I. Agriculture:

① Developed water conservancy;

(2) the progress of farming techniques and methods;

(3) the emergence of new plant varieties (including new vegetable varieties and tea. During the Tang Dynasty, tea drinking prevailed all over the country, and Jiangnan became an important producing area for rice and tea.

(4) Improvement of production tools-Qu Yuan plough and gondola car.

Second, the handicraft industry:

① The silk weaving industry is developed;

② The ceramic industry is developed (Yue kiln celadon, Yao Xing white porcelain and Tang Sancai are the most famous).

Third, commerce: commerce is prosperous, and metropolises include Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou and Yangzhou. Chang 'an was not only a national exchange center at that time, but also an international metropolis.

The Tang Dynasty is a prosperous dynasty, and its economic development and scale have made great progress. At the end of Sui Dynasty, due to the war, a large number of ownerless land was produced, which made the land equalization system sustainable and helped stabilize agriculture.

Since the Six Dynasties, such as Sun Wu and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the economy in the south of the Yangtze River has been continuously improved and has shown a trend of surpassing the Yellow River basin. The mastery of the North-South economy in the Tang Dynasty made the economy very strong.

Even after the Anshi Rebellion, although North China was in ruins, the Tang Dynasty could still rely on the sustained economic recovery of Jiangnan. Since Sui and Tang Dynasties, China's economy has entered a higher stage of development.

References:

Tang Dynasty Economy _ Baidu Encyclopedia

What was the economic development of the Tang Dynasty? The Tang Dynasty is a prosperous dynasty, and its economic development and scale have made great progress. At the end of Sui Dynasty, due to the war, a large number of ownerless land was produced, which made the land equalization system sustainable and helped stabilize agriculture. Since the Six Dynasties, such as Sun Wu and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the economy in the south of the Yangtze River has been continuously improved and has shown a trend of surpassing the Yellow River basin. The mastery of the North-South economy in the Tang Dynasty made the economy very strong. Even after the Anshi Rebellion, although North China was in ruins, the Tang Dynasty could still rely on the sustained economic recovery of Jiangnan. Since Sui and Tang Dynasties, China's economy has entered a higher stage of development.

At the beginning, the social economy was dominated by natural economy, and the commodity economy was in the recovery stage, with a low level. In this case, the monetary system of both currency and silk is well adapted to the needs of small commodity trading. However, with the continuous development of commodity economy in the later period of Zhenguan, especially in the period of Tang Gaozong, Wuhou and Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty, the money and silk monetary system gradually exposed its backward side. First of all, silk, as a currency, began to be unpopular in the market because of its shortcomings such as large size, heavy weight, inconvenient division and difficult transportation and storage. The function of silk as currency tends to decline, and commodity trading tends to like to use higher-grade copper coins as intermediaries, which puts forward the requirement of increasing the number of copper coins in circulation. However, the officially minted coins in the Tang Dynasty could not meet this requirement, which led to the increasing shortage of copper coins in circulation, which in turn led to the serious phenomenon of private casting and excessive casting of copper coins, resulting in price fluctuations. Tang * * * constantly issued decrees to severely crack down on private casting and excessive casting, and banned the use of evil money. However, due to the serious shortage of copper coins, the currency value has been rising steadily, and private casting is profitable, so the effect is not ideal. In the Tang Dynasty, overseas trade began to flourish, and cities such as Jiaozhou, Guangzhou, Quanzhou, Mingzhou (now Ningbo, Zhejiang Province) and Yangzhou along the coast of China mushroomed and became important foreign trade ports due to frequent exchanges with foreign ships. In order to cope with the new situation of maritime trade, the Tang Dynasty also set up a "city shipping company" to manage the entry and exit of ships and the reasons for taxation. Since then, the volume of overseas trade has been increasing. The urban commodity economy in Tang Dynasty was in the embryonic stage of development. Chang 'an, Luoyang, Suzhou, Yangzhou, Chengdu and Guangzhou are all commercial centers in a certain region. The domestic traffic in the Tang Dynasty was very developed in the world at that time. Land transportation takes Chang 'an as the center, and highways are all over the country. Waterway traffic is dominated by the North-South Grand Canal with Luoyang as the center. There are 1463 post offices in China. Among them, there are land posts 1297 and water posts 166. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, handicrafts in the south developed greatly, especially silk weaving, papermaking and shipbuilding: sericulture was popularized among the people, bamboo paper was developed, and human boats were made. The secret color porcelain fired in Yuezhou Yueyao is an outstanding representative of the southern ceramic industry in the late Tang Dynasty. The reason for the economic development in Tang Dynasty was agriculture: with the appearance of Jiangdong plough, it was perfected and used by the world.

In handicraft industry, two systems, south blue and north white, are formed, commonly known as "south blue and north white". In business: Chang 'an, Luoyang; Foreign trade ports in Yangzhou, Yizhou ("Yang 12"), Guangzhou and other places set up city ambassadors to be responsible for foreign trade. The most glorious period of the Tang Dynasty was the Kaiyuan period. Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, was in power for 23 years, with economic development, social stability, clear politics, rich and healthy people and unprecedented prosperity. Because his title is Zhenguan, people call this period of his rule "Zhenguan rule". The rule of Zhenguan is the most dazzling period in the history of China. Emperor Taizong absorbed the reasons for the demise of the Sui Dynasty and attached great importance to the lives of ordinary people. He emphasized people-oriented, and often said: "People, water is also; June, Zhou Ye. Water can carry a boat or overturn it. " At the beginning of Emperor Taizong's accession to the throne, he ordered the people to recuperate. ? Emperor Taizong cherished the people's strength and never collected corvees easily. He suffered from Qi disease and was not suitable to live in a damp old palace, but he lived in the old palace of the Sui Dynasty for a long time. At the beginning of Zhenguan, under the leadership of Emperor Taizong, the whole country was unified and the economy improved rapidly. In Zhenguan * * *, cattle and horses are everywhere, and the people have plenty of food and clothing, and they don't close their doors at night and don't pick up. A scene of peace and prosperity. Emperor Taizong was in office for more than 20 years, and more than 30 officials remonstrated. Among them, Minister Wei Zhi's advice reached more than 200 pieces with hundreds of thousands of words, all of which hit the nail on the head and were very helpful for improving state affairs. Emperor Taizong attached great importance to the selection of talents and strictly followed the principle of having both ability and political integrity. Emperor Taizong believes that only by selecting a large number of people with real talents and practical learning can we achieve great harmony in the world. Therefore, he was thirsty for talents, and issued five imperial edicts for seeking talents, and increased the subjects of imperial examinations, expanding the scope and number of candidates, so as to expose more talents. ? Because Emperor Taizong attached importance to talents, a large number of outstanding talents emerged in Zhenguan period, which can be described as "talents with both civil and military skills". It is these talents who, with their intelligence, have made great contributions to the formation of "Zhenguan rule". Emperor Taizong attached great importance to the rule of law. He once said: "The national law is not the law of the emperor alone, but the law that everyone in the world must abide by, so everything must obey the law." As a monarch above ten thousand people, Emperor Taizong was an enlightened emperor. ? After the promulgation of the law, Emperor Taizong set an example and took the lead in obeying the law, thus maintaining the unity and stability of the law. During the Zhenguan period, the prince really broke the law and shared the crime with the people. When enforcing the law, he was impartial, but when sentencing, Taizong thought twice and was cautious. He said: "People can't be resurrected after death, and law enforcement must be combined with leniency and severity." Due to the painstaking efforts of Emperor Taizong, the legal system was very good during the Zhenguan period, and few people were sentenced to death for breaking the law. According to the records of Zhenguan for three years, only 29 people were sentenced to death, which almost reached the highest standard of feudal society and legal system-"criminal measures" can be exempted from punishment. People-oriented thinking, open the way and open the mind that is easy to be trained; Reuse talents and appoint people on their merits is the criterion; Impatience and selflessness, and the tolerance of doing things according to law; It constitutes the basic characteristics of Zhenguan rule and becomes the best example of feudal rule. Compared with the western countries at that time, the Tang Dynasty was at the forefront of the world in politics, economy and culture. After the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the reform measures were: 1, being good at appointing virtuous ministers, 2, attaching importance to local bureaucrats, and 3, being diligent and thrifty. It was because of his efforts to govern and carry out reforms that the political situation in the Kaiyuan period took on a new look, which was called "the rule of Kaiyuan" in history. In short, in the early reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, politics was clear, economy was unprecedentedly prosperous, the treasury was enriched, and the character was obviously improved. The Tang Dynasty entered its heyday, which was called "the prosperous time of Kaiyuan" in history. Li Shimin (598-649) ascended the throne in 626, and Li Shimin was one of the few famous monarchs in the history of China who could conquer and level the world. He played an important role as commander-in-chief in a series of wars that unified the whole country in the Tang Dynasty. After he ascended the throne, through a series of reform measures, he realized the famous "Zhenguan rule" in history. Xuanzong Li Longji (685-76 1)(7 12-756) reigned in Li Longji for 43 years and was the third son of Zong Rui. In the early days of his reign, he was an emperor who made great efforts to enrich the people and the people. However, in the later period, Li and Yang were taken seriously, which led to political corruption and "An Shi Rebellion" which almost destroyed the Tang Dynasty. In 756, he abdicated to his son Hengli and died in 76 1 at the age of 77. What was the economic situation in the Tang Dynasty? The Tang Dynasty is a prosperous dynasty, and its economic development and scale have made great progress. At the end of Sui Dynasty, due to the war, a large number of ownerless land was produced, which made the land equalization system sustainable and helped stabilize agriculture. Since the Six Dynasties, such as Sun Wu and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the economy in the south of the Yangtze River has been continuously improved and has shown a trend of surpassing the Yellow River basin. Even after the Anshi Rebellion, although North China was in ruins, the Tang Dynasty could still rely on the sustained economic recovery of Jiangnan. Since Sui and Tang Dynasties, China's economy has entered a higher stage of development. It is generally believed that this period is the key period of China's economic transformation from ancient times to the Middle Ages.

