The First Opium War Britain usually called the First British-Chinese War or "Trade War", which was a war launched by Britain against China from 1840 to 1842, and it was also the beginning of China's modern history. ?

2. The Second Opium War

The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. In order to further open the China market and expand the interests of aggression in China, Britain and France used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in China as an excuse to jointly attack the Qing government under the pretext of Yarrow Incident and Ma Fu Incident.

3. Sino-French War

The Sino-French War was also a war of the Qing Dynasty, which was triggered by France's invasion of Vietnam and China from February 1883 to April 1885 (Guangxu from November 9 to February 11). The first stage of the battlefield was in northern Vietnam; The second phase extended to the southeast coast of China.

4. Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

The Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (Japanese War, Korean Peninsula War, Sino-Japanese War/First Sino-Japanese War) was a war of Japanese aggression against China and Korea at the end of 19. According to China's calendar, 1894, the time when the war broke out was the Sino-Japanese War, so it was called the Sino-Japanese War. ?

5. Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China.

Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China refers to the armed war of aggression against China on May 28th, 2000 (the 26th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty), which was composed of eight major countries: the British Empire, the United States, the Third Republic of France, the German Empire, the Russian Empire, the Japanese Empire, the Italian Kingdom and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

Extended data

The First Opium War (1840- 1842)

The First Opium War Britain usually called the First British-Chinese War or "Trade War", which was a war launched by Britain against China from 1840 to 1842, and it was also the beginning of China's modern history. ?

After the closed door, the Qing dynasty gradually fell behind the world trend, but it still maintained a trade surplus position in foreign trade. In order to reverse the trade deficit with China, Britain began to smuggle drugs and opium to China for huge profits.

1838 (18th year of Daoguang) In the winter, Daoguang Emperor sent Lin Zexu, governor of Huguang, as an imperial envoy to Guangdong to ban opium. After Lin Zexu came to power, he seized more than 20,000 boxes of opium and destroyed them all at Humen Haikou. In order to open the door to the China market, the British government decided to send an expeditionary force to invade China. The British Parliament also passed the war appropriation bill for China. In June, 1840, 47 British ships and 4,000 troops, led by China's Yi Fa, Shang Jian and Yi Fa, arrived outside the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong, blocked Haikou, and the Opium War began. Although this war is only a part of the Opium War, it is sometimes called the Opium War. The war has been going on intermittently, during which a series of battles and military actions are irrelevant. ?

At the beginning of the war, China soldiers and civilians rose up and dealt a heavy blow to the British invaders. However, the decadent feudal system could not resist the British invasion, and the war ended in China's failure and reparations. China's first unequal treaty, treaty of nanking, was signed. China began to cede territory, pay reparations and negotiate tariffs to foreign countries, which seriously endangered China's sovereignty. The Opium War made China a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, lost its independent status and promoted the disintegration of the natural economy. At the same time, it also opened a new chapter in the history of modern China people's resistance to foreign aggression.

The Second Opium War (1856- 1860)

The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. In order to further open the China market and expand the interests of aggression in China, Britain and France used the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement in China as an excuse to jointly attack the Qing government under the pretext of Yarrow Incident and Ma Fu Incident.

Because Britain and France launched wars under the pretext of Yarrow Incident and Father Ma Incident respectively, they were called "Yarrow War" by the British. Also known as "the Battle of the Anglo-French Allied Forces" or "the Second Sino-British War". At the same time, because this war can be regarded as the continuation of the first opium war (that is, the opium war, as opposed to the second), it is also called the "second opium war".

1860, British and French troops invaded Beijing, and the Qing emperor fled to Chengde. British and French troops invaded Yuanmingyuan, plundered jewels and burned them. After Russia sent troops to participate in the war, it claimed that "mediation was successful" and coerced the Qing government to cede more than 6.5438+0.5 million square kilometers of territory, becoming the biggest winner. The war ended with the Qing government being forced to sign the Beijing Treaty.

The Second Opium War forced the Qing government to successively sign the Tianjin Treaty, the Beijing Treaty, the Sino-Russian Aihui Treaty and other peace treaties, and the invasion of foreign powers deepened. As a result, China lost 1.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest. After the war, the Qing government was able to concentrate on suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and maintaining its rule.

