The internal situation of feng shui pattern in Beijing is more detailed. In strict accordance with the layout of the stars, she became the "star capital".
In ancient China, the center of the sky was divided into three walls: Qiu, Wei Zi and Heaven and Earth. Ziwei Garden is in the center, where the Emperor of Heaven lives. The Ming emperor named this palace "Wei Zi Palace" (hence the name of the Forbidden City). At that time, the architect arranged the largest Fengtian Hall in the Forbidden City (later called the Hall of Supreme Harmony) in the center for the emperor to use. Fengtian Hall, Gaihua Hall (Zhonghe Hall) and Shenshen Hall (Baohe Hall) symbolize Tianque Sanyuan. The three royal Highnesses set up three steps to symbolize the "three episodes" of stars under the cliff of Taiwei. The above is the "front yard", which belongs to Yang. According to the mathematical theory of even yin and odd yang, there is a system of "the first three halls", "three dynasties and five doors" in the yang area, and a pattern of "six palaces and six bedrooms" in the yin area.
The "post-bedroom" part is Yin's, all arranged according to Ziwei Garden. There are three palaces in the center: Gan Qing Palace, Kunning Palace and Jiaotai Palace, and there are six palaces in the east and six palaces in the west, totaling fifteen palaces, which is equal to fifteen stars in Ziwei Garden. Between Ganqingmen and Dan Street, there are six rows of dragons on both sides, symbolizing six stars in the pavilion road between Sun God and Wei Zi Palace in the sky. The meridian gate is in front, and the five towers on it are also called "Five Peaks Pagoda", which is "Yin in the Yang". The clean palace in the inner court is the emperor's bedroom, opposite to the Queen's Kunning Palace. The dry yang in the bedroom area is the "Yang in the Yin". Although both the Hall of Supreme Harmony and the Palace belong to Yang, their geographical locations are different. The Hall of Supreme Harmony is supported by a three-story white marble platform, and the main hall in the front square is magnificent. In the front yard of Gan Qing Palace, the abutment is unique. The first half is the white stone Goulan Xu Mi pedestal, and the second half is the blue brick abutment, which forms a unique "harmony of Yin and Yang". Beijing has a convex plane, and the outer city is sunny, with seven doors, which is the number of less sunshine. There are nine gates in the shadow of the inner city, which is the number of Lao Yang, and there are few foreigners in them, forming slaves at home and abroad. According to the eight diagrams, Lao Yang and Laoyin can change their minds, while Shaoyang and Shaoyin remain unchanged, and they are defined as "Yang in Yin" within nine numbers. The inner city south wall belongs to Ganyang, and there are three doors, which are taken from the sky. There are two north gates, belonging to Yin Kun, which take pictures from the ground. Five doors are arranged in the center of the imperial city to take pictures of people. Heaven, earth and people are in their places. The whole city is like a microcosm of the universe. The shape and number of cities match, just like a huge array of gossip covering the world.
Buildings on the central axis of the Forbidden City: Yongdingmen-Arrow Tower-Zhengyang Gate-Duanmen-Wumen-Neijinshui Bridge-Taihe Gate-Taihe Hall-Zhonghe Hall-Baohe Hall-Gan Qing Gate DD Gan Qing Palace DD Jiaotai Hall DD Kunning Palace DD Kunning Gate DD Tianyi Gate DD Yinan Hall DD City Guangmen DD Shunzhen Gate DD Shenwumen DD Jingshan. The axis of the building is fifteen miles, which is the highest in the world, and also reflects the number of Luoshu azimuth constant.
In the application of color, it also fully embodies the idea of "five elements". Palace walls and columns are red, red is fire, and they are aboveboard. The roof is yellow, belonging to the earth, belonging to the middle, and the emperor must be in the middle. The roof in the east of the palace is green, belonging to oriental wood and spring, and is used for the residence of the prince. Tianyimen in the north of the imperial city, the wall color is black, and the water in the north is black. All single buildings have different colors because of their different attributes. The Wen Yuan Pavilion, where books are collected, uses black tiles and black walls, and black is water, which can suppress fire and is beneficial to the collection of books. In the Wen Yuan Pavilion on the second floor, the upper floor is a big room, and the lower floor is divided into six rooms, which embodies the idea of "water is born naturally, and the earth is born 60%" in the Book of Changes. There are no trees planted from Tiananmen to Duanmen, which means that the south belongs to fire.
