Genghis Khan and the sweeping south of Amu Darya destroyed the ruling foundation of China and scattered a few Mongolian troops and officials there, but on the whole, the administrative and military facilities they left behind were extremely weak. Zhe Bie and northern Jiangsu are more stubborn. Therefore, as soon as the main force of Mongolia returned to the East, Zalandin immediately returned to Persia from India, where he launched a short-lived Zionist movement. After Wokuotai acceded to the throne, he sent another 30,000 troops to recover Zalandin. 123 1 year, Zalandin was killed in exile in Tibet, and the thorn submodule also died. When Mongolian Khan ascended the throne, there should be four unfinished owners in the south of the Amu Darya River: first, we should further coordinate the Khorasan Governor's Office, the Azeri military government established in Tusi City, and the military government (now translated as Kashmir) that is afraid of losing its mind to establish stable rule on this side of the ground; The second is to destroy the "Shan Lao" assassination group entrenched in Mount El Biehler in the southwest of the Caspian Sea; Third, it was forced to land in the caliphate of Abasi in Baghdad, and if it resisted, it was defeated; Fourth, continue to advance westward from Baoda, conquer this Asia Minor region, and completely open up the road from West Asia to the eastern Mediterranean. Achieving the last three goals mentioned above is the basic content of Xu Liewu's military action in West Asia.
Although the Shanlao assassination group originated from Ishma, a mystical branch of Shia Islam, it really built castles in many dangerous places in Ershi Mountain in Erbu and Hustan (southwest of khorasan province), thus forming a disciplined independent religious kingdom, but it was in the late12nd century. The hereditary leaders of this kingdom advocated a kind of "innovation" doctrine, abolished the traditional precepts of Islam, and let believers smoke a plant containing a small amount of narcotic ingredients, thus gaining a temporary fantasy of entering the "kingdom of heaven", and trained a large number of assassins to expand their influence by assassination. The Shanlao assassination group is called "Mollay" by other Islamic factions ("lost" in Arabic); Also known as "hashshashin", it is the person who smokes hashshashin. The Christian world in Europe calls them "assassins" (assassin English, the word comes from hashshashin).
The Kingdom of Mollay was once suppressed by Seljuk Dynasty and Hua Ci Mo Zi Dynasty. After the downfall of the flower thorn submodule, their power expanded again. Although they maintain a certain degree of political relations with Mongolia, both sides are well aware that their interests in West Asia are in an increasingly profound conflict. 1238, Mollay even sent envoys to Britain and France, hoping to form an alliance with them against Mongolia.
According to Mungo's orders, Xu Liewu not only has the right to call and command all the Mongolian troops originally west of the Amu Darya, but also draws two people from every 10 nomad in Mobei, led by Wang, belonging to each branch and going out with him. There is also an army specializing in the manufacture and use of gunpowder to participate in this western expedition; It is likely that the production of primary explosives was introduced into West Asia by them, and then spread to Europe through the Muslim world.
At 1252, 1, 20,000 people headed by Kitbuqa set out first. Xu Liewu himself embarked on a journey in the autumn of the following year and went to Samarkand in the autumn of 1255 to announce Khan's orders. At the beginning of 1256, cross the Amu Darya to the west. In May, he attacked and destroyed the Muzi Yibao Fortress in the Kheshtan Mountains, and then moved to the Erbs Mountains.
August to September of 1256. Xu Liewu entered the base camp of the old assassination group in Shanshan. The leader of the Muzi dollar was assassinated in drunkenness at the end of last year. After his son Husha succeeded to the throne, he wanted to abandon Ishma and change Islamic law because of his teachings. Facing the military threat from Mongolia, he stopped direct confrontation and expressed his willingness to surrender. On the one hand, we are still guarding against risks and promoting peace talks with strength. In June+10/mid-October, 5438, Xu Liewu surrounded the mountain fort where Hursha was located and carried out a storm. Suddenly Ersha had hoped to put it off until winter, when heavy snow closed the mountain and forced the Mongolian army to retreat without fighting. However, the severe cold did not come this year, and Ersha was suddenly forced to fall in mid-June165438+1October. Stable level.
Xu Liewu's next goal is the Arab Empire. Since 750, the Abasi family has been controlling the throne of Khalifa, the supreme ruler of the empire. When Mongolian soldiers invaded West Asia, Mustasin, the 36th generation caliph of the family, was in office, but the strength of Abbasi caliphate empire had already become a "glorious yesterday". After the middle of the 9th century, the provinces and regions of the Arab Empire gradually evolved into a series of semi-independent local dynasties, and even the Turkic regimes such as Seljuk and Walamoz appeared, which incorporated most of the territory of the Abbasi caliphate into their own rule. When Mongolia rose, the actual territory of the caliph was only the land of Baoda and the south of the Euphrates River and Tigris River basins. Although he still retains his wealth, his position as the supreme leader and patriarch of the Islamic and Muslim world has largely become a hollow reputation.
1257 Spring, Xu Liewu moved to Hamadan. After a summer's rest, the pre-war preparations for the attack were completed. In September, Xu Liewu sent envoys to the caliphate to surrender. Ignoring the fact that Mongolia had occupied most of his empire, the arrogant caliph proudly said to the ambassador, "You can't get anything you want from me." This is undoubtedly a battle table. In the same year 165438+ 10 month. The Mongolian army began to carry out military operations to surround the newspaper. By 1258, 1 month, "Mongols swarmed in from all directions and nearby areas, forming an encirclement around the newspaper office. And build barriers. " The newspaper army that went out of the city to fight was defeated. The caliph tried to hold peace talks according to the conditions put forward by Xu Liewu before, but Xu Liewu refused. In early February, the newspaper surrendered unconditionally. When the troops in the city came out, they were assigned to Mongolian sergeants and killed them all. "Everyone who stayed in the city ran away and hid in the cellar and the stove in the bathhouse", and the last caliph of the Abasi family was executed. Some history books say that he starved to death. It is said that Xu Liewu filled the caliph with gold, silver and jewels, but didn't give him food or drink, indicating that he was only greedy for gold and treasure and eventually died. There are also records that he was put into a skin by Ma Chi and died. Westerners who don't understand Mongolian tradition imagine that this is because Xu Liewu believes in the threat of some Islamic elders. They claim that if the blood of the caliph is spilled on the ground, the world will be destroyed by an earthquake accompanied by strong winds.
In the autumn after the Abbas caliph was destroyed, Xu Liewu went west to Syria. At that time, most of the Syrian territory was ruled by the grandson of the famous Kurdish general Sa Ding, known as the Ayub Dynasty. 1260 65438+ 10, the Mongolian army stormed the city of Arebos (now translated as Aleppo), and the city was broken within a week. The Syrian army has since lost its fighting spirit. In April, Damascus fell. At this time, the death of Mongo Khan reached the front line in West Asia. Xu Liewu's 20,000 people who stayed in Kitbuqa continued not to work for Zhucheng, and returned to Mongolia from the front line to participate in the Khan election struggle. 1260 In September, the Egyptian Mamluk dynasty sent troops to Xiaoya, and Kitbuqa was completely annihilated. Mamluk's army connects Damascus, Aleppo and other cities, as well as the whole territory of Syria from the west of the Euphrates River.
On the way to the Mongolian headquarters, Xu Liewu got the news that Kublai Khan and Alibaba Brother were fighting each other. So he stopped moving and sat on the sidelines watching. In order to win the support of western kings, Kublai Khan announced that he would hand over all the south of Amu Darya to Xu Liewu. It turned out that when Meng Ge entrusted Xu Liewu to the Western Expedition, he said to him, "Come to the mainland after you have finished these major events." In other words, south of the Amu Darya belongs to the property of the Golden Family, and Xu Liewu is only the representative of all the troops responsible for the conquest of the Golden Family. The Khan crisis after Mungo's death forced Kublai Khan to admit Xu Liewu's vested rights in the Western Regions. Since then, this land has become the "ladder molecule" of Xu Liewu and his descendants.
Xu Liewu called Irkhan Khan, meaning "Khan attached" and "vassal king". The title of Il-Khan should show that his position is slightly lower than that of Ge Urus Khan in Genghis Khan's era. This word was previously translated as "Ilhan". In fact, Chinese characters such as "er" and "er" were never used for transliteration in the Yuan Dynasty. According to the style of translating non-Chinese characters at that time, Xu Liewu's dynasty should be translated into Ili khanate.