The Sino-British Trade Charter Aftermath Treaty is also called the Sino-British Trade Charter. Supplementary clauses of Sino-British Tianjin Treaty. 1858 (the eighth year of Xianfeng)165438+1On October 8th, Gui Liang, an imperial envoy of the Qing Dynasty, signed an agreement with Erkin, the British plenipotentiary. * * * Ten paragraphs, with customs tariff attached. Main contents: (1) The Customs employs British people; (2) The customs will levy taxes on all import and export goods on time. (3) When foreign goods are shipped to the mainland for sale, only 2.5% import tax will be paid, and no tax will be paid; (4) Black-bone chicken slices are allowed to be imported, and the import tax is per 100 kg of 320 yuan. Since then, opium has been openly imported, and foreign goods have flooded into the China market.
1June, 840, the first opium war, the first unequal treaty in China's modern history-"treaty of nanking" was signed-according to the treaty, Hong Kong Island was ceded to the United Kingdom, with compensation of 2 1 10,000 silver dollars, and Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai were opened as trading ports. When China Customs collected the tariff rate of import and export goods from British businessmen, it must cooperate with them. Since then, China has become a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society.
1in the autumn of 856, the second opium war was signed. According to the Tianjin Treaty, foreign ministers of various countries will be stationed in Beijing and open 65,438+00 trading ports along the Yangtze River. Foreign warships and merchant ships can sail in ports along the Yangtze River, and foreigners can go to Chinese mainland for "trade" and missionary work. The Qing government will pay 4 million taels for military expenditure and 2 million taels for British businessmen. In the same year, the Qing government was forced to sign an agreement with Britain and France, which stipulated that the Qing government recognized it as valid, Tianjin was opened as a trading port, and part of Kowloon Division was given to Britain, and the compensation was raised to 8 million taels of silver. At this point, the degree of semi-colonialism and semi-feudalism in China has deepened.
1In August, 894, the Qing government was forced to declare war on Japan. 1894 was called the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, and the treaty of shimonoseki was signed. According to the treaty, Taiwan Province Province of Liaodong Peninsula and its affiliated islands were ceded to Japan, and the military compensation was 200 million silver. Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou opened a trading port, so that Japanese ships could sail into the above ports, and they could invest and set up factories at the trading ports, and their products were shipped to China. As a result, the degree of semi-colonization of China society has greatly deepened.
[train of thought analysis]
The Opium War was a war of aggression against China launched by Britain in the 20th to 22nd year of Daoguang (1840 ~ 1842).
The Second Opium War was a war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States from 1856 to 1860 (Xianfeng six to ten years).
The Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was a war in which Japan invaded China and Korea from 65438 to 1895.
Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China was launched in 1900 by Russia, Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Austria to suppress the Boxer Rebellion.
[Problem solving process]
the opium war
China was invaded by Britain in the 20th to 22nd year of Daoguang (1840 ~ 1842).
The background of the war/KLOC-At the beginning of the 9th century, opium began to be imported into China in large quantities, and its pernicious effects were extremely serious, which not only damaged the health of users, but also caused the outflow of silver, which directly destroyed social production and affected the lives of working people. A large number of opium imports also deepened the crisis of feudal rule in Qing Dynasty. The opium trade made the bureaucrats of the Qing dynasty more and more corrupt, and the army lost its combat effectiveness. The continuous outflow of silver made the Qing dynasty's finances in trouble. Therefore, the idea of banning opium was once popular. In the winter of the eighteenth year of Daoguang, Lin Zexu was called to Beijing. Daoguang summoned him many times and awarded him an imperial envoy to Guangzhou to ban opium. 1From June 3 to 25, 839 (April 22 to May 15), Lin Zexu led local officials to destroy all the seized tobacco soil in Humentan. The anti-smoking campaign has achieved initial success.
