Brief introduction of Greek history
Keywords: Simple Wiki of Greek History
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Chronology:
Aegean civilization? To 1600
Mycenaean civilization from BC 1600 to BC 1200.
/kloc-the dark ages from 0/200 to 800 years ago
Ancient Greece from 776 BC to 323 BC
323 years before Hellenism to before Hellenism 146 years
BC 146-330 in Greece
Byzantine Empire from 330 to 1453
Ottoman Empire 1453 to 1832
Modern Greece 1832 to present
abstract:
Traditionally, Greek history includes the historical study of the Greek people, the areas they ruled and the inland areas of Greece today. In history, the scope of Greek life has changed greatly, so the areas involved in Greek history are quite flexible, and each period has its own geographical scope.
The first Greeks arrived in Europe in 1500 BC. In its heyday, Greek civilization ruled the vast land from Egypt to Hindu Kush. After that, a large number of Greek nationalities scattered in this territory and a large number of colonies, including Turkey, Italy, Libya and the Levant. Meanwhile, Greek immigrants have been widely integrated into different societies around the world. However, today, most Greeks still live in the modern Greek Republic (independent from 182 1) and Cyprus (independent from 1960).
catalogue
1 Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece
2 MacSydney Civilization: Bronze Age
3 Dark Ages
4 Ancient Greece
5 Hellenistic period
6 Roman period
7 Middle Ages
8 Ottoman rule
9 the establishment of modern Greek state
Aegean civilization: prehistoric Greece
Minoan civilization/Minos people
The earliest civilization that appeared in Greece was Minoan civilization in Aegean Sea, and its existence lasted from about 3000 BC to about 1450 BC. We know very little about Minos, and even this name is just a modern name, the legendary king Minos from Crete. They seem to belong to the pre-Indo-European family; Their language, Minos, may be written in the unread linear character A; They are mainly sea merchants. Although the reason for their decline is ominous, it is certain that they were eventually invaded and ruled by Mycenae in the Greek mainland.
Bronze Age: Mycenae Civilization
Mycenae civilization is a civilization in the late ancient Greece. Its existence can be traced back to the Greek arrival in the Aegean Sea around 1600 BC, and its decline around 1 100 BC, which is the historical background of Homer's epic and many Greek myths. The Mycenaean period was named after the Mycenaean archaeological site in the northeast of Argos in the Peloponnesian Peninsula in southern Greece. Athens, Pilars, Thebes and Tirins are also important Mycenae cities.
Mycenae civilization was ruled by nobles led by warriors. About 1400 years ago, Mycenae took control of Crete, the center of Crete civilization, and absorbed the linear letter A of the latter to write their own language, an early Greek. The characters in Minoan period are called linear characters B.
Mycenae buried their nobles in tholoi, a circular tomb with a high dome and a straight stone entrance passage. They are usually buried with weapons and equipment such as daggers, and nobles usually wear gold masks, crowns, armor and jewels. Mycenae was usually buried in a sitting position, and the bodies of some nobles were mummified.
Mycenaean civilization declined about 1 100 years ago, many cities were looted, and Greek history entered a dark period. During this period, the population and culture of Greece declined greatly. The Greeks themselves blamed the disaster on the invasion of another Greek, Dorian, but there is no archaeological evidence to prove this assertion.
The dark ages of Greece
The dark age of Greece (about 1200-800 BC) refers to the rise of the earliest Greek city-state in Greek history from 1 1 century BC, when the so-called Dorian people invaded and Mycenae civilization perished, to the 9th century BC. And the emergence of the earliest Greek characters such as Homer's epic in the eighth century BC.
The decline of Mycenae civilization corresponds to the decline of several Near Eastern empires in time, especially the decline of Hittite and Egyptian civilization, which may be caused by the invasion of a marine nation equipped with iron weapons. When Dorians went south to Greece, they were also equipped with more advanced iron weapons, which could easily drive away Mycenae, who was already weak. The historical period after this is collectively called the Dark Age of Greece.
Archaeology shows the decline of Greek world civilization during this period, the magnificent palace of Mycenae was destroyed or abandoned, and Greek was no longer written. Greek pottery in the dark ages only had simple geometric decoration, lacking the rich pattern design displayed by Mycenae installations. The number and scale of Greek settlements in the dark ages are very small, which may indicate a sharp decline in population. The failure to find goods produced abroad may indicate the loss of international trade. At the same time, the connection with other civilizations has disappeared, leading to the overall stagnation of social culture.