money

After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, it quickly introduced its own coinage policy. In the fourth year of Wude (62 1), in July, "Five baht money was wasted, and Kaiyuan Baotong money was used, with a diameter of eight points and a weight of two baht and four points. Ten articles weigh one or two, and a thousand articles weigh six pounds and four ounces. " Established the legal tender status of the National Mint Bureau. At the same time, it inherited the tradition of taking silk as currency in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and implemented the monetary system of "money and silk go hand in hand"-money is copper coins, and silk is the general name of silk products, including brocade, embroidery, silk, silk, crepe, silk, silk and silk. In fact, it is a diversified monetary system combining physical currency and metal currency. Tang * * * constantly issued decrees to severely crack down on private casting and excessive casting, and banned the use of evil money. However, due to the serious shortage of copper coins, the currency value has been rising steadily, and private casting is profitable, so the effect is not ideal. A long-standing contradiction in social development after the implementation of the two tax laws is highlighted by the increasingly serious problem of "money shortage" The GDP of the Tang Dynasty was $34.8 billion in the world at that time, accounting for 58% of the world GDP.

Household registration certificate

Hukou is the tax base of feudal dynasty. In 650, there were 3.8 million statistical households in the Tang Dynasty. In 705, it reached 610.5 million households and 3710.4 million people. In 740, in the golden age of Kaiyuan, the number of households was 84 1.27 1 000, and the population was 48 1.43609 million. In 754, the year before the Anshi Rebellion, the number of households reached 9,069,254, with a population of 52,884,880. In the 760 years of the Anshi Rebellion, there were 1 936,5438+07400 households, of which1.654,38+0.745920 households, 1.699086 households, of which 1.466 households. In the late Tang dynasty, the statistics and management of household registration were chaotic and lax, and the data were hard to be trusted. There are basically three or four million households.

taxation

In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, two tax laws were implemented in 780. The tax in that year was10890800 yuan, and the valley was 2 15700 yuan. In 82 1-824, the average annual tax revenue was 35 1.5 1.228 million yuan (consistent =1million yuan), and in 853, the tax revenue dropped to 9.25 million yuan, including 2.78 million yuan of salt. With the intensification of the oppression of salt merchants in the Tang Dynasty, the Huang Chao Uprising was directly triggered.