Sino-French war

The Sino-French War was also a war of the Qing Dynasty (French: GuerrerFranco-Chinoise), which lasted from1February 883 to1April 885 (Guangxu1February 9 to February1day). The first stage of the battlefield was in northern Vietnam; The second phase extended to the southeast coast of China.

In the course of the war, although France, the sea and the navy gained the upper hand in most battles, they could not achieve strategic victory: although the French Far East Fleet won a great victory in the naval battle and once captured Keelung, it could not achieve the strategic goal of winning the island of Taiwan Province Province due to the defeat and epidemic situation of the battle from Huwei (now Danshui Town, Taipei County); Although the Qing army suffered a disastrous defeat in the early stage, it was led by Prince Gong. The military department and the foreman were completely changed (Shen Jia changed his position), but the defense of Taiwan Province and Hangzhou Bay was successful in the later period. Feng Zicai's command of various ministries in the battle of Zhennanguan brought heavy casualties to the French army, which led to the collapse of the ferry regime.

Taking this opportunity, the two countries resumed peace talks and concluded the Sino-French New Testament. The Qing side recognized French suzerainty over the French Indian colony of zhina, and the two countries resumed trade. Affected by this war, the Qing court set up a province in Taiwan Province Province, with Liu Mingchuan as the governor, vigorously promoted modern defense and the New Deal, and actively established the Beiyang Navy.

Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895

The Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (Japanese War, Korean Peninsula War, Sino-Japanese War/First Sino-Japanese War) was a war of Japanese aggression against China and Korea at the end of 19. According to China's calendar, 1894, the time when the war broke out was the Sino-Japanese War, so it was called the Sino-Japanese War. ?

During the Meiji Restoration, Japan embarked on the capitalist road, actively invaded and expanded abroad, and determined a "mainland policy" centered on China. At this time, the Qing Dynasty was an empire exposed to the world through the Westernization Movement, with political corruption, poor people's lives, intrigue among various factions in the officialdom, strong national defense and military, and lax discipline. The world's major capitalist countries are gradually transitioning to imperialism, and Japan's aggression has been supported by western powers to some extent.

1894, the East Learning Party uprising broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government forces were successively defeated and forced to ask for help from the sovereign state of the Qing Dynasty. Japan also took the opportunity to send troops to North Korea and deliberately provoked war.

1894 (20th year of Guangxu) On July 25th, the naval battle of Toyoda broke out, and the Sino-Japanese War began. Because the Japanese had planned for a long time, the Qing Dynasty rushed to fight, and the war ended with the defeat of China and the annihilation of the Beiyang Navy. Under the military pressure of Japanese militarism, the Qing government in China signed the treaty of shimonoseki in April 1895.

The result of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 brought unprecedented national crisis to the Chinese nation and greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China society. On the other hand, it has made Japan's national strength stronger and laid an important foundation for it to become a big country.

Siege the international legation

Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China (siege of international war) refers to the armed war of aggression against China on May 28th, 1900 (the 26th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty), which was composed of eight major countries, including the British Empire, the United States of America, the Third Republic of France, the German Empire, the Russian Empire, the Japanese Empire, the Italian Kingdom and the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

1900 Spring, the Boxer Rebellion became the fuse of Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China. Under this pretext, Eight-Nation Alliance carved up and plundered China in the name of suppressing the Boxer Rebellion.

The total number of United Nations troops invading China is about 50,000, which is well-equipped and powerful. On August 65, 438+09000, Beijing was completely occupied. Wherever Eight-Nation Alliance went, he killed and set fire to people, raped and plundered them! There are countless treasures stolen and looted from the Forbidden City, Zhongnanhai and the Summer Palace! Eight-Nation Alliance Commander-in-Chief Wadesi later admitted that the details of all the damage and robbery suffered by China this time will never be found out, but the amount will be extremely considerable. 190 1 On September 7th, China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which brought unprecedented suffering to the country and people at that time.

Reference Baidu Encyclopedia-Baidu Encyclopedia of the First Opium War-Baidu Encyclopedia of the Second Opium War-Baidu Encyclopedia of the Sino-French War-Baidu Encyclopedia of the Sino-Japanese War-Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China