The layout of architectural feng shui is also reflected in the fact that the name conforms to the principle of the Book of Changes. The beautiful main entrance at the southern end is in line with the divination that "the sun, the moon and the sky are all beautiful". Shuncheng Gate and Anzhen Gate are located in the northern harem, which accords with Kun's divination that "everything is born in Yuan" and "the land of Anzhen should have no boundaries". The emperor's palace and the queen's Kunning Palace are in line with the meaning of Gan and Kun. It is not suitable to add firewood to make a fire, which is not conducive to disaster prevention of forest structure.
In addition, mathematically, it is also suitable for Yi. One divination is Yang, and the fifth divination is called "Flying Dragon in Heaven". The emperor is called "the statue of the Ninth Five-Year Plan" (those who are not enthroned are called "hidden dragons"). On the central axis, the emperor's rooms are all nine rooms wide and five rooms deep, including the ninth five-year plan. Kowloon Wall, Kowloon Chair, 8 1 doornail (vertical nine, horizontal nine), five ridges on the roof, and nine animal ornaments on the eaves. The Kowloon City Wall consists of 270 blocks (including nine blocks), and the Forbidden City turret has nine beams and eighteen columns. To this end, in the thirty-five years of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, it was clearly stipulated that there should be no more than 95 military and civilian rooms. The Ninth Five-Year Plan was reserved for the emperor and became a rule. The total number of rooms in the Forbidden City is 9,999.5, which also means "Ninth Five-Year Plan". Even in the details of architectural decoration, there are feng shui layouts, ancient palace buildings, high and low, and intrigue. In order to solve feng shui suffocation, Tai Chi method is often used (but suppression method and reflection method are rarely used). Such as sparrows between beams and columns, the colorful paintings on beams are mostly represented by S-shaped curves, which are the dividing line of Tai Chi Yin and Yang, the abstract simplification of Tai Chi image, and the commonly used method of exorcising evil spirits in Feng Shui, which conforms to the Feng Shui concept of "Qu Sheng Ji, Zhi Sheng Sha". Red is widely used in the Forbidden City. Red is the main fire and light, which accords with the meaning of "aboveboard" and the principles of Yi Li and Feng Shui.
Because successive governments have protected Beijing (Forbidden City), especially after liberation, the central government listed the Forbidden City as a national key cultural relics protection unit, making it the only ancient capital in the world that has been completely preserved for five centuries. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing was planned and built under the guidance of China's geomantic theory. From site selection and layout to detailed decoration, it contained geomantic thoughts everywhere, and it was a typical example of geomantic objects.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Beijing, the capital of China people today, was the only city among the six ancient capitals of China to inherit the status of the capital, and it was the peak of the capital construction of China.
In the first year of Yongle (1403), Chengzu changed Beiping to Beijing. In the fourth year of Yongle (1406), preparations for the construction of Beijing Miyagi began. In the 19th year of Yongle (142 1), the first month was "successful", which lasted 15 years, and Beijing was officially established. In the Ming Dynasty, Beijing, that is, the reconstruction of the capital of Yuan Dynasty, the north wall shrank 5 miles to the south and the south wall spread 2 miles to the south, becoming an east-west rectangle. Rebuild Miyagi and Imperial City. In the thirty-second year of Jiajing (1553), the outer city ⑥ was built, only on the south side. At this point, the basic outline of Beijing has been formed, namely Miyagi, Imperial City, Inner City and Outer City.
Miyagi is the Forbidden City, which is the Forbidden City in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in Beijing today. Located in the south-central part of the inner city, with a circumference of six miles and sixteen steps, it is 960 meters long from north to south and 760 meters wide from east to west, covering an area of 0.72 square kilometers. There are eight gates in Miyagi, and five gates in the south, namely Chengtianmen (changed to Tiananmen in Qing Dynasty), Duanmen, Wumen, Zuoyemen and Yeyemen, Donghuamen in the east, Xihuamen in the west and Xuanwu Gate in the north (changed to Shenwumen in Qing Dynasty). (1) There are seven main buildings in Miyagi, which are divided into front and back parts, that is, power * * *. The first three halls are Fengtian Hall (changed to Huang Ji in the 41st year of Jiajing and Taihe in Qing Dynasty), Gaihua Hall (changed to Zhongji and Zhonghe), Shenshen Hall (changed to Jianji and Baohe Hall), and the last three halls are Gan Qing Palace, Jiaotai Palace and Kunning Palace. ② There is a moat around Miyagi with a width of 52 meters, which is called Yu He (called Tongzi River in Qing Dynasty). (3) The name of the Forbidden City in Qing Dynasty was changed, but the scale of the Ming Dynasty was basically maintained.
Outside the palace, the imperial city has an odd circumference of eighteen miles, lacking its southwest corner. It is 2.75 kilometers long from north to south, 2.5 kilometers wide from east to west and covers an area of 6.87 square kilometers. There is Miyagi in the east, Xiyuan in the west (Xiyuyuan in Yuan Dynasty), and Taiyue Pool in the middle (namely, Yuantai Liquid Pool, plus Nanhai). There are six gates in the Imperial City. "Daming is in the south, Dongan is in the east, Xi 'an is in the west and Bei 'an is in the north. Daming Gate turns east to Chang 'an Left and west to Chang 'an Right ". In Qing Dynasty, Daming Gate was changed to Daqing Gate, and Bei 'anmen was changed to Di 'anmen. ⑤
Rebuilding the inner city, namely Yuanduyi, has a perimeter of 45 miles and 9 gates, with a length of 6.65 kilometers from east to west, a width of 5.35 kilometers from north to south and an area of 35.57 square kilometers. Due south is Zhengyangmen (front gate), left is Chongwen Gate, and right is Xuanwu Gate; From Chaoyangmen South in the east to Dongzhimen in the north; Fuchengmen in the west and Xizhimen in the north; To the north is Andingmen in the east and Deshengmen in the west.
Jiajing built a "heavy city, covering the south of the capital, turning east and west to watch the building, 28 miles long." Gate 7, Yongding is due south, south left is Zuo 'an, south right is You 'an; The east is called refraction, and the north of the east is called east; There is Guangning in the west (called Guang 'an in Qing Dynasty) and Bian Xi in the north. Today, it is measured that the east-west length is 7.95 kilometers, the north-south width is 3. 1 kilometer, and the area is 24.49 square kilometers. The total area of the inner and outer cities is 60.06 square kilometers, which is larger than that of Nanjing in the early Ming Dynasty. Among the metropolitan cities in China, it is the third largest city after Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty and Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty.
In the street pattern of Beijing's inner and outer cities, the street leading to each gate is the widest and is the main road of the whole city. Most of them are east-west, north-south, and there are fewer inclined streets, but there are also differences between inner and outer cities. The outer city forms the urban area first, and then the city wall is built. The streets are dense and many streets are not straight. The streets leading to the city gate are also named after the city gate, such as Chongwenmen Street, Chang 'an Street, Xuanwumen Street, West Chang 'an Street, Fuchengmen Street, Andingmen Street and Deshengmen Street. This area is divided into many streets by the main street. According to the statistics of Shi Jing Wuchengfang Lane Hutong Collection, there are about 1264 streets and villages in the inner and outer cities of Beijing and its nearby suburbs, of which 457 are left and right. Comparatively speaking, there are more than 300 streets and lanes in the midtown area on both sides of Zhengyangmen and Huangcheng. This is because Midtown is strategically located in the middle of the city, close to the Imperial City and the Forbidden City, and its population is naturally dense.