agriculture

Agricultural production tools in the Tang Dynasty had a new development. Qu Yuan's Fu appeared in Tang Dynasty. There are also new irrigation tools, such as water trucks and flat-bottomed boats. In the early Tang Dynasty, there were only 160 important water conservancy projects recorded. Among them, the famous ones are Yuliangqu, Jiangyan Lake and Jinghu Lake. During the Tianbao period, the cultivated land area of the Tang Dynasty reached 8.5 million hectares. Grain output has also increased. In the eighth year of Tianbao, the official warehouse stored 96 million stones of grain. When the rice price in Luoyang and Chang 'an was the lowest, there were only thirteen articles and one bucket, and Qingzhou and qi zhou had only five articles and one bucket. In the late Tang Dynasty, due to the migration of population to the south, land reclamation and water conservancy construction, the grain output in the south increased greatly.

manufacture

Handicraft industry in Tang dynasty was divided into government-run and private-run industries. The Ministry of Industry is the most important department in charge of the official handicraft industry, and the institutions directly managed are Shaofu supervisor, director and military equipment supervisor. Shaofu supervisor is in charge of exquisite handicrafts; Will be responsible for the construction of civil engineering; The military equipment supervisor is responsible for the construction of weapons. There are departments under supervision and workshops under supervision. In addition, there are money casting supervisors and metallurgical supervisors. The products of government-run handicrafts are generally not sold to the outside world, but only for the royal family and yamen to consume. Workers are divided into craftsmen, criminals, government servants, government households, miscellaneous households and so on. Private handicrafts are not as developed as those run by the government. In the early Tang Dynasty, the main handicrafts were textiles, ceramics and mining. In the late Tang Dynasty, handicrafts in the south developed greatly, especially silk weaving, shipbuilding, paper making and tea making.

Why was the economy of the Tang Dynasty so developed? The rule of Zhenguan refers to the peaceful and prosperous times in the early Tang Dynasty. Because Emperor Taizong can be virtuous, he knows people and makes good use of them. Open the way, modestly coachable, reuse Wei Zhi, etc. And adopted the agriculture-oriented, tax reduction, rest and recuperation, strict economy, improve the imperial examination system and other policies to stabilize the society. At that time, the national title was Zhenguan (627-649), which was called Zhenguan Governance in history. This was the first prosperous period of the Tang Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the prosperity of Kaiyuan later. Emperor Taizong attached importance to developing production and reducing the people's labor tax; At the same time, pay attention to "abstinence from luxury and simplicity" and control your own hedonism. He also ordered the merger of states and counties in order to get rid of the disadvantages of "fewer people and more officials" and help reduce the burden on the people.