After the opium trade was severely banned during the war, the British bourgeoisie immediately planned to launch a war of aggression. 1 839 65438+1October1,the British cabinet decided to send troops to China. In February of the following year, the British government appointed Yi Law and Yi Law as deputy plenipotentiaries and Yi Law as commander-in-chief of the British invading army. 1840 In April, the British Parliament passed the case of paying military expenses. In June, Illu led more than 40 British ships and more than 4,000 soldiers to China, and the first Opium War officially began.
When the British arrived in China, they first blocked the Pearl River Estuary. Yelv saw that the soldiers and civilians in Guangdong were on alert, so he decided to lead the main force north. In July, the British army invaded Xiamen, Fujian, and was repelled by Deng Tingzhen Du Shi, who was transferred to the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. Then, they invaded Zhejiang and captured Dinghai. In August, the British ship arrived in Baihekou, Tianjin, and submitted a note from British Foreign Secretary Bamazun to the Qing government, putting forward unreasonable demands such as compensation, cession of land and trade. Daoguang emperor sent Qishan, governor of Zhili, to Haikou, Tianjin to negotiate with the British army. Qishan told Yifa that Lin Zexu and others would be investigated, hoping that the British army would return to the south and wait for the Qing government to deal with it. British troops returned to the south in September. Daoguang emperor appointed Qishan as an imperial envoy and went to Guangdong to continue negotiations with the British side. 165438+ At the end of October, Qishan arrived in Guangzhou. He withdrew his defenses, got rid of Shui Yong, and suppressed the anti-British masses. At this point, yilu succeeded yilu as the plenipotentiary of Britain, and made progress step by step. 184110/On October 7, the British suddenly captured Shajiao and Dajiaobao, and Qishan hurriedly made peace. Yi Fa took the opportunity to put forward the Draft Convention on Snubbing, which was unilaterally published on the 20th. These include the cession of Hong Kong, compensation for tobacco price of 6 million yuan, and resumption of trade in Guangzhou.
After the fall of Shajiao and Dajiaobao, Daoguang decided to declare war, appointed an imperial envoy and imperial clan Yishan as general Jing inverse, and sent troops to Guangdong and Guangxi. In late February, the British army attacked Humen Fort first, and Qishan refused to send reinforcements. The garrison commander Guan Tianpei died heroically and the fort fell. In April, Yishan arrived in Guangzhou. In May, a night attack was launched rashly, and the British army took the opportunity to fight back, occupying suburban strongholds and shelling Guangzhou City. Yishan sent people to make peace and concluded the Guangzhou Peace Treaty with Britain. It is stipulated that the Qing army should withdraw from Guangzhou and pay the British army a "redemption fee" of 6 million yuan.
The British government was dissatisfied with the contents of the draft convention on nose piercing, and decided to change the righteous law and send Pudingcha as the plenipotentiary minister to further expand the war of aggression. In August, Pu Dingcha led reinforcements into Hong Kong and soon captured Xiamen. Jiang Jiyun, commander-in-chief of the Qing army, died. In September, the British army committed crimes in Dinghai, and the company commanders Ge, Zheng and Wang Xipeng died heroically, and Dinghai was trapped again. On June+10, 5438, the British army attacked Zhenhai, and Yu Qian, governor of the two rivers, loyal opposition drowned himself when the city fell. Ningbo Xuan also fell into the enemy. At the same time, British ships harassed Taiwan Province Province and were repelled by soldiers and civilians in Taiwan Province Province. Zhejiang lost three cities in a row, and the Qing government decided to set out for the second time, sending the co-organizer, scholar and the emperor's nephew, I Ching, as General Yang Wei and leading the army to Zhejiang. After Yijing arrived in Shaoxing, he attempted to win by luck and divided his forces into three cities. The result was a fiasco. British troops attacked Cixi and Yijing and fled to Hangzhou. The Qing government sent General Shengjing to Zhejiang to preside over the negotiations with Britain. However, the British army decided to invade the Yangtze River as planned. 1842 In May, the British captured Zhapu, and then attacked Wusongbao in June. Chen Huacheng, the prefect of the south of the Yangtze River, was stationed in Taiwan and sacrificed himself to exhaustion. Baoshan and Shanghai fell one after another. The British army returned to Jiangxi and attacked Zhenjiang in late July. After fierce street fighting, Hailing, deputy commander-in-chief of the Qing army, finally fell. In early August, the British ship arrived at Nanjing River, and Jianying and others rushed to Nanjing to make peace. The Opium War ended here.
In the 22nd year of Daoguang (1August 29th, 842), on July 24th, Qing imperial envoys Jian Ying and Pu Dingcha signed the treaty of nanking in Nanjing, ending the Opium War. After the signing of the treaty, the two sides continued their negotiations in Guangdong. 1843 On July 22nd, the Sino-British Trade Charter of Five Ports was published in Hong Kong. On October 8th, 65438/kloc-0, Jian Ying and Pu Dingcha signed the Sino-British Five-Port Trade Agreement in Humen, also known as the Humen Treaty (the Sino-British Five-Port Trade Charter is a part of it). In this treaty, Britain gained the privilege of consular jurisdiction and one-sided MFN treatment, and also formulated customs tariffs. After the treaty of nanking was signed, the United States and France took advantage of the fire to rob, and in 1844, the Qing government was forced to conclude the Wang Xia Treaty and the Huangpu Treaty respectively.
The treaty of nanking and Humen Treaties, together with the Wang Xia and Huangpu Treaties, became the first unequal treaties that foreign invaders forced the Qing government to conclude in China's modern history. From then on, the social nature of China began to change fundamentally, from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
The Second Opium War (1856- 1860)
1856 ~ 1860 (Xianfeng six to ten years), the war of aggression against China jointly launched by Britain and France with the support of Russia and the United States. Also known as the Battle of the Anglo-French Allied Forces. It is named because its essence is the continuation and expansion of the Opium War. After the Second Opium War, the aggressive forces of foreign capitalism entered Chinese mainland from the southeast coast and expanded day by day. The foreign ministers in Beijing strengthened their influence and control over the Qing government, and China society was further semi-colonized.
After the Opium War, western capitalist powers invaded China one after another. However, they are not satisfied with the privileges and benefits they have obtained, and deliberately step up their violation of China's sovereignty and economic plunder. 1856 10, Britain used the Yarrow incident to create an excuse for war, claiming that the China ship Yarrow was a British ship, fabricating the British flag flying on the ship, and demanding that the Qing government release several pirates and suspected sailors arrested on board and apologize. 10 year 10 on 23rd, the British ship suddenly broke into the estuary of Humen and attacked the battery along the Pearl River, flagrantly provoking a war of aggression. Soon after, the British government appointed J.B. Erkin, the former governor of Canada, as the plenipotentiary, responsible for the war against China. Earlier, the French side was negotiating with the Chinese side on the incident of Father Ma (also known as the Xilin religious case). The so-called Father Ma incident refers to a case in which a French Catholic priest, Ma Lai, illegally entered the mainland of China and acted recklessly, and was executed in Xilin County, Guangxi in February 1856. 1857, the French government used this as an excuse to invade China, appointed J.B.L Gro as the plenipotentiary, and led troops to China to cooperate with the British army. The United States and Russia also expressed their support for Britain and France.
