 1835 began to write fairy tales, and published the first collection of fairy tales, with only 6 1 page pamphlets, including four articles: Light Box, Little Klaus and Big Klaus, Princess on Pea and Little Flower. His works have not received unanimous praise. Some people even thought that he had no talent for writing fairy tales and suggested that he give up, but Andersen said, "This is my immortal work!" " "

1844, wrote an autobiographical work "Ugly Duckling".

1846, he wrote about the little match girl.

1867 was elected as an honorary citizen by his hometown of odense.

1870 published the longest work "Lucky Belle", with more than 70,000 words. It was written according to one's own life experience, but it was not entirely an autobiography.

1in the early morning of August 4th, 875 1 1, died of liver cancer in a friend's country house. The funeral was extremely tragic, at the age of 70.

Andersen is the son of a poor shoemaker, and his mother is a widow on the verge of begging, who makes a living by washing clothes for others. When Andersen was a child, he not only often dealt with hunger, but also was despised by people everywhere. However, he had a whimsical ambition, which was considered out of proportion to his background at that time-he wanted to be an artist, a ballet dancer, a singer, an artist who performed life and created beauty on the stage. To this end, he became a laughing stock in the eyes of ordinary vulgar people. But he was not discouraged at all.

/kloc-When he was 0/4 years old, Andersen left his hometown of odense and took dozens of copper coins saved by his grandmother and mother to Copenhagen, a cultural center without friends at that time, to pursue his ideals. It is not difficult to imagine what fate awaited him in that bleak society at that time. Hunger and mental shock are inextricably linked with him. But he overcame all kinds of difficulties with tenacious perseverance. Although poverty and the resulting diseases tortured his body, destroyed his figure and voice and prevented him from becoming a stage artist, he finally achieved his goal with strong will: he became a fairy tale writer loved by hundreds of millions of children all over the world. The beauty and poems he created in fairy tales have become inexhaustible spiritual wealth and artistic treasures of mankind.

Andersen is a famous Danish fairy tale writer in the19th century and the founder of world literary fairy tales. He was born in a poor shoemaker's family in odense. He studied in a charity school and was an apprentice in his early years. Influenced by his father and folk oral literature, he loved literature since childhood. 1 1 years old, my father died of illness and my mother remarried. In order to pursue art, he came to Copenhagen alone at the age of 14. After eight years of struggle, I finally showed my talent in the poetic drama Alfonso. Therefore, he was sent to Srager Segrammar School and Helsingo School for free by the Royal Art Theatre. It lasted for five years. 1828 went to Gorhagen University. I haven't had a job since graduation, and I mainly rely on the manuscript fee to make a living. 1838, he won a writer's prize-an unofficial allowance from the state for 200 yuan every year.

Andersen never got married, and died at the home of his friend and businessman Melchior on August 4th, 1875.

Andersen's literary career began at 1822. In his early days, he mainly wrote poems and plays. After entering the university, the creation has become increasingly mature. He has published travel notes, musical comedies, poetry collections and poetic dramas. The novel Impromptu Poet published by 1833 has won him an international reputation and is his masterpiece of adult literature.

"In order to strive for the next generation", Andersen decided to write fairy tales for children and published A Story for Children. In the next few years, such a collection of fairy tales will be published every Christmas. Later, he continued to publish new works, and it was not until 1872 that he gradually stopped writing because of cancer. In the past 40 years, * * * has written 168 fairy tales.

Andersen's fairy tales have a unique artistic style: poetic beauty and comedy humor. The former is the dominant style, which is mostly reflected in eulogistic fairy tales, while the latter is mostly reflected in satirical fairy tales.

Andersen's creation can be divided into three periods: early, middle and late. Early fairy tales are full of beautiful fantasy and optimistic spirit, which embodies the combination of realism and romanticism. Representative works include Light Box, Flowers of Little Significance, Thumbelina, Daughter of the Sea, Wild Swan and Ugly Duckling. In the middle fairy tale, the fantasy component is weakened and the reality component is relatively enhanced. In lashing ugliness and praising beauty, it shows the persistent pursuit of a better life, and also reveals the melancholy mood of lack of self-confidence. Representative works include The Little Match Girl, Shadow, A Drop of Water, Mother's Story, Puppet Player and so on. Fairy tales in the later period are more realistic than those in the middle period, focusing on describing the tragic fate of the bottom people and exposing the coldness and darkness of social life and the injustice of the world. The tone of the work is low. Representative works include Dream under the Willow, She is a Waste, Nightcap of a Bachelor, Lucky Beauty and so on.