Economy is the most obvious and powerful lever to measure the political achievements of a generation of emperors. Wu Zetian inherited the basic national policy of Zhenguan period, put the development of agricultural production in the first place, and implemented the economic policy of doing nothing. In the "Twelve Suggestions" of her platform, she listed "Persuading farmers to cultivate mulberry, being less rational" as the first one, and promoted it throughout the country through the imperial edict of Emperor Gaozong. "Land reclamation, family surplus", "excessive government, household registration migration" have become the standard of the rise and fall of local officials. Wu Zetian also organized the North Gate Bachelor to compile the agricultural book Zhaoren Benye, which was distributed throughout the country to guide agricultural production. During this period, water conservancy has also developed greatly. In today's Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Hunan, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Gansu, Qinghai, Inner Mongolia and other places, water conservancy projects of different scales have been built. Large projects flow through several provinces, and some can irrigate 90,000 mu of fields. Wu Zetian adopted a more relaxed policy on the issue of fugitive households, stipulating that fugitive households can enjoy rent-free benefits for two years when they return to work. He hung over the arch for 2 years (686), and wrote a letter to relieve the people of Bingzhou of all the burden of mediocrity and adjustment, and no longer paid for life. It is worth noting that during the reign of Wu Zetian, due to the tolerance of policies, the earliest tenancy contract relationship appeared in China. There is a record in Dunhuang literature that "Zhang Wenxin rented land in the first year of God-given", which shows that the feudal relations of production have undergone profound changes in the period of Wu Zetian. A prosperous population is an important symbol of feudal economic prosperity. During the period of Wu Zetian, the number of registered permanent residence increased from 3.8 million at the end of Tang Gaozong to 66.5438+0.5 million when Zhongzong ascended the throne, and the population exceeded 37.65438+0.4 million, with an average annual increase of 9. 1%. In feudal society, this is a big number. Population growth is not only the result of production development, but also accelerates the prosperity of economy and culture. In the Tang Dynasty, the country was unified for a long time, the society was relatively stable, the productive forces developed greatly, and the feudal economy was highly prosperous. In the Tang Dynasty, Qu Yuan plows, hydraulic tractors and cattle tractors appeared, which were convenient for farming. They attached importance to water conservancy, expanded cultivated land and irrigation area, increased grain yield per mu and promoted the development of cash crops. With the improvement of handicraft production technology and the strengthening of internal division of labor mechanism, both government-run and private handicrafts have made remarkable development during this period. Innovative glazed porcelain, twisted-glazed twisted-tire porcelain, underglaze colored porcelain and tricolor pottery in the Tang Dynasty show the diversified characteristics of ceramic decoration in the Tang Dynasty with new technology. Weft silk has appeared to represent flowers, and gradually replaced the traditional warp brocade. Printing processes such as twisted valerian, wax valerian and sandwiched valerian were widely used, which made the decorative colors of silk fabrics in Tang Dynasty more colorful. Exquisite and rich gold and silver wares and carefully cast bronze mirrors all show the achievements of handicraft industry development in Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, traffic was developed and commerce was prosperous. Especially after the middle Tang Dynasty, commerce developed further. With the night market, the "counter" for saving and paying coins, and the "flying money" and "bank" similar to bills of exchange, it created conditions for the high prosperity of feudal economy in Song Dynasty. The economic culture of "Zhenguan rule" and "Kaiyuan rule" in Tang Dynasty was a rare prosperous period in China feudal society.

The feudal economy in Tang Dynasty was highly developed. The implementation of the land equalization system and rent adjustment system in the Tang Dynasty is conducive to easing class contradictions and restoring social economy. Irrigation tools have been greatly improved and a truck has been created. The main achievement of farm tools is the invention of Qu Yuan's plough. The production technology of silk fabrics in the Tang Dynasty is quite mature, with a wide variety of products and exquisite texture. Celadon and white porcelain produced by porcelain industry have high artistic value. The achievements of pottery-making technology are represented by Tang Sancai. The production of gold and silver wares is also very exquisite. Chang 'an is the largest commercial city in China and a famous international metropolis. At that time, there were frequent economic exchanges between China and foreign countries, and Tang set up a city ambassador in Guangzhou to manage foreign trade. The implementation of these two tax laws reflected the new situation of the internal economic development of China feudal society and set a precedent for the tax system of later generations. In the Tang Dynasty, China was unified from north to south, with a vast territory, developed economy and frequent cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. On this basis, people of all ethnic groups have jointly created splendid culture. The Zhao Zhouqiao designed and built by Li Chun, the invention of block printing, the measurement of meridian length by monks and his party, and the promulgation of herbs in the Tang Dynasty are all in the leading position in the world. Philosophers Liu Zongyuan and Liu Yuxi wrote books to promote materialism. Liu Zhiji's Shi Tong and Du You's Tong Dian represent the highest achievements of Tang Dynasty historiography. Tang poetry reflects the rich content of social life in the Tang Dynasty and has a perfect artistic form. Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi are three great poets in the Tang Dynasty. Prose in the Tang Dynasty has made great achievements, especially in calligraphy, painting, music and dance. How did the economy of the Tang Dynasty develop? 1. Agriculture