Residential areas are commensurate with squares, which are called shops or brands and shops. Residential buildings are typical quadrangles. There are 9 squares and 68 shops in the downtown area (at Zhengyangmen and on both sides of the Imperial City); There are 5 squares in Dongcheng District (Chongwenmenli, east to North Street, to the city wall and outside Dongguan), 37 squares in Chaoyang, Dongzhiguanwai, Zhengcunba and Paifang, 199 squares; Xicheng District (Xuanwumenli, street west to north, to the city wall and outside Xiguan) has four squares, namely Hexi Straw Mat, Chaotian Palace West, Fucheng and Xizhiguanwai, with 20 brands and1kloc-0/shop; Chengnan District (Zhengyang, Chongwen, Xuanwu, inside and outside the new city) has 8 squares, 49 brands and 247 shops; North City (from Beianmen to Anding, Deshengmenli and outside Beiguan) has 7 workshops and 90 shops in Anding and Desheng. ① There are 33 squares, 106 brands and 705 shops in the whole city and its nearby suburbs. It is bounded by North Anmen Street and Pan Qi Street (Zhengyangmenli), belonging to wanping county in the west and Daxing County in the east. ② The west city belongs to Wanping, the east city belongs to Daxing, and the middle, north and south cities are divided into two counties. Among them, Wanping County 13, Hutong 3 12. It can be seen that in the Ming Dynasty, there were fewer hutongs in the west of Beijing, but the opposite was true in the east.
During the Ming Dynasty, in addition to setting up two counties, Beijing also set up a five-city army division with the same status as the two counties, named "criminal thief". In fact, its administrative functions are close to today's municipal institutions. Midtown Military Forces Company is located in Renshou Square (outer Manchuria, Dong 'anmen), Dongcheng Military Forces Company is located in Sicheng Square (southeast of Dong 'anmen), Cheng Nanbing Company is located in Zhengyang Street outside the city, Xicheng Military Forces Company is located in Xian Yi Square (southwest of Xi 'an), and Beicheng Military Forces Company is located in Jiaozhong Square (northeast of North Anmen). ④
In the Qing Dynasty, the squares, streets and hutongs in Beijing were changed again and again, but on the whole they still followed the scale of the Ming Dynasty. In addition to the management of Wanping and Daxing counties, it was placed under the Eight Banners garrison. Zhenghuang Banner is located in Deshengmen, Andingmen is decorated with yellow flag, Dongzhimen is decorated with white flag, Chaoyangmen is decorated with white flag, Xizhimen is decorated with red flag, Fuchengmen is decorated with red flag, Chongwenmen is decorated with blue flag, and Xuanwu Gate is decorated with blue flag, which is divided into left and right wings. ⑤
The market in Beijing is arranged along the street, but it has formed several major market areas. In the early Ming Dynasty, the cities were mainly concentrated in Imperial City Simen, Dongsi Pailou, Xisi Pailou, Bell and Drum Tower, as well as Chaoyang, Anding, Xizhi, Fucheng and Xuanwu Gate. Because in the early Ming Dynasty, in order to attract investment, houses and shops were built near the above-mentioned gates, which was called "Langfang". Judging from the distribution of corridors, the commercial market area is mainly in the west of the city. With the development of social economy, the market area is getting bigger and bigger, and the regional distribution has also changed. The main markets are Chessboard Street in Zhengyangmen, Deng Shi, Chenghuang Temple, Neishi and Chongwenmen. The chessboard street in front of Daming Gate (the south gate of Imperial City, changed to Daqingmen in Qing Dynasty) is full of "department stores". Because "the left and right sides of the street are opposite to the government", "Jia, a migrant worker from all over the world, has come to Sri Lanka all the way, and his shoulders are rubbing against his hub, making trouble every day". This is clearly located in the middle, close to the imperial city, Miyagi and the government's military and political organs. There are many people coming and going, and business is naturally prosperous. The Lantern Market is located two miles east of Wang Fu Street and west of Chongwen Street in Donghuamen. In the north and south, there are all kinds of jewels to capture everyday objects. The city in the song is determined by chess, and several rows are opposite, all of which are high ... This city starts from the eighth day of the first month and ends on the eighteenth. On