How to distinguish between "doing" and "doing" when using? In 1980s, Mr. Lv Shuxiang put forward: "The way to distinguish is basically based on' text' and' white', but it is not absolute. So what should we do? I said that I would rather write' do' than' do' when I meet a word I am not sure about. " In the 1990s, Mr. Lu supplemented the usage of "Left" and "Left" in "800 Words of Modern Chinese" as follows: "Traditionally, the manufacture of specific things is generally written as" Left ",such as" making a table, making clothes, making a fuss ",and words with more abstract written language, especially idioms, are generally written as" Left ".

In the written language of modern Chinese, "Left" and "Left" not only follow the historical idioms, but also are standardized. The usage of "left" and "left" is roughly as follows.

(1) From the perspective of stylistic color, the basic criteria for distinguishing the usage of "left" and "left" are "Wen" and "Bai". "Left" is mostly used in words with written language color, especially in classical Chinese, and almost all idioms use "left"; "Do" is often used for words with colloquial color. This situation is related to the fact that "Left" originated from classical Chinese and its origin was very early, while "Left" originated from northern vernacular and its origin was very late.

The former includes: completion, giving up, saying goodbye, answering, cutting, voiding, passing away, practicing, ending, insurrection, committing iniquity, companionship, making trouble, putting on airs, combining work with rest, thanking, doing homework, bowing, shaping, fighting, operating and creating.

Idioms generally use "left". For example, be a cow and a horse, dare to act, dare to act, pretend to be deep, act rashly, act affectedly, have fun in hardships, cheat, talk without deeds, do no evil, be evil, be married, pretend, have fun, lead by example, be smart, romantic and lead by example.

The latter such as: ghosts, matchmaking, dreaming, business, eyebrows (blinking), traps, affection, human feelings, life, business, cheating.

(2) From the semantic content, the action of "Zuo" is not strong, and its meaning is abstract and generalized; "Doing" means strong action and concrete meaning.

The former, for example, crime, voucher, deception, evil, style, obstruction, pricing, making faces, making figures, rushing, acting, forging, acting, testifying, giving permission (making figures), speculation, cooperation, cooperation, operation and mischief.

The latter are cooking, cooking, making faces, doing housework, making gestures, posing, playing games and sewing.

(3) From the perspective of grammatical features, the object is a disyllabic verb, and "left" is often used. In this case, the object has become a nominalized gerund, and the verb nature of "Zuo" has been blurred; The object is a disyllabic noun, which often means to do something or something.

The former, for example, reports, tests, compares, supplements, changes, processes, instructs, investigates, struggles, analyzes, contributes, responds, introduces, explains, decides, strives, judges, reflects, explains, adjusts, compromises, sacrifices, revises, speaks, etc. Among them, "Left" is also used now, but it is generally used according to past practice.

The latter, such as: doing engineering, doing homework, marking papers, doing housework, doing topics, doing things, doing business, doing property, doing projects, doing study and doing business.

As for the commonly used word "Shi", the usage is basically the same as the former. Generally, two-syllable verbs, such as "make a decision" and "make an effort", can also be said to be "make a decision" and "make an effort"; In a few cases, there are disyllabic nouns, such as "make achievements" and "make conclusions". "Make" and "make" can be used universally, but using "make" is more in line with the characteristics and usage habits of written language.

In addition, as a monosyllabic verb without an object, "do" is generally used. For example: do it well, make it, do it (do things in a down-to-earth manner), finish it, do it well, become bigger and stronger, and learn from it.

In addition, when collocated with words with "left" behind them, "left" is generally used instead of "left". For example: affectation, homework, action, work, composition, little tricks.

(D) From the semantic point of view, each has its own scope of application and overlaps.

1. Only use "left" or use "left" more often.

(1) means "get up, rise, appear, attack, etc.". Only use "do". For example, do it at sunrise, rest at sunset, make waves, shoot loudly, cheer and jump, as well as pranks, nausea, noise, dull pain, anger and so on. As for "silent" and "silent", Modern Chinese Dictionary only accepts "silent", but the use case of "silent" notes is "silent"; Cihai only accepts "silence"; Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary takes "silence" as its main rule and accepts "pronunciation"; The Chinese Dictionary has both, with the same interpretation. Therefore, the two are universal, and "silence" can be preferred.

(2) The meaning of "writing and creating" is different from the idiom "doing" and "doing". Writers, authors, painters, composers, composers (writing articles), prefaces, biographies (writing biographies), etc. , use "left" as usual. When writing poetry, it is customary to use "left", but it is not necessary to use "left". The annotation of "Left" in Modern Chinese Dictionary takes "Left" as an example. This is followed by a disyllabic word or a polysyllabic phrase, usually called "do". For example, write an essay (an article), a novel, a painting, a preface, several poems, two songs, etc. Make a fuss, make a mountain out of a molehill, and use the metaphor of "doing" to seize one thing to speculate or use it.

The meaning of "writing" is just "writing". For example, "haste makes waste."

The meaning of "works and articles" is only "works". For example: composition (an article written by a student as an exercise), masterpiece, imitation, excellent work, masterpiece, masterpiece, quasi-work, fake work, exercise, original work, book, humble work, poem, drama, first novel, masterpiece cooking, etc.

(3) "such as, such as" means to use "such as". For example, the idioms "expired and invalid", "recognizing the thief as the father" and "acting as a dead horse doctor" (as the saying goes, "a dead horse is a living horse doctor") all use "doing". This is related to the fact that "Left" has the meaning of "Yes" and "Zuo" for a long time. For example, there is a saying in Shangshu Shundian that "Piao Zuo teaches punishment (using wooden bars as punishment for school)". Accordingly, "guided by theory" is generally regarded as "doing". But this is not absolute, as Mr. Lv Shuxiang quoted earlier: "The way to distinguish is basically based on' text' and' white' ..."

"Behavior" refers to an action or an achievement or something that can be done; Whether it is used in the sense of "existence" or in the sense of "in terms of a certain identity of people or a certain nature of things", only "doing" is used. Sometimes "as" is mistaken for "as" in publications. "Action" can never be written as "action", but what you do, what you don't do, and what you do well are all written as "action".

2. Use only "do" or use "do" more.

(1) The meaning of "make, make" is often used instead of "do" in addition to reserved idioms and other written languages. For example: making furniture, making software and making clothes.

② The meaning of "when, as, as" is now "do". For example, be an official, set an example, be a villain, be a good person, be a mother, be a slave, be a shop assistant, be a businessman and be a monk for a day. "Companion", "guest" and "guilty conscience" are written as "companion", "guest" and "guilty conscience" respectively, and the two forms can be used universally. Modern Chinese Dictionary chooses the former form, Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary chooses the latter form, and Chinese Dictionary accepts both forms. Xinhua dictionary does not accept "companion" or "companion"; Only "being a guest" and "having a guilty conscience" are accepted, but "being a guest" and "having a guilty conscience" are not accepted.

(3) both the meaning of "forming a certain relationship" and the meaning of "holding, holding" use "doing". The former is like being a relative, a husband and wife, a partner, an opponent, a neighbor and a friend. The latter are: birthday, church, full moon, mass, birthday and banquet.

There is a general division of labor between "doing" and "doing"

(1) The meaning of "engaging in certain activities" is either "doing", "doing" or universal. "Left" is mostly used in general activities, and its action is not strong. Its usage is equivalent to "in progress", which means nothing. For example: arrangement, interview, commitment, sprint, communication, conception, observation, expansion, review, explanation, communication, thinking, prompt, modification, request, guidance, comment and instruction. Among them, "Left" is also commonly used now.

"Doing" is mostly used for specific affairs or professional and professional work. For example: working, running classes (holding demonstration or experimental classes), working, doing problems, making medicines (selling medicines), making accounts, making insurance, doing charity (doing charity), advertising, making cards, doing building materials (doing building materials business), doing IT, doing real estate, doing surgery, doing web pages and doing jewelry (doing jewelry business).

The word "doing things" is only used now. "Master" and "Master" can be used universally. Modern Chinese Dictionary adopts "initiative", while Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary takes "initiative" as its main rule, while Chinese Dictionary adopts "initiative" and "initiative" regardless of the main rules and sub-rules.

The meaning of "the method of dealing with things or making things" is now often used in "practice" rather than "practice". The two meanings of "composition or painting" and "magic" only use "practice" instead of "practice". The idiom "commit suicide by hanging yourself" in Historical Records and Biography of Shang Jun means that you can't use "do" when making your own legislation.

The usage of "pai" and "pai" is different. Behavior means posture, posture, style or practice. Pie, that is, doing work, refers to the actions and expressions of actors in traditional Chinese opera performances.

Doing work, or referring to the actions and expressions of actors in traditional Chinese opera performances, or the physical force that directs objects to move in the direction of force, can only be regarded as "doing"

(2) "Pretending" means doing more. As mentioned above, "pretending", "pretending to be deaf and dumb" and "putting on airs" are often used instead of "doing". Pretend, pose, and smile, just use "do". The word "do" is often used because it has the color of written language, but it is not absolutely impossible to use it. There is a use case of "doing" in the annotation of Modern Chinese Dictionary. Make a gesture, make a gesture, and then use "do". The meaning of "performance" is "performance", and "doing" is used; The idiom "take part in accidental amusement" uses "work". The transliteration of Hong Kong and Taiwan can also be written as "putting on a show".

4. "Left" and "Left" can be used universally.