Popularizing the Iron Plow One of the important reasons for the rapid development of agriculture in Niu Geng in the Tang Dynasty was the further popularization of the Iron Plow in Niu Geng. In the Yellow River Basin, Gansu and Xinjiang, the iron plow Niu Geng has been widely used in agricultural production. This situation is not only recorded in the literature, but also reflected in some tombs in Dunhuang and Yulin Grottoes and many murals "Niu Geng Map". Most of them are carried by two cows with long single-axis plows; A few people use cattle to cultivate land, and plows have double long straight shafts and short curved shafts. Ploughs are all made of iron, and the plow wall (soil) is often used. At this time, Niu Geng was also popularized in the south of the Yangtze River, using Qu Yuan's plough. (Tang) Lu Guimeng recorded in detail the structure and effect of the curved plow used in Jiangdong (now Jiangnan) area. Crankshaft plow is lighter than straight-axis plow, and the plow shaft is bent to facilitate deep ploughing; Low traction point and stable plow frame; The plow shaft is shortened and the rotation is convenient. This is the most advanced walking plow in ancient times. However, at that time, few people used this plow, and the most people used two cows to lift the bar. According to documents and archaeological data, Tieli Niu Geng is still popular in the frontier areas. Building Water Conservancy The water conservancy undertakings in the Tang Dynasty have made great progress. There are more than 160 important water conservancy projects recorded in the early Tang Dynasty. It is distributed in the north and south of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and reaches Huaishui and Yangtze River basins in the south. Ordinary canals and ponds can irrigate hundreds of hectares of fields. For example, at the beginning of Kaiyuan, Ganquan Canal was built in Wenshui (now Shanxi) to irrigate thousands of hectares of farmland. Construction of weir canals in Pengshan (now Meixian County, Sichuan Province) and Wuling (now Changde, Hunan Province), each irrigation 1000 hectares. The irrigation tools used have also been improved, such as winch, orange peel, rollover and other traditional pumping tools, which have been widely used. In addition, some new irrigation tools have appeared in the rice fields in the south of the Yangtze River, among which the main ones are waterwheels and pipe trucks. A waterwheel is similar to a truck, which uses huge wooden wheels to tie many wooden barrels or bamboo tubes to the wheels. As the water rotates, the river water is pumped into a very high water tank and introduced into ditches for irrigation. Waterwheels are also popular in the north. Water hammer, water mill and water mill are also widely used. The development of water conservancy plays an important role in agricultural production and grain processing. Reclamation and yield There were many barren lands in the early Tang Dynasty, and then they were gradually reclaimed. During the Tianbao period, many high mountains and deep valleys were reclaimed, covering an area of 8.5 million hectares. The grain yield per mu has also increased. In the eighth year of Tianbao, the official warehouse stored 96 million stones of grain. Qingzhou and qi zhou area, when the rice price is the lowest, there are only five articles per bucket. 2. Handicraft The handicraft industry in the Tang Dynasty can be divided into government-run and private-run industries. Government-run handicrafts played an important role in the Tang Dynasty. The highest institution of the central government in charge of official handicrafts is the Ministry of Industry. The products of government-run handicrafts are generally not sold in the market, but only for the royal family and the government. Workers in government-run handicrafts include craftsmen, criminals, government servants, government households and miscellaneous households. The government-run handicraft industry has a large scale and a fine division of labor, and the best craftsmen are engaged in production, which is conducive to the development of production and the improvement of technology. However, the characteristics of compulsory labor in government-run handicrafts are outstanding, which restricts the labor enthusiasm of craftsmen. Private Handicraft The owners of private handicrafts are mainly rural cottage industries, and their products are also sold in the market when they have more than enough for their own use after paying taxes. Handicraft workshops are mostly concentrated in cities, including paper workshops, felt workshops, wine shops, copper workshops, dyeing workshops and brocade workshops. Some workshops are large in scale, such as He Mingyuan, a rich man in Dingzhou (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province), who "has 500 silk machines at home". (1) Because * * * recruits craftsmen to serve in government-run workshops, it has seriously hindered the development of private handicrafts. The main handicrafts are textiles, ceramics, mining and metallurgy in the early Tang Dynasty. Silk weaving and hemp spinning are the most important in the textile