His first collection of children's stories, Little Klaus and Big Klaus, Princess on Pea and Little Flower, was published in the spring of 1835. 1837, two stories were added to this episode, which were compiled into the collection of fairy tales 1. The second volume was completed in 1842, and 1847 wrote a picture book without pictures.

From 1840 to 1857, Andersen traveled to Norway, Sweden, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Asia Minor and Africa, and wrote many travel notes during his travels, such as A Poet's Market (1842) and Scenery in Sweden. He met many famous writers and artists in Germany, France and other countries. I met Dickens in England from 65438 to 0847.

Andersen wrote three autobiographies: 1832 (1926), 1847 The True Story published in Germany, and a later biography (1855). Most of his novels and fairy tales are autobiographical. For example, the impromptu poet Ault (1836) is just a violinist (1837) and two baroness (1848), to be or not to be (1857), while in his works, such as A Dream under the Willow,

1843, Andersen met the Swedish female singer Yan Ni Linde. Sincere friendship has become an inspiring force in his creation. But he is not satisfied with his personal life. He has never been married. His closest friends in his later years were Henrik and melcher. 1875 On August 4th, Andersen died in his mansion in melcher, Copenhagen. The fairy tale master worked tirelessly all his life and dedicated his genius and life to the "future generation". Until three years before his death, * * * wrote 168 fairy tales and stories. His works have been translated into more than 80 languages.

The author's life

Hans christian andersen grew up in two towns, two social environments, two worlds and two times. Therefore, in the process of growing into a writer, his heart is full of contradictions, and sometimes there will even be fierce ideological struggles. The promotion of social status provides direct and indirect themes for many of his fairy tales, novels and plays. In the process of seeking a brand-new identity and becoming a celebrity in many aspects, the promotion of social status has become the source of his creation of a large number of works, but it has also brought him permanent and difficult wounds.

Two towns

The two cities that had a decisive influence on him were his hometown of odense and Copenhagen, where he lived and worked and spent most of his adult life.

As a poor boy living in odense, a small but self-sufficient capital city, Andersen accepted the impressions and experiences that later played a decisive role in his literary creation in the first 14 years of his life. Andersen emphasized in his autobiography "Levnedbogen" (published only in1926) when he was young that odense's lifestyle retained some old customs and superstitions unknown in Copenhagen, which gave him a colorful imagination. However, what is more decisive is the annoying social experience from the bottom of society and his urgent mood to get rid of poverty and end his innate social status. At the same time, he was eager to realize that there was only one way out of his potential at that time-the art world, and this sense of urgency was the most affected in his whole childhood.

In addition, the old woman who shared a room in odense Relief Home told him some folk stories, which later proved to be the origin of his adaptation of old stories and his own fairy tales. In this respect, Andersen is also between two worlds: the oral narrative tradition and the modern world represented by book culture, which can fully reflect the role of the author.

One of the factors that decided hans christian andersen's life direction and his extraordinary 18 19 year's move to Copenhagen-after that, his social status and literary achievements have been improved-is that odense, as the only city outside the capital, has a theater. In addition to being addicted to literary works in his early years and being far away from the real world (his father hans andersen was a shoemaker with many books, including the Bible, Holberg's Comedy and Arabian Nights), he also kept in touch with theaters (including itinerant actors from the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen), which gave Andersen knowledge and direction for his dreams and ambitions. 18 19 September 4th, 14 years old left home. At that time, just a few months after his confirmation ceremony, he went to the theater in Copenhagen to find his future. Although the adventure was not very successful, Andersen was closely connected with the theater for the rest of his life. He became a writer who created a large number of plays and a translator and arranger of foreign plays. Drama made his life, so it can really be said that if he was born in any other capital city in Denmark, his career would not be the same as later.

During his first few years in Copenhagen (18 19-22), Andersen tried his best to gain a solid position in the theater as a ballet dancer, actor or singer. Finally, when all these attempts failed, he tried to become a playwright in vain, but as a result, a drama director decided to send him to school so that he might be trained as a useful person, so this experience, like the days spent in odense, played a decisive role in his later life and work. In Copenhagen, he was accepted by two families-the Colin family and the Ulf family, who became his spiritual relatives. Here, he also began to understand the middle class and the upper class in capital, as well as the proletariat at the bottom of society. He began to understand the struggle for survival and the pain of being a supplicant who lives on the goodwill of others.

After leaving odense and deciding to engage in artistic work, Andersen had only one choice: stand up and continue. However, it was during this period that he experienced the pain and humiliation of leaving one world but not being accepted by another higher-level world. This experience is reflected in his fairy tale "Mermaid" (1837), the protagonist of the novel "O.T." and the drama "mulatto".

However, after studying in Srager Sese and Elsinore, Copenhagen played a positive role in his development: here, as a proletarian, Andersen gained the culture and education related to the middle class circle in its heyday, including the last few years of the monarchy, when he was sensitive and emotionally fragile, he learned to use relaxed and ironic Copenhagen one-liners. In particular, he learned from the Colin family in the most amazing way, which he also learned from the mainstream playwright circle and critic John Ludvig Heiberg. It can be said that all Andersen's fairy tales seem to be suspended between the following two poles: emotion and wisdom, sensitivity and irony, nature and culture. His works are full of tension, which is first manifested in his works. The Tour de France is a hiking trip from the Hormones Canal to the easternmost tip of Amartya 1828 to 1829, which is his first time.

Denmark and Europe

As a continuous journey from odense to Copenhagen or a leap in life, Andersen spent his whole life shuttling between Denmark and other parts of Europe, especially Germany, and became his second hometown. At the same time, his travel also brought him a literary reputation in the world. Andersen also felt the feeling of going home in other parts of Europe, especially Italy, which left him a deep impression of nature, secular life and art. Andersen's feelings for Denmark were contradictory. He can't live without this country, but sometimes he feels completely disgusted by the meanness of this country. He was the first famous victim of Gentrov and was later recognized. In the later period of Andersen's literary career, Seren Kierkegaard followed closely as another victim. But compared with Kierkegaard, he never went further than Berlin, and Andersen became the farthest Danish writer of his time. He has traveled abroad 29 times and lived outside Denmark for more than 9 years.

Two eras

As Andersen rose from the bottom of society to the top, he gradually became a frequent visitor to Danish and foreign manor houses and the residences of Danish and foreign kings and princes. Therefore, Andersen's life has become an example of social class mobility, which really only appears in the middle-class democratic politics after the signing of the 1849 charter. Andersen's life and work are firmly rooted in the culture at the end of the monarchy, but as a social and political layman, he had to learn the ideas in the culture of that period, which led to his thoughts being more modern and progressive than most contemporary writers. The romantic worship of the old days is similar to "the peak of glory, from which we once fell, but now we have found it again" (Adam O 'Renschler? Ger) such a view, he has reason to refuse, but put all his hopes on the future development. Looking at all Andersen's works, he thinks that the direction of future development is to improve human nature and carry forward the spirit of enlightenment (see his travel notes "A Roam in the Yanxia Mountain in the Romantic Zone", Saxony, Switzerland,&; C (written in 183 1), and his story "The Godfather's Album" (written in 1868), when he was in a state of worship, he enthusiastically learned how to travel (see his travel notes "The Poet's Market" (written in1858) He believes that this will turn the world into a "single mental state", just as we think the Internet will do today) and benefit from the revolution of industrial mode (see his article Silkeborg). This article, like Bing Nv (written in 1862) and the Goddess of the Forest (written in 1868), shows that he sometimes looks at development pessimistically. Especially because this view is everywhere in his works, he seems to be the spokesman of "nature", because he emphasizes the value of "nature", especially in his understanding of art and literature (see stories such as The Nightingale (1843) and The Bell (1845)). )。

From the perspective of literature, ideology and politics, Andersen spanned two cultures, two eras, two social systems and two literary periods (The Romantic Period and early realism).

