In the eighth year of Emperor Taizong's Zhenguan reign (634), Songzan Gambu sent envoys to make peace with Tang, and Tang also sent officials to Tibet. In 638 AD, Songzan Gambu sent envoys to Chang 'an to propose marriage. Two years later, he sent minister Lu Dongzan to propose to Tang. Emperor Taizong promised to marry Princess Wencheng, the daughter of the imperial clan, to Zangpu Songzan Gambu, a Tibetan monk, and sent Shangshu of the Ministry of Rites and Li Daozong, king of Jiangxia, to hold a festival escort. In 64 1 year, Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, and the Book of Tang recorded that Songzan Gambu was personally greeted by Heyuan. When Princess Wencheng entered Tibet, she sent to Tibet various production technologies of the Tang Dynasty, such as 60 architectural and engineering works, 100 prescriptions for treating 404 diseases, 5 diagnostic methods, 6 medical instruments, 4 medical monographs, and a large number of daily necessities and crop seeds. Princess Wencheng lived in Tubo for nearly 40 years and died in 680.
This marriage was the first time that the Tang Dynasty and the Tubo rulers established formal ties. Most historians also praise Songzan Gambu for marrying a princess of the Nepalese royal family. However, it is doubtful whether it really happened, because there is no such record in early history. Although there is some evidence that Tibet was not completely ignorant of Buddhism during this period, Buddhism was widely spread in Tibet mainly because of the influence of Princess Datang on her husband. When Songtsan Gambu was alive, Tang and Fan maintained a peaceful and friendly relationship, and the exchanges between envoys of the two sides increased year by year. According to incomplete statistics, from the fourth year of Zhenguan (630) to 842, there were *** 19 1 times of exchanges between the two sides, including 66 visits by Tang officials and 25 visits by Tibetan officials. In 645, Emperor Taizong returned to Chang 'an after a personal expedition to Goguryeo. Songzan Gambu sent Galdon Zanyu Song to Chang 'an to congratulate Dajie, and presented a seven-foot-tall golden goose as a gift. In 648, Wang Xuance, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, was ordered to send troops to Tianzhu, which coincided with the Tianzhu War. When the envoys of the Tang Dynasty were robbed, Wang Xuance fled to Tubo, and Songzan Gambu sent troops to help, recruiting Nepalis. Wang Xuance led him to Tianzhu, put down the war, made the delegation of Datang return smoothly, and presented him as a prisoner in Chang 'an. Later, Wang Xuance spent three years in Tang Gaozong (658) and went to Tianzhu through Tubo. Up to now, there is a cliff stone carving named "Inscription by Datang Tianzhu" in Jilong County, Tibet. In the summer of 649, Emperor Taizong died and acceded to the throne. He sent an envoy to Tibet to mourn, and named Songzanganbu the king of Xihai County and a captain of Xu. Songtsan Gampo sent a special envoy to Chang 'an to pay homage, presented 15 kinds of gold and silver jewelry in front of Emperor Taizong's mausoleum, and wrote a letter to express his congratulations and support for Tang Gaozong's accession to the throne. He also sent a letter to Stuart Wuji, saying, "The son of heaven has just ascended the throne. If his deputies are disloyal, they should stop fighting and go to the country to get rid of it. " Feng Songzan Ganbu was named "Xu Wei" and "King of Xihai County", while Jin Fengsong Songzan Ganbu was named "King of Zongbei", and a stone statue of Songzan Ganbu was carved in front of Zhaoling Tomb of Taizong.
