About jadeite
What is jadeite?
Emerald is a geological name, which generally refers to all fibrous aggregate of pyroxene sodium aluminosilicate minerals with various colors and qualities (grades). Emerald is composed of three main substances: silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and sodium oxide (Na2O). Their theoretical contents are: silica (SiO2)59.44%, alumina (Al2O3)25.22%, sodium oxide (Na2O) 15.34%. In addition, there are a small amount of amphibole minerals and albite, iron and chromium minerals. The hardness is 6.5~7, the specific gravity is about 3.33 and the refractive index is 1.66. Strong toughness, crushing surface energy = 12 1000 erg/cm2, crushing toughness = 7. 1× 10 (8) dyne /cm2 (-3/2). Seasonal jadeite is only 4320 erg/cm2, 7× 10(7) dyne /cm2 (-3/2).
What is jadeite?
Jade in a broad sense refers to the commercial name of gemstone jade with commercial value, as well as the general name of gemstone jade with various colors.
In a narrow sense, jadeite refers to those green gem-grade jadeite rocks.
Geologically, jadeite is called fibrous aggregate, which is composed of pyroxene minerals (mainly jadeite minerals) and jadeite rocks with chromium as the coloring element.
Gem-grade jadeite flakes are very close to the theoretical value of jadeite in terms of composition.
What are the types of jadeite?
Refers to the structure and structure of jadeite. It is an important symbol of jade quality. Newly "planted" jadeite (also known as new pit and new factory, etc. ) loose texture, coarse particles, uneven thickness, rich in impurity minerals, well-developed cracks and micro-cracks, but the transparency is not necessarily poor, and the specific gravity hardness has declined. Old "planted" jadeite (also known as old pit and old factory, etc. ) The microstructure is fine and dense, the particle size is fine and uniform, and the microcracks are underdeveloped. The hardness ratio is the highest and the quality is good. But transparency is not necessarily good. The new and old jadeite is between the new and old jadeite, and it is the jadeite left on the hillside without natural handling or short-distance handling. New jadeite is the raw material for making jadeite B.
What is the land of jade?
The meaning of "ground" is the harmony between the cleanliness of green parts and other parts of jade and water (transparency) and color, as well as the mutual foil relationship among "species", "water" and "color". Folk call "ground" as "ground tension" or "bottom barrier". The exterior of emerald and emerald should be coordinated. If the emerald green is good, the emerald green and the outer part of the emerald green must be divided into water, so as to set off harmony. If the emerald green is good but the emerald green is divided into water, there are many impurities and the color is dirty, which is called "good color and poor color". The "water" and "species" of jade should be coordinated. For example, the "kind" has good old color, good water quality and less dirty impurities, which set off each other and strongly set off the beauty, luster and value of jade. The structure of the "ground" should be delicate, the color tone should be uniform, the impurities should be less, and there should be some transparency. Only by taking care of each other can we be called "land". Good "ground" is called glass ground, waxy ground and egg white ground. Bad "land" is called lime land, excrement land, etc. Jade with poor water is called "bottom dry"
What is Patricia's water?
Jade water refers to its transparency, also known as water head. The water of jadeite is related to the structure of jadeite, which means it is related to "species". It is also related to the content of impurities, such as the old variety of jadeite water, less impurities, uniform particle size and high purity.
What is emerald fog?
The fog of jadeite refers to a slightly weathered semi-oxidized jadeite between the jadeite skin (weathered or oxidized) and the jadeite interior (not weathered or oxidized) or meat. In essence, it is also a part of jadeite, and it is the transition zone from weathered crust to unweathered meat (jadeite). The color and existence of fog can explain how many impurities there are in jadeite, whether it is "new", transparency and internal cleanliness. But it can't explain whether there is green in it, and it has nothing to do with green. Fog is divided into white, yellow, red, gray and black. If the skin is worn off, the pale white is called white fog, which means that the impurities inside are not "clean" and have certain transparency. If there is green under the white fog, it is pure green, which is priceless to the ground. White fog also shows that you are old. Most people like to bet on white fog. Yellow fog shows that iron and other elements are gradually oxidized, but the oxidation is not serious. If it is pure yellow fog, it means that there are few impurity elements, and it often appears high green, but sometimes the blue-green tone produced by iron ions may enter the crystal lattice of jadeite, and there is also a green with a slight blue-green tone. Red mist explained that the iron-containing elements have been seriously oxidized, and there may be ash "ground" inside jadeite. Black fog is mainly caused by the oxidation of a large number of impurity elements, indicating that jadeite has many impurities and poor transparency. Individual black fog will also appear high green, but sometimes the water is very poor.
Not all jadeites produce fog, and some jadeites do not produce fog. Generally speaking, jadeite raw materials that can produce fog are mostly produced in mines of old factories and new and old factories.
What is ringworm of jadeite?