(1) The meaning of "forever" is common. Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th Edition, 2005) interprets the meaning of "left" as "dang", and illustrates with examples: "Bark can be used as raw material for papermaking | This article can be used as a teaching material." It "made" the entry "Manjianghong" in Ci Hai: "Plant name ... whole grass can be used as feed for fish and livestock ..." Use "left". As a pledge, memorial, etc. You can also use "make". But "adverbs as adverbials" and so on, according to the convention, use "left" instead of "left".

(2) The meanings of "success" and "behavior" are universal. Its usage is attached to other verbs to form a verb-complement structure, followed by a noun or noun phrase, indicating the action or the result of the action. This usage comes from the northern vernacular, so the word "do" is more motivated. The Chinese Dictionary takes "as" as the main sentence and "as" as the auxiliary sentence, which is based on etymology. But in practical application, the word "left" is more common, so "left" and "left" can be used universally. Modern Chinese Dictionary does not accept "as" and "as", but its 3rd edition 1996 and 4th edition in 2002 both interpret the word "as" under the annotation "Kan" and the ⑤ meaning of the annotation "Zuo" as "As"; As ","Zuo "and" Zuo "are not uniform in usage (Modern Chinese Dictionary, 6th edition, 2005, revised). However, Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary does not accept "as" and "as", but accepts "as" as a positive rule, which is interpreted as "as" under the note "Kan", and notes after the entry "as": "Now it is generally written as"; Xinhua Dictionary doesn't accept "As" and "as", but the meaning ⑤ in the annotation of Left is interpreted as "as; As ". In fact, compared with doing, modifying, acting, screaming, watching, calculating, writing, using, pretending, etc. "Zuo" can be replaced by "Zuo", and even "Zuo" can be the first choice, because it has a reliable statistical basis for word frequency. Based on the statistics of all the texts of People's Daily 1995 to 2000, the results are as follows: as 2240 (numbers indicate word frequency. The same below), 500; As 1073, as 199 ... The frequency of use of the former form is much higher than that of the latter form (see the standard dictionary of modern Chinese variant forms, a key project of the Eighth Five-Year Plan of the State Language Committee, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 2002). Therefore, "as" is not only common with "as", but also more in line with the actual situation of language application.

Thirdly, the usage norms of "left" and "left" in Modern Chinese Dictionary.

Modern Chinese Dictionary is an authoritative and influential modern Chinese dictionary in China at present, which has made great contributions to the standardization of modern Chinese vocabulary. We should respect it, but we don't have to stick to it everywhere. This involves how to treat the standardization of words in Modern Chinese Dictionary. Standardizing words (vocabulary as a whole) is the task and basic function of a language dictionary. The standardization of words in modern Chinese depends on the relevant national language and writing norms, and a large number of words standardization work (such as determining the words to be included, determining the shape, sound, meaning and usage of each word, etc.) must be completed by dictionaries. All kinds of modern Chinese dictionaries must conform to the language norms formulated by the state and the language usage habits established by the society, and are highly consistent with them, so most of their word specifications are unique; But for a few of them, it is only a dictionary standard for selection and reference, and it is not unique. Modern Chinese Dictionary treats some controversial words differently from other dictionaries. These words have strong universality and different usages. In this case, we don't necessarily adopt the word standard of Modern Chinese Dictionary, nor do we necessarily adopt the word standard of other dictionaries. Of course, there is no need to exclude the standard of words used in Modern Chinese Dictionary. Because this difference between various dictionaries does not involve the question of who is right or wrong, it often has a complementary role, as the saying goes, "different people have different opinions, and wise people have different opinions." As for the usage of "left" and "left", so do the different standards of dictionaries.

The handling of the usage of "left" and "left" in Modern Chinese Dictionary is an advocacy dictionary norm, so it is understandable. On the contrary, users of dictionaries should pay attention to the fact that we should not regard dictionary standards as such an absolute standard for individual words. Language and writing phenomena are very complicated and flexible. As long as a few heteronyms with different and controversial usage are not included in the national language norms and do not violate the social language usage habits, they may wish to choose freely, reserve some personal habits and preferences for users, and do not force unity. Of course, when writing, in addition to quoting the original text, the words should be consistent.

Lexical norms of modern Chinese cannot be based on a modern Chinese dictionary, let alone all the right and wrong on it. Of course, so do other dictionaries. Not only modern Chinese dictionaries such as Modern Chinese Dictionary, Modern Chinese Standard Dictionary and Xinhua Dictionary, but also ancient and modern Chinese dictionaries such as Chinese Dictionary, Chinese Idiom Dictionary and even encyclopedic and linguistic dictionaries such as Cihai have the task and function of standardizing modern Chinese vocabulary, which can be used as words for people to choose at different levels and degrees. Accordingly, we can choose words more accurately and flexibly.

Our conclusion is that "Left" originates from "Left", and "Left" has some semantics of "Left"; Both of them have different semantic division of labor and idioms, and also have a certain semantic range of general relations. Therefore, the usage of "left" and "left" is obviously different and must not be confused; But "doing" and "doing" can be universal in many cases, rather than either one or the other.