After Songtsan Gambu died in 650, his grandson Mang Lun Mang succeeded him as Zambu, and his minister Gadong Zanyu Song assisted him in managing state affairs. Gadong Zanyu Song inherited the policy of Songzan Gambu, improved the law, checked the household registration, determined the tax burden, and stabilized the interior of Tubo. He took advantage of the internal disputes of Tuguhun royal family, led troops to attack Tuguhun many times, and even clashed with Datang, which supported Tuguhun. In 670, in order to support Tuyuhun, the Tang Dynasty sent hundreds of thousands of troops to escort King Tuyuhun back to Qinghai. After receiving the information, Gail Qinling immediately mobilized more than 200,000 troops of Tubo to fight, and Tang Jun was completely annihilated in the Great Africa-Sichuan War south of Qinghai Lake. From then on, Tubo firmly controlled the Qinghai Lake area, and further competed with Datang for Longyou, Hexi Corridor and Anxi, trying to gain control of the Silk Road and gain greater economic benefits. In 676, Munlon Munzan died, and his posthumous son Juniper (Chinese: Dui Rong Mang Baojie) was established as Zanpu, and Garchin Mausoleum continued to be in charge. Due to the long-term monopoly of the Gaelic family, conflicts with other nobles also threatened the consolidation of Zampa's royal power. When Juniper Mumbo grew up, he crusaded against Gaelic people from 695 to 698. Qin Mausoleum in Zongka, Qinghai committed suicide, and his brothers Zanpo and Zi Mangbu led the troops to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. Zanpo was awarded the title of King of Germany, and Mangbu Branch was awarded the title of An Guogong first, and then the title of Sichuan County with meritorious military service.
After the Gaelic people were cut off by the Juniper Mumbo knot, the Tubo kingship was strengthened and consolidated. However, in 704, Juniper Mumberger died during the Nanzhao expedition. His son Chidezuzan (Chinese: Yin Manchong) became the Tubo throne in the same year. Because he is only one year old, his grandmother didn't join the government's Luban. During this period, Wu Zetian, the female emperor of Wu Zhou, was in her later years. Zhou Fan and Zhou Fan are both trapped by years of war, hoping to restore peace and friendship. When Juniper Mumbojie was alive, Ban once asked for relatives for him, and later for Chidezuzan. After the death of Wu Zetian in 705, Tang Zhongzong resumed the throne of the Tang Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. In 7 10 AD, Princess Xu Jincheng of Tang Zhongzong was in Chide Zuzan. In the same year, Tang Zhongzong sent envoys to accompany Tibetan wedding envoys to escort Princess Jincheng into Tibet. Tang Zhongzong personally led the crowd to Shiping County, Shaanxi Province to see him off, and at the request of Tubo, he gave Princess Jincheng the land of the Nine Curves of the Yellow River as Tang Muyi. In 73 1 year, Princess Chizu Dezan and Princess Jincheng sent envoys to ask for Shi Mao, Book of Rites and Zuo Zhuan from the Tang Dynasty, and demanded to delimit the mutual market. Chi Zudezan said in the table: "My nephew is the uncle of my late emperor and the princess of Jincheng. Therefore, we are a family and everyone in the world is happy. " In 733, Tang Fan erected a monument in Chiling (Sun Moon Mountain, Qinghai Province). In Chiling and Gan Song Ridge, officials from both sides attended, and informed all localities that the two sides were reconciled and it was forbidden to plunder each other.
Soon, because both Tang and Fan wanted to expand their influence, and the frontier generals also wanted to gain fame from the war, the war broke out. Tubo is connected with the earth and rocks in the north and Nanzhao in Yunnan in the southeast, which poses a great threat to the Tang Dynasty. Around 754, the late Dong Zebu and Lang Maise, who was a great theorist, made an uprising, and Chi Dezu Zan was killed. In 755, the Tubo dynasty put down the rebellion, and Chisong Dêzain succeeded to the throne at the age of thirteen. This year, the "Anshi Rebellion" occurred in the Tang Dynasty, and Emperor Xuanzong fled from Chang 'an to Sichuan. Tang imperial court dispatched troops to deal with Tubo to quell the rebellion, making the western defense empty. Tubo cameras occupied a large area of land in Longyou, Hexi and Anxi in the Tang Dynasty, and in July, 763 10, taking advantage of the discord between the monarch and the minister in the Tang Dynasty, about 200,000 troops were concentrated in the east and went straight to Chang 'an and Cang. The Tubo army occupied Chang 'an for fifteen days, and at the same time, Li Chenghong, the nephew of Princess Jincheng (actually contemporary with Princess Jincheng), was appointed Guangwu Emperor, and hundreds of officials were set up. After the Tibetan army didn't adapt to the heat of Chang 'an in autumn, the disease became popular among the Tibetan army, and the army of the diligent king Tang Dynasty approached, the Tibetan army took the initiative to withdraw from Chang 'an. During the reign of Chisong Dêzain, the territory of the Tubo Dynasty was greatly expanded, with Donglongshan as the boundary and Datang as the whole. It also entered Baoji many times, threatening Chang 'an, connecting Helan Mountain and Uighur in Ningxia in the north, Nanzhao as a vassal state in the south, and four towns in Anxi in the west, fighting against the central Asian food. According to historical records in Tibet, Tubo once entered the north bank of the Ganges River south of the Himalayas.