Religious belief

His religious feelings are found in all his works, which developed from a non-dogmatic classification of Christianity, a heartfelt belief and an emotion closely related to human nature and the material world in which we live. This is the starting point for us to fear God (see the mermaid (1837) and the last dream of the old oak tree (1858)). Andersen's understanding of religious belief is by no means naive or naive (although he is often accused of this). His attitude is reflected in some chapters of his works, such as the section "Faith and Science, a sermon inspired by nature" in his travels "Portrait of Sweden" (185 1). In the chapter "Poetic California", this book also expresses his belief in the integration of nature and poetry. This belief comes from his friend H.C. Orsted's similar statement, which can also be used in the religious interpretation novel To Be, or Not to Be? "(1857) and" Cordoba "in Spanish Travels (Danish, 1863). However, Andersen's belief is not unchallenged. His diaries, stories and novels are full of expressions of pain, doubt, anxiety and emptiness, such as the novels Just a Violinist (in Danish, 1847), Earl of Fir (in Danish, 1844) and Toothache menstruation (in Danish,/kloc). 1859) and the poem "Psalm" (meaning "hymn", Danish, 1864), which has been included in the Danish hymn collection.

fame

Andersen's literary works became famous in the mid-1930s, when his novels were widely circulated in Germany. But since 1839, he has created an unusual reputation in that country with his fairy tales. We regard the period from 65438 to the mid-1940s as a period when fairy tales and novels made great breakthroughs in Britain and America.

Honorary citizen

After his youth, Andersen only occasionally returned to his hometown of odense. But in 1867, he was awarded the title of State Councilor. Odense hoped to congratulate this great son of the city in some way, so he was awarded the title of honorary citizen of the city in that year1February. This activity ended with the compilation of the sequel to Andersen's autobiography My Story (first compiled at 1855, and the sequel started at 1869).

labour union

The following deeds of Andersen are of great significance and play an important role in portraying the image of Andersen: He was the first Danish writer who broke the ice and accepted the invitation to read his fairy tale for the newly established trade union 1860. In the last 20 to 25 years of his life, he recited to the following associations in turn: student union, trade union, royal family, seamstress and aristocrat. In the trade union, he met a group of enthusiastic listeners, often 500 to 1000 people listened to him at the same time, and he recited it to them for about 20 times. For this reason, the trade union praised it again and again, and organized an honorary guard at the funeral of Andersen in Copenhagen Cathedral with members of the Student Union.

Resting place

Andersen was buried in Assistens Kirkegard, Copenhagen. At first, this cemetery buried him, his friend Edward Colin and Colin's wife Henriette. 1920 or so, there were some public criticism voices, which involved treating Andersen as the "adopted son" of the Colin couple. In this case, a descendant of the Collins couple moved the tombstones of Edward and Henriette to the family cemetery, so now there is only Andersen's grave.

In addition, Andersen's works are as follows

Six novels: The Impromptu Poet (1835), Oort (1836), Just a Fiddler (1837), Two Baroness (1848) and Life is. Death "(1857)," luck "(1870).

There are 25 plays: the poetic drama Afsol (1822), Love in the Bell Tower of St. Nicholas Church (1829), The Bride of Lammermoor (1832) and The Raven (/kloc-0). Opera The God of Sprue (1839), Half-Blood (1840), The Daughter of the Moors (1840), The Flower of Happiness (1844), One-Act Drama Wedding by the Como River (1848), four-act comedy more precious than jewelry (1850), opera Norse Goddess (1850), new house (1850), sandman (10)

Travel Notes 6: 1828 and 1829 (1829) Walk from the Hollmen Canal to the eastern corner of Amar Island, travel notes of Sweden (185 1), Spanish scenery (1863).

Three autobiographies: Biography (1832), The True Story of My Life (1847) and My Fairy Tale Life (1855).

There are four collections of poems: I (1829), II (1830), fantasy and reality (1830) and twelve months a year (1832).

There are more than 160 fairy tales.