Tianjin Treaty was signed1857 65438+On February 29th, more than 5,600 British and French troops (including French troops/KLOC-0,000) captured Guangzhou, Guangdong Governor Bai Gui and Guangzhou General Mukedena surrendered, and continued to hold their original posts under the supervision of the Coalition Committee headed by Parkes and driven by the enemy. Ye Chenming, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, was captured by the invading army and sent to Calcutta, India. During the occupation of Guangzhou by the invading army, the local people waged an indomitable struggle. 1in April, 858, the envoys of Britain, France, Russia and the United States successively led ships to Dagukou, respectively, noting the Qing government and demanding negotiations. Russia and the United States also expressed their willingness to act as "mediators" but they were not sincere. On May 20th, British and French warships shelled and captured Dagu Fort. On 26th, he invaded the suburb of Tianjin and threatened to attack Beijing. The Qing government quickly sent Gui Liang, a university student, and Hua Shana, a senior official of the official department, as imperial envoys to Tianjin for peace talks. Under the intimidation of the British and French aggressors, Gui Liang and others concluded the Tianjin Treaty with Britain and France on June 26th and 27th respectively. Prior to this, Russian and American envoys signed the Sino-Russian Tianjin Treaty 12 and the Sino-American Tianjin Treaty with the Qing government in June 13 and June 18, respectively, and seized almost the same aggression privileges as those obtained by Britain and France except compensation.
After the Tianjin Treaty was signed, the British and French allied forces withdrew from Tianjin, and the coastal roads went south one after another. Emperor Xianfeng was worried about the content of the treaty at this time, which made Gui Liang and others negotiate with the representatives of Britain and France to amend the Tianjin Treaty, cancel the terms of envoys' stay in Beijing, inland travel and Neijiang trade, and tried to prevent Britain and France from changing the treaty in Beijing. 165438+ 10, Gui Liang and other representatives of Britain, France and the United States signed the Treaty on the Restoration of Trade Regulations, stipulating that the opium trade should be legalized; Customs levies 100% tax on the hourly value of import and export goods; Foreign goods are transported and sold in the mainland, only paying 2.5% sub-tax, and all domestic taxes are exempted; Hire an Englishman to help with customs and taxes. However, Britain and France cannot change the terms of the Tianjin Treaty, but insist on changing the contract in Beijing.
With the signing of the Beijing Treaty, the British and French governments were far from satisfied with the privileges seized from the Tianjin Treaty, and deliberately used the opportunity of exchanging contracts to provoke war again. 1On June 25th, 859, the British and French allied forces suddenly attacked Dagu Fort. Under the command of Monk Qin, the defenders bravely resisted. After fierce fighting, the British and French allied forces were defeated, many ships were lost, more than 400 people were killed, and the commander of the British fleet, Herb, was also seriously injured. After the end of this campaign, in February 1860, the British and French governments re-appointed Elgin and Gro as plenipotentiaries respectively, leading15,000 British troops and 7,000 French troops to expand the war of aggression against China. However, after the victory of the Battle of Dagu, the Qing government dreamed of making peace with Britain and France, which led to the British and French allied forces successively capturing Dagu and Tianjin and advancing on the gates of Beijing. On September 22nd, Emperor Xianfeng led his empresses and a group of officials to flee to Jehol (now Chengde, Hebei Province), leaving his younger brother Prince Gong to preside over the peace talks in Beijing. 10 10 13, the British and French forces invaded Andingmen and took control of Beijing. The invading army burned and looted all the way, plundered the precious cultural relics, gold and silver jewelry and set fire to the buildings in the Yuanmingyuan, which the Qing court had long operated. 10 year1On October 24th and 25th, CreditEase exchanged the ratification documents of Tianjin Treaty with Erjin and Gero respectively, and concluded the Sino-British and Sino-French Beijing Treaties. Russia has made great contributions to the "mediation", forcing Yixin to conclude the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty in June +065438+10/October 14, 5438, occupying about 400,000 square kilometers of China territory east of the Wusuli River, creating a treaty basis for further plundering the western territory of China. 1864, Russia forced the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Northwest Border Treaty, occupying more than 440,000 square kilometers of Russian territory south of Balakashchi.
Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
1894 ~ 1895 Japanese aggression against China and Korea. Sino-Japanese War. It broke out in 1894 (20th year of Guangxu) and was named after Wu Jianian.
Japan launched a war. 1in the spring of 894, the peasant uprising of the East Learning Party broke out in North Korea, and the North Korean government requested the Qing government to send troops to help suppress it. The Qing government sent Ye Zhichao, governor of Zhili, and Nie Shicheng, company commander of Taiyuan Town, to lead 2,500 Huai troops to the DPRK. Japan also sent troops into North Korea. Japanese Foreign Minister Luozongguang authorized Ambassador to North Korea Keiji Otsuka to stir up trouble and launch a war of aggression. When China and Japan sent troops to Korea, the North Korean government and the East Learning Party Uprising Army had signed an armistice agreement. In order to eliminate the excuse of Japanese invasion, the North Korean government requested China to withdraw its troops on June 13. The Qing government demanded that Japan withdraw its troops at the same time. However, Japan is determined to expand the incident, continue to send more troops to North Korea, and put forward the so-called "reform" of North Korea's internal affairs. During June 9-20, 65438, Big Bird Gui coerced the North Korean government to abrogate the Sino-Korean Treaty of Commerce and Trade and expelled the South Korean troops from the country. On 23rd, the Japanese army captured the Korean Palace, detained King Li Xi, and set up a puppet government headed by Li Yunying, the grand courtyard monarch. On the 25th, Big Bird ordered Dayuan Army to announce the abolition of all commercial agreements between China and North Korea, and authorized the Japanese army to expel the Qing army stationed in Yashan. On the same day, the Japanese declared war and sank China's aircraft carrier Gao Shenghao off the coast of Akio Toyoda. At the same time, the Japanese army launched an attack on China's troops stationed in Asan, provoking a war. /kloc-in August (the first day of July), the Chinese and Japanese governments declared war at the same time. The Sino-Japanese War began.
The whole process of Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 includes three stages:
The first stage,1894 July 25th to September 17. On the Korean peninsula and at sea, the land war is mainly the battle of Pyongyang, and the naval battle is mainly the naval battle of the Yellow Sea.
The battle of Pyongyang took place on September 15, which was the first large-scale battle between the two armies. The battle was launched on three battlefields at the same time: one was the battlefield on the south bank of Datong River. The ninth Huncheng Brigade of the Japanese army first attacked the Qing army on the south bank of Datong River. Ma Yukun, the chief soldier of Taiyuan Town, fought bravely, and the Japanese soldiers suffered heavy casualties. The second is the battlefield outside Xuanwu Gate. Xuanwu gate is the main attack direction of the Japanese army, so it concentrates its superior forces. Zuo, the company commander of Gaozhou Town, was killed by a cannon under Xuanwu Gate. Xuanwu gate was captured by the Japanese army. The third is the southwest battlefield of the city. The Japanese Fifth Division, led by Lieutenant General Nojin Daoguan personally, covered the infantry charge with artillery fire from the southwest of Pyongyang, and the Qing cavalry counterattacked. At noon, the Japanese army returned to the station. Ye Zhichao, the president (commander-in-chief) of the Qing army, fearing death, put up a white flag to stop resisting and ordered the whole army to retreat. In 6 days, the Qing army ran 250 kilometers and crossed the Yalu River to return home at 2 1. The Japanese army occupied the whole territory of Korea.
The Yellow Sea naval battle took place on September 17, which was a major decisive battle between the Chinese and Japanese navies. It occurred in the waters near Dadonggou (now Donggou, Liaoning Province) at the mouth of Yalu River. Beiyang fleet has 10 warships, and the Japanese navy has 12 warships. After the midday war, beiyang fleet successively hit the Japanese warships Birui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru. But beiyang fleet's Zhiyuan ship was also seriously injured. In order to protect the flagship, Deng Shichang, head of the pipeline, ordered the enemy pioneer ship "Yoshino" to rush to mutually assured destruction. Unfortunately, more than 200 people were killed by enemy torpedoes. In the afternoon, four of the beiyang fleet 10 ships sank, two escaped and two were injured. Only Dingyuan and Zhenyuan armored ships are still fighting bravely, hitting the Japanese flagship Matsushima. At 5: 30 pm, the Japanese fleet withdrew from the battlefield.
The second stage, from1September 894 17 to165438+1October 22nd. The war was fought in Liaodong Peninsula, including the defending battle of Yalu River and the battle of Jin and Lu.
The defending battle of Yalu River began on June 24th, 10, which was the first defending battle of Qing army against Japanese invasion of China. The Qing government appointed Song Qing as the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. Japanese attack force is the first army under the command of General Yamagata Aritomo. The Qing army refused to accept Song Qing's command, with low morale and no determination to resist the enemy. Before noon on the 24th, Japanese troops swam across the river. That night, a pontoon bridge was set up in the Yalu River near Hushan, but the Qing army did not notice it. At 6 o'clock in the morning on the 25th, the Japanese army launched an attack on the position of the Qing army in Hushan. Ma Xujin and Nie Shicheng, commanders of the Qing army, fought back heroically, but they were single-handed and suffered heavy casualties. They were forced to withdraw from their positions and the Japanese army occupied Hushan. Other ministries of the Qing army heard that Hushan fell and fled without fighting. On 26th, the Japanese army occupied Jiuliancheng Scenic Resort Scenic Area and Andong County (now Dandong). In less than three days, the Yalu River defense line, where nearly 30,000 Qing troops were stationed, collapsed.
The Golden Journey War also began on October 24th, 65438/kloc-0, and fell to Lushunkou on October 22nd, 165438/kloc-0, which was the key battle of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. The second Japanese army began to land at Huayuankou on the road behind Lushun. The Japanese landing activity lasted 12 days, but the Qing army actually sat idly by. 165438+1On October 6th, Japanese troops invaded Jinzhou (now Dalian, Liaoning). On the 7th, the Japanese army attacked Dalian Bay in three ways, and the Qing army had already broken up and won Dalian Bay without fighting. 10 days later, the Japanese army began to advance to Lushun. 18, the Japanese striker invaded Tuchengzi, and Xu Bangdao commanded Gong Weijun to bravely resist and repel the Japanese army. On that day, Gong, the general manager of the Qing army, ignored the whole army and fled to Yantai by torpedo boat. On the 22nd, the Japanese army occupied Lushunkou and bloodbath the whole city.
The third stage,1894165438+1October 22nd to1April 89517th. The war was fought in Shandong Peninsula and Liaodong, including ahava and Liaodong.
The Battle of ahava was a defensive war to defend the Beiyang naval base, and it was also beiyang fleet's last war against Japan. At that time, there were 26 Beiyang Navy ships in Ahava Port. 1895 65438+1On October 20th, the second Japanese army began to land on Longxu Island in Rongcheng. On 30th, the Japanese army concentrated on attacking Nanbangbao in Ahava. Because the troops were outnumbered, Nanbang Fort was finally captured by the Japanese army. On February 3, the Japanese army occupied Weihai Acropolis, and Ding's command became an island. The commander of the Japanese joint fleet, Ito Sukehiro, sent a letter to Ding to surrender, which was rejected by Ding Rujing. In the early morning of the 5th, the flagship Dingyuan Zhong Lei ran aground and continued to fight as a water battery. 10, Dingyuan ran out of ammunition, and Liu ordered the ship to sink to avoid the enemy and commit suicide. 1 1 On that day, Ding refused to surrender and committed suicide under the threat of the general. In June of 5438+02, Hao Wei, an American foreigner, drafted a surrender letter and sent it to the Japanese flagship in the name of Ding. On June 4th, 65438, Weihai Operation sent Niu Chang and Ito Sukehiro to sign the Liu Gongdao Surrender Treaty, which stipulated that all the ships in Ahava Port, Liu Gongdao Fort and all ordnance materials on the island should be handed over to the Japanese army. 17, Japanese troops landed in Liu Gongdao, Ahava naval base fell, and beiyang fleet was wiped out.
The battle of Liaodong lasted for a long time. Since the Japanese army broke through the Yalu River defense line of the Qing army, it has successively occupied Phoenix, Xiuyan and Haicheng. The Qing government signed the "treaty of shimonoseki" (painting) for China and Japan, transferred Liu Kunyi, the governor of the two rivers, to be in charge of the military affairs of the Eastern Expedition, granted full command of the military affairs inside and outside Shanhaiguan, and appointed Wu Dacheng and Song Qing, the governors of Hunan, as deputies in order to save the decline. From1895 65438+1October 17, the Qing army launched four campaigns to recapture Haicheng, all of which ended in failure. On February 28th, the Japanese army invaded from Haicheng and successively captured Niuzhuang, Yingkou and Tianzhuangtai. In just 10 day, more than 60,000 battalions of the Qing army 100 retreated from the entire east bank of Liaohe River.
The signing of treaty of shimonoseki was defeated by the war, and the Qing government further stepped up begging for surrender. 1 1 In February, it was decided to send Li Hongzhang as the plenipotentiary to Japan for peace talks. 17 in April, Li Hongzhang, Japanese Prime Minister Hirofumi Ito and Foreign Minister Luo Aozong-guang signed the treaty of shimonoseki at Chunfan Building in Maguan, including Peace Treaty 1 1, Additional Agreement 3, Special Terms for Negotiation 3 and Special Terms for Armistice Extension 2. The signing of this treaty further deepened the semi-colonization of China society, and at the same time became an important turning point in China's modern national awakening.
Eight-Power Allied Forces
1900, Russia, Britain, the United States, Germany, France, Japan, Italy and Austria launched a war of aggression against China to suppress the Boxer Rebellion.
During the period of 1900, the boxer movement developed rapidly. The envoys in Beijing thought that the Qing government had lost control of the situation and decided to send troops to suppress it. 1900 From late May to early June, countries sent troops into Beijing and Tianjin in the name of "protecting embassies". On June 10, more than 2,000 allied troops led by vice admiral E Seymour invaded Beijing from Tianjin. /kloc-in June of 0/7, the allies captured Dagu Fort. /kloc-trapped in Tianjin in July, 0/4, and established the Tianjin Dutong yamen. /kloc-in August of 0/4, more than 20,000 people from Eight-Nation Alliance (except the Germans) captured Beijing, and Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu fled. In September, German Marshal A von Wadesi led 20,000 German troops to China and was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces. The number of allied troops increased to 654.38+million, and the scope of aggression was centered on Beijing, reaching Zhengding in the south, Zhangjiakou in the north, Shanhaiguan in the east and Niangziguan in the west. Eight-Nation Alliance burned, killed and looted in the Beijing-Tianjin area, and committed atrocities. In Dagu area, the bustling Dagu was razed to the ground, and Tanggu "has no footprints of China people". In Tianjin, the allied forces massacred and plundered property. In Beijing, all the houses where the Boxers set up altars were burned down. At that time, ministers, generals, missionaries and soldiers all participated in the atrocities. After robbing the property, the allied forces destroyed the evidence of the crime, and even recorded the stolen things, and then auctioned them in public, and then classified the stolen goods according to their grades. Waders plundered ancient astronomical instruments made in17th century from Tian Jian to Berlin. A large number of precious historical relics have also been destroyed and robbed. Almost all of imperial academy's Yongle Dadian has been lost, and other rare books have been damaged by more than 46,000 copies. After this looting, China's "savings since the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, from laws and regulations to national treasures, were swept away". At the same time, Russia alone sent 6.5438+0.7 million troops and occupied important cities in the three northeastern provinces. After the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty in September of the following year, most of Eight-Nation Alliance withdrew its troops and returned to China, but one side was still stationed along the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Railway. Only the Russian army refused to withdraw from the three northeastern provinces, which aroused the anti-Russian movement of the Russian people.