industry. The main producing areas of silk products are still in Hebei and Henan today. The main varieties are silk, silk, brocade, silk, silk, yarn and so on, with diverse colors, exquisite patterns, bright colors and exquisite weaving. At that time, the vast majority of the cloth produced was flax, and the south was rich in flax fabric, and the cloth in Huangzhou (now Huanggang, Hubei) was one of the top grades. Wool products are mainly produced in the northwest of China today. Cotton cloth is mainly produced in Gaochang (now Turpan, Xinjiang) and Lingnan area. At that time, cotton cloth was called white folded cloth, which was already sold in the mainland. The printing and dyeing technology in the Tang Dynasty also reached a fairly high level. Printing and dyeing methods such as Jiagu, Wax Valley and Twisted Valley are widely popular, and the printed patterns are very beautiful. The ceramic industry developed greatly in the Tang Dynasty, and the porcelain-making technology also made great progress. The celadon jade ice in Yuezhou (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang), the white porcelain Yin Xue in xing zhou (now Xingtai, Hebei), the celadon white porcelain in Changnan Town (now Jingdezhen, Jiangxi) and the white porcelain in Dayi, Sichuan are all famous. Three colors are the most famous pottery in the Tang Dynasty. This is a kind of lead glazed pottery with vivid shape and rich colors. Because it is mainly cyan, green and yellow, it is named tricolor. The mining industry in the Tang Dynasty was relatively developed, and the main minerals were gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, lead, alum, mercury and cinnabar. The scale of foundry industry is headed by casting money. When Xuanzong was in the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, * * * had ninety-nine money-casting furnaces, which cast 327,000 yuan a year. In addition, there are many private thieves casting money. The metal manufacturing and processing technology in the Tang Dynasty has reached a fairly high level. Wu Zetian once cast a Shu Tian 105 feet high in Luoyang, surrounded by an iron mountain 170 feet high. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, some exquisite gold and silver wares were cast, cut, polished, welded, riveted, electroplated and chiseled. At that time, there may have been a simple lathe with a hand pedal. 3. Commerce and Transportation In the early Tang Dynasty, with the development of agriculture and handicrafts, commerce and transportation also developed rapidly. Commerce and Market At that time, the cities were still dominated by political cities, and there were few pure commercial cities, but all political cities rapidly increased the nature of commercial cities to varying degrees. Chang 'an, the capital of China, is not only the political center of the country, but also the largest commercial city. More than 70 miles around Chang 'an, it consists of Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng. Outer Guo Cheng is a residential and industrial and commercial area with 108 square and two cities. Fang is a residential area and the city is an industrial and commercial area. Shops that sell goods in the city are called "shops", and shops that operate similar goods are concentrated in the same area and called "shops". There are 220 lines and thousands of shops in the East City, and there are many shops around for merchants to store and wholesale goods. The western city is more prosperous than the eastern city, with foreign businessmen gathering, and the "Hu Feng" is very prosperous. At that time, there were cities in major cities, prefectures and most counties. In rural areas, there are also places with regular transactions, which are called "grass markets", "fairs" or "fairs". Domestic traffic was quite developed in the Tang Dynasty. Domestic land transportation is centered on Chang 'an, east to Song Dynasty (now Shangqiu, Henan Province) and Yanbian (now Kaifeng), as far as Shandong Peninsula. West to qi zhou (now Fengxiang, Shaanxi) and Chengdu; Northwest to Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu), as far as the western regions; North to Taiyuan and Fanyang (now Beijing); South to Jing (now Jiangling, Hubei) and Xiang (now Xiangfan), as far as Guangzhou. In domestic waterway transportation, the Grand Canal runs through the north and south, the Yellow River, Huaihe River and Yangtze River form a criss-crossing waterway network, and there are many rivers and lakes in the south. Domestic shipping has also begun to take shape, with coastal routes in Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Guangxi. The post-delivery system in the Tang Dynasty also developed greatly. There is a post station every 30 miles on the main roads of land and water transportation. There are 1643 post stations in China, including 1297 land post stations, 260 waterway post stations and 86 land post stations. The land post station is equipped with horses, and the waterway post station is equipped with boats, which are used for official exchanges and document delivery. On the land and water transportation lines, there are also privately-run