According to historical records, from 705 to 822 AD, the Tang Dynasty allied with Tubo eight times, and the monument of the eighth alliance still stands in front of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. Because the eighth alliance was held in the first year to the second year of Tang Muzong Changqing (82 1 to 822), it was also called "Changqing Alliance". The text of the alliance is as follows:
Emperor Wen of the Tang Dynasty and Xiao, together with the Great Brahman, praised and popularized his uncles and nephews, discussed the country as one, made a peace treaty and never replaced it. All gods and people have proved it and praised it from generation to generation. It's a program in the alliance language, and the title is also on the tablet. Emperor's filial piety and praise (Pu), nephew of the second sage and uncle, quilt of Ruizhe, always know this, enjoy pity, cover with kindness, ask for advice, serve Antai today, think as one, become great kindness for a long time, renew the affection of old relatives, and reaffirm the meaning of good neighbors, so it is great harmony. Today, the two countries, Fan and Han, are in charge of their own territories, and the west (the east of Tao Min, the mansion of Tang Dynasty and its fortress) is a vast land, and they are not enemies of each other, mobilizing troops for revolution and non-aggression. Or if you have a guess, you can catch up and ask questions and give them food and clothing. Today, the leaves of the country are all the same, so it is great. However, my uncle and nephews are good friends, and every good friendship will be passed down. They ride each other's post stations and hand over Fan Han and his horse to General Valley. Sui Rongmen is in the east, and the Tang Dynasty should only respond that Qingshui County is in the west, and the supply of large models must be combined with the gifts of uncles and nephews, so as not to raise the dust of the two worlds, ignore the name of bandits and thieves, and have nothing to fear. People are sealed off, the countryside is safe and happy (well, it hangs over generations and praises), and the sun and the moon are everywhere. Peace and happiness for the country are in line with the great cause of the country. So I swear never to change, Sambo Sage, Sun, Moon and Stars, please know. Such a Covenant, their respective contracts. Punishment is alliance, so if you don't keep this oath, the barbarians will suffer. Those who have to retaliate (report) and plot are not limited to breaking the alliance. Fan Hanjun, kowtowing and swearing, is a writer, taking the test of two kings, and the certificate is sealed by the official seal, and the minister is on the altar and autographed. With such an oath in hand, hiding in the jade house.
Tibet during the Tubo Dynasty was always in the struggle between local Bonism and newly introduced Buddhism. In 84 1 year, Chizu Dezan was assassinated by a minister who opposed Buddhism, and his younger brother Rondama was pushed to the throne. Long Da Horse represents the forces against the spread of Buddhism. In 843, the Buddha was banned, the monks' leaders were killed, monks were forced to return to the secular world, monasteries were closed, and the Buddha statues and Buddhist scriptures were destroyed, which was known in history as "Lundama destroyed the Buddha". In 846, Rondama was shot and killed by the monk Lalongbeiji Yun Dan. After his father's death, Dama's two sons fought for the throne, and the generals who held military power immediately fought for more than 20 years. The chaos of the ruling clique led to the rebellion of the common people in 869. In 877, the rebels excavated Zampa's tomb and killed the royal family and nobles one by one. The Tubo dynasty completely collapsed, and the reunification of Tibet for more than 200 years ended here. Later, many tribes and indigenous countries were formed in Tibet. A similar incident happened at the same time in Datang. The Tang Dynasty perished in 907 AD, and entered another great division period of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, until the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty.
In 960, the Northern Song Dynasty was established. Because of the geographical location of Dasong, it had little contact with Tubo in Weizang and other places far away from the Han nationality, but had relatively close contact with Tubo in Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places adjacent to the Han nationality. Shortly after the founding of the Great Song Dynasty, the descendants of a tribal leader of the former Tubo Empire established political power in Huangshui Valley of Qinghai, with Luanchuan (now Ledu) and Qingtang (now Xining) as the center. This was the largest local feudal regime with Tibetans as the main body at that time. Many times, my companions sent envoys to pay tribute to the emperor of the Song Dynasty and beg for official positions. 1032 (the first year of Ming Dow), Song Renzong named his servant "General Ningyuan, Yong Yong Aizhou Ambassador" and gave him a generous salary. A.D. 104 1 year (the second year of Kangding), Song Gaozong also named him "Commissioner of Taibao School, Defender of Taiping, Military Commissioner of Hexi". Since then, Dong Zhan, Ali, Gu, Zheng and Long have been blind. The descendants of Ba were appointed as officials by DaSong for several generations. The area ruled by Shu Si Luo Department belongs to Qingfeng Road, one of the 26 national highways in the Northern Song Dynasty. By the year 1 1 16 (Zheng He's sixth year), Ba Tshilo area was all changed to Song Dynasty counties. In addition, in A.D.100/year (the fourth year of Xianping), Song Zhenzong also conferred the title of Luozhi Pan, the leader of Liuzang Valley in Liangzhou (Wuwei), as the official post of "Yanzhou Defense Ambassador and Lingzhou Western Governor Ambassador".
From the 1 1 century, the Song Dynasty vigorously promoted the policy of opening up wasteland and guarding the border in southern Gansu, Hexi Corridor, eastern Qinghai and Xikang, in order to cope with the invasion of Xixia and increase the defense force. On this basis, Dasong distributed weapons such as bows and arrows to Tibetan tribes in Hexi Corridor and other places, recruited Tibetan archers, and established a military system similar to Dasong militia among Tibetans to resist the invasion and harassment of Xixia people. Wang Shao, the general of the Song Dynasty, reclaimed a lot of land in Linxia and Lintao, Gansu, and recruited more than 300,000 Tibetans to cultivate seeds. The famous tea-horse trade was also held in Ya 'an, Sichuan, Linxia, Gansu, and Dasong special market in some parts of Shaanxi. The regular and fixed trade between horses in Tibetan areas and tea in Han areas began for hundreds of years.
The Yuan Dynasty unified Tibetan areas and fostered the Sakya Sect to establish local political power. At the same time, the Yuan Dynasty established a series of military and political institutions on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, the Tubo Propaganda and Comfort Department was established in Hezhou, as an administrative organization to manage the whole Tibetan area. Basiba lived in Hezhou for more than two years from 1272 to 1274. Later, because the ground under its jurisdiction was too large, the Propaganda Department was established in Kangqu. 1280 After the death of Basiba, the Yuan Dynasty set up a propaganda department in Weizang for administrative needs. In this way, by the middle of the Yuan Dynasty, the whole Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was divided into three administrative regions: one was "Duosima", where the Marshal's Office was established in Tubo and other places (also known as Duosima Xuanfu Office), which governed most parts of Qinghai Province, southern Gansu Province and Aba, Sichuan Province; One is "Duogansi", that is, "Duokang" of the Tubo Dynasty, which established Marshal House (also known as Duogansi Xuanwei Ambassador) to govern Yushu in Qinghai Province, Ganzi in Sichuan Province, Diqing in Yunnan Province, Changdu in Xizang Autonomous Region and the eastern part of Naqu area; The third is to defend Ali, set up Marshal Sanlu House (also known as Zang Xuanwei Department of Wu Si), and announce the consolation to Zang in Wu Si ("Wei Zang Si Rusi" of Tubo Dynasty) and the Ali area to the west, which is most of the areas under the jurisdiction of Xizang Autonomous Region today. In addition to calling Tibetan areas "Tubo" in general, the Yuan Dynasty often used names such as "Duosima", "Duogan Temple" and "Uscang" when talking about various ministries in Tibetan areas. Because the Yuan Dynasty reclassified Tibetan areas as "Western Regions", the Yuan Dynasty called all ethnic groups in the Western Regions Xifan (or wrote Xifan), and Tibetans were regarded as one of the Xifan, so sometimes they were called Xifan, and sometimes they were written differently. This is the first time to add the word "Xi" to Tibetan place names. This informal change of "Tubo" to "Xifan" and "Xifan" is the first step in the emergence of the word "Tibet", but "Tibet" did not evolve from "Xifan" or "Xifan".