the opening day, "goods are divided with the team, people can't care, cars can't turn, the city overflows, and there are more than a hundred flows" (3), which is also very lively. In the Qing Dynasty, "the lantern market was in Chongwen Street in Donghuamen, and now it is also in Liulichang" (4). It can be seen that the lantern market in the Ming and Qing dynasties is also constantly changing, and it is not fixed in one place. The lamp market outside Donghuamen is now called dengshikou (East-West Street), and Liulichang is in the outer city, which is also an East-West Street. The Donghuamen mentioned above should be Dong 'anmen, because outside Dong 'anmen is Wang Fu Street. Chenghuang Temple City is located in the southwest corner of Xicheng, which is north of Fuxingmen today. "The bright moon, the fifth day has passed, the east temple, west temple, three miles away. Ancient and modern pictures, Ding Yi Shang Zhou, F Mirror Qin and Han Dynasties, calligraphy and painting Tang and Song Dynasties, Yunnan, Guangdong, Fujian, Chu, Wu and Yue collections. " ⑤ It proves that this is an antique market in Beijing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with a large scale and prosperous business. The inner city is a shopping market for royalty, located on the left (east) side of the Forbidden City, passing through Guanglu Temple (north of Dong 'anmen Inner Street) and entering the inner gate, from Yumajian to Xihaizi. There will be trade fairs on the 4th,14th and 24th of every month. That is to say, in Dong 'anmen, there are three trading days every month in the city, mostly high-grade goods, such as mink, fox skin, plain cloth, cotton, wine, precious stones, gold beads, medicinal materials, rhinoceros and so on. Chongwenmen is the east gate of the south wall of Licheng, and it pays the most taxes in all cities in Beijing. Especially in the early years of Wanli, all goods entering the city were subject to "three taxes on the right ship at Chongwenmen", which made Chongwenmen area also form a prosperous market area. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the canal entered the city only at Chongwenmen, with convenient waterway transportation and natural prosperity of commerce. Chongwenmen in Qing Dynasty collected 94,483 taels of positive tax silver, which was the highest among all collection points and was a typical example.
Xiyuan, located outside Xihuamen, is the Western Imperial Garden of the Yuan Dynasty. "West of Xihuamen is Xiyuan. The list is called Xiyuanmen and the entrance is Taiye Pool. " "Since the golden age, it has been called Xiyuan Taiye Pool. Famous sites such as Guanghan Temple in Qionghua Island, from Yuan Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, the benefits of the garden pool change with the Buddha, but only for recreation. " ⑤ In other words, Xiyuan is the place where the emperor plays. The pavilions and grandfathers pool complement each other and the scenery is magnificent. In the Qing Dynasty, it developed further and became a place for the emperor to summon princes and ministers and receive foreign guests, such as Dunxu Hall, Hanyuan Hall, Yingtai and Ziguangge, all of which became places for the emperor to rest and conduct state activities. Taiye Pool is today's North Sea, China Sea and South China Sea, which was excavated in the Ming Dynasty. Today, Beihai has been divided into Zhongnanhai, where the State Council is located, and xinhua gate, the Bao Yue Building in the South China Sea.
The scenic spots in Beijing in the Qing Dynasty were the three mountains and five gardens in the western suburbs. The three mountains are Wanshou Mountain, Yuquan Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain, and the five gardens are Yuanmingyuan Garden, Jingming Garden, Jingyi Garden, Yangchun Garden and Qingyi Garden. There is Changchun Garden in the east of Yuanmingyuan and Qichun Garden in the south of Changchun Garden (later changed to Wanchun Garden), which together form a huge scenic spot with 108 scenery. 1860 During the Second Opium War, Yuanmingyuan was burned by the British and French invaders. Today, the site of Yuanmingyuan, located outside the western wall of Peking University, has only the stone carvings of the West Building of Changchun Garden. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the Western Empress Dowager used naval funds to build the Summer Palace on the former site of Qingyi Garden, which is the largest garden attraction in the western suburbs of Beijing.
Forbidden city in Qing dynasty