hotels that receive businessmen and provide accommodation and horses. Foreign traffic Tang and foreign traffic are also developed. The main transportation lines are the land in the northwest and the sea along the southeast coast. By land, Luoyang and Chang 'an pass through Hexi Corridor and the Western Regions, leading to Central Asia, West Asia, South Asia and Europe. This is the famous Silk Road in history. The southeast sea route can reach Southeast Asian countries, Silla, Japan, Persia,  and other countries from Guangzhou, Yangzhou, Dengzhou (now Penglai, Shandong), Chuzhou (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu) and Mingzhou (now Ningbo, Zhejiang). In the late Tang Dynasty, the shipbuilding industry in the south was very developed. The shipbuilding industry run by the government is very large. Ada once built more than 2,000 ships in Yangzi County (now Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province). There are also many large boats made by the people, such as the famous Aunt Yu's boat, which carries tens of thousands of stones. Merchant ships engaged in overseas trade are 20 feet long and carry 600 to 700 passengers. In the south of Beijing, there are also boats that move two wheels with their feet. In the late Tang Dynasty, the early paper industry in Bitang was relatively developed, and most of the important producing areas were in the south. Hemp paper from Yizhou, rattan paper from eastern Zhejiang, bamboo paper from Shaozhou, Yizhou paper from Xuanzhou, Liuhe paper from Yangzhou and tissue paper from Linchuan are all famous products. The tea industry developed greatly in the late Tang Dynasty. Tea trees are planted all over the south, and the tea industry is quite large. For example, in Qimen County, Zhangzhou, seven or eight out of ten people are engaged in planting and making tea. Tang Dezong began to levy tea tax, which became an important tax after tea tax. At the time of Xianzong, the annual tea tax in Fuliang County alone exceeded150,000 yuan. With the continuous development of tea industry, the book Tea Classic written by Lu Yu in the Tang Dynasty describes the characteristics, quality, origin, collection, drinking methods and utensils of tea. This is the first monograph on tea in China and even in the world. In the late Tang Dynasty, commerce developed greatly, especially in the south. Cities in the Yangtze River valley are more and more prosperous than before. Yangzhou is a distribution center for rice, sea salt and tea. Many foreign businessmen from , Persia and other countries deal in luxury goods such as jewelry here, and their business is very prosperous. Yizhou (now Chengdu, Sichuan) is the political and economic center of southwest China. Silk products, salt, paper, porcelain, etc. Most of the products produced in the southwest are sold from this place, and the business is also very prosperous. Therefore, the proverb at that time was called "Yang Yier". That is, Yangzhou is the best in the world and Yizhou is the second. Hongzhou (now Nanchang, Jiangxi) and Ezhou (now Wuhan, Hubei) are both prosperous cities in the Yangtze River basin. Suzhou and Hangzhou are emerging commercial cities. In addition to Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Mingzhou have also become important foreign trade cities along the coast. Due to the development of cities and businesses, the old system of strictly separating residential areas from commercial areas began to be broken in some cities such as Yangzhou, and commercial activities were no longer confined to cities. Night markets have appeared in big cities such as Yangzhou, breaking the old system of closing markets at sunset. In some big cities, there are also cabinets and flying money. Counter stores manage the deposit and payment of money and goods, keep money and goods on behalf of others, charge depositors a certain counter rent, and pay money and goods with account books or tokens. This kind of book post is similar to the check of later generations. Flying money is also called easy exchange. In Chang 'an, businessmen give money to a war zone (Beijing Office) or an army, an envoy or a rich family, and then take the coupons paid by the parties to the destination to withdraw money. This kind of document is similar to the drafts of later generations. Whether it is a counter shop or flying money, it is the product of commercial development, frequent transactions and huge turnover. After this system came into being, it reduced the trouble of paying coins and avoided the danger of carrying heavy money for a long distance, which was beneficial to the development of commodity economy. Due to the development of commerce, municipal decrees governing commercial activities were generally established in counties in the late Tang Dynasty. There are more grass markets and markets on the main roads in rural areas. These markets are traded regularly and then dispersed. Some of these grass markets and market cloth businesses are booming, and more and more people move to settle down to engage in trading or make a living, and they have developed into towns. Tang dynasty (129) prosperous period (2)