The king who ruled this period was eventually replaced by aristocratic rule, and in some areas, aristocratic rule-the elite of the elite-appeared later. The focus of the war shifted from knights to dependence on infantry. Because of its low cost and easy collection, iron has replaced bronze as the first choice for manufacturing tools and weapons. The differences between people of different classes gradually became smaller, which led to the subversion of kingship and the rise of clans.
Clans began to rebuild their history, connecting their blood with the heroes in the Trojan War, especially Hercules. Although most of them are purely legends, some of them have been sorted out by hesiod poets. Most of the poems have been lost, and we only know some story writers, such as Hecataeus in Miletus and Akwasi Routh in Argos.
People think that Homer's epic contains some oral traditions handed down from the dark ages, but the historical authenticity of Homer's works is still widely disputed.
At the end of this period, the stagnant civilization was fully revived in the world as far away as the Black Sea and Spain. The writing system was recovered from Phoenicians and spread northward to Italy and Gaul.
ancient Greece
Historians have different opinions about the beginning of the ancient Greek period. Although in common usage, it can refer to all Greek history before the Roman Empire ruled Greece, historians tend to give it a more precise definition. Some authors include Minoan civilization and Mycenae civilization, while others point out that these civilizations are too different from the later classical Greek civilization and should be divided separately. Traditionally, the beginning of the ancient Greek period was designated as the first Olympic Games in 776 BC, but now more historians have advanced it to around 1000 BC. It ended with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. The following period is called Hellenistic period, although not all scholars treat these two periods differently, and even some authors regard ancient Greek civilization as a continuous continuation until the rise of Christianity in the 3rd century.
Many historians believe that ancient Greece is the foundation of western civilization. Greek culture deeply influenced ancient Roman civilization, which spread it to the whole western world. The heritage of ancient Greek civilization is rooted in the language, politics, education, philosophy, art and architecture in the western world today. Especially in the Renaissance, 18 and 19 centuries, different neoclassical movements took place in Europe and America, which greatly affected the progress of civilization.
The political unit of ancient Greece was the city-state, so "politics" was "the affairs of the city-state". Every city, at least in theory, is independent: although some cities may be subordinate to other cities, such as colonies, they are generally subordinate to the mother country; Some governments may rely on other cities. For example, the thirty tyrants in Athens were appointed by Sparta after the Peloponnesian War, but the nominal supreme power of each city always lies in the city. This means that when Greece participated in the war (for example, against the Persian Empire), it went to the battlefield in the form of "alliance". It also created favorable conditions for the civil war between Greek city-States.
Many names familiar to modern readers are active in this period. Poets include Homer, hesiod, Pindar, Aeschylus, Sophocles, euripides, aristophanes and Sappho. Famous politicians include Themistocles, Pericles, Lysander, Epaminondas, Archimedes, Philip II and his son Alexander the Great. Writers include Plato, Aristotle, Heraclitus, parmenides, democritus, Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon. Almost all the knowledge involved in Euclid's Elements of Geometry (written in the early Hellenistic period) was formed during this period.
The ancient Greek world was formed by two major wars: Persian War and Peloponnesian War.
Hellenistic period
The Hellenistic period began with the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and ended in 146 BC. The Greek mainland and islands were incorporated into the territory of Rome. Although Roman rule over Greece did not change the cultural and social traditions formed during the Hellenistic period, it still marked the loss of Greek political independence. During the Hellenistic period, the influence of "Greek mainland" in the Greek-speaking world was greatly reduced. The cultural centers at that time were Alexandria, the capital of Ptolemy Dynasty, and Antioch, the capital of Seleucid Empire.
The news of Alexander's death reached Greece, which made the Athenians feel an opportunity. They and their allies immediately rose up against Macedonian rule, but were defeated in the Ramian War within a year. However, Alexander's generals themselves launched a Diadoki war, which eventually led to the disintegration of the empire and the establishment of a new kingdom. Ptolemy was assigned to Egypt, Seleucus was assigned to the Levant, Mesopotamia and the eastern end of the empire. The dispute over Greece, Thrace and Anatolia lasted for some time, but Antioch finally replaced Antipater in 298.
Macedonians' control over Greek city-states, such as Athens, Rhode Island and Pagama, was intermittent. These city-states retained considerable autonomy and joined the Aetolian League to defend this right. At the same time, the Aegean Union, which nominally belonged to the Ptolemy dynasty, was actually? %C