Spotting refers to black patches and stripes on the surface or inside of jadeite. Tinea varies in shape and size. The main minerals of these black ringworm fungi are amphibole, amphibole schist, chromite and some oxides, because these black minerals are related to chromogenic chromium ions, and chromite in the black mineral ringworm fungi constantly releases chromogenic chromium ions, which makes jadeite green under appropriate conditions. Therefore, ringworm is closely related to green. People call it "black follows green" and "ringworm eats green". However, ringworm is not necessarily green, and green is not necessarily ringworm. It depends on the environment and time of tinea formation, and whether there are chromium and other factors in tinea. Therefore, there is a folk saying of "dead ringworm" and "living ringworm". In the process of jadeite's production and subsequent geological movements and hydrothermal activities, there is a geological environment in which chromium is released, which can make jadeite green. There is not necessarily tinea at this time, and tinea has little to do with green. If tinea and jadeite are born, geological conditions and hydrothermal activity are conducive to the release of chromium, and the chromium in tinea is constantly released and colored. When the geological environment changes, it is not conducive to the release and coloring of chromium, and the coloring ends, it will produce the phenomenon of black with green, which is called tinea alive.
After jadeite is produced, the ringworm produced is called "ringworm", and the ringworm produced under geological conditions without releasing chromium is called "ringworm". According to the relationship between green and ringworm, small structure and tumor, jadeite mineral and ringworm, we can accurately judge living ringworm and dead ringworm. The relationship between ringworm and green can be divided into three types: ringworm and green are mutually inclusive and difficult to separate; ringworm and green gradually transition or have clear boundaries; green and ringworm are separated by a certain distance and exist separately. Sometimes there is a "pine flower" next to ringworm, which means there is green inside, but the quantity and shape of green inside cannot be judged.
What is an emerald python?
On the epidermis of jadeite raw materials, we can see the regular directional arrangement of weathered and semi-weathered sand grains with the same color as the epidermis, indicating that the original stone is strongly influenced by directional dynamic metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration, which may release chromium and make it green. Where there is umbilical cord, there is not necessarily green. There must be a "pine flower" which means there may be green in it. Scales indicate that the species is ancient. Python belt is generally parallel to green strike, and green strike (vein) or green shape is mostly colored by chromium ions filled in primary cracks.
What is the pine flower of emerald?
Some colorful patches, patches and bands like dry moss are faintly visible on the jadeite epidermis, which are called "Songhua". It refers to the trace left by green on the original jadeite, which has gradually faded after weathering. According to the depth, shape, trend, quantity and density of pine flowers, we can infer the depth, trend, size and shape of the green inside. When observing, you should put water on the raw materials and study them carefully.
What is that jade?
Also known as split, split is called split, compound or full of matter. Cracks are divided into primary cracks, that is, they are produced at the same time as the original stone. Late fractures are formed after diagenesis. Some primary fractures were repaired by late hydrothermal activity, and some were filled by late minerals. Most of the later cracks are obviously visible to the naked eye, which greatly destroys the integrity of the jadeite original stone. Cracks can be divided into big cracks, small cracks, tic-tac-toe cracks and fine cracks. Some cracks will cut the green belt and dislocate it. Some green belts burst themselves and then filled with green. We should estimate what to do according to the distribution frequency of cracks. Those concave parts on the original stone are the parts where cracks exist.
What is the white cotton of jadeite?
White cotton refers to the translucent and slightly transparent white mineral with patches, strips, filaments and ripples inside jadeite. The main component of white minerals is albite, followed by nepheline, analcime and some gas-liquid inclusions. It is an impurity in jade, which seriously affects the quality and beauty of jade. Its existence will greatly affect the price of jadeite. White cotton between green and green. It may also be caused by the uneven distribution of green in jade itself.
What is the skin of jade?
Most jadeite raw materials have skins, and super jadeite also has skins. The skin of jadeite is formed by weathering of jadeite raw materials during transportation. Skin colors are black, gray, yellow, brown, light yellow, white and so on. The formation of skin color is a combination of two geological processes, that is, the external oxidation of jadeite makes iron hydroxide penetrate into the tiny micro-cracks on the surface of jadeite skin, and then interact with the oxidized impurity elements under the skin. According to the color, density, smoothness and convexity of the epidermis, we can roughly estimate the internal color of jadeite raw materials, the quality of water head, the quality of land, the old and tender types and the number of cracks. If the skin is dense and delicate, it usually means that its internal transparency is good, there are few impurities, and the skin surface presents inconspicuous moss. It is often reflected that there may be green inside, and the skin is rough and uneven, indicating that there are many internal cracks, loose texture and poor water quality. Another example is that the color of jadeite skin changes greatly, and there are banded patches such as ringworm, so it is necessary to pay attention to the possibility of green appearance. Black sand contains a lot of impurities such as iron, and even if there is green in it, it is mostly blue-green. After watering the yellow white sand skin, it feels that the fine sand falls off, and the water head is generally sufficient. Brown skin is called eel skin. Usually very old. If the skin is delicate, if there are fur and black stripes, it may be high green. Jade has a lot of skin knowledge, so it needs to be comprehensively judged and estimated.
What is emerald green?
Emerald is also called "flying wing". It is a unique symbol of jade. Refers to the flaky flash that constitutes the mineral crystal plane and cleavage plane of jadeite. It is especially obvious when the mineral particles that make up jadeite are coarse. This is "emerald". If the mineral particles of jadeite are fine particles, "emerald" is rarely seen, because the double crystal plane and cleavage are too small. For example, the jadeite in the glass floor is hard to see with the naked eye.
What are the geological conditions for the formation of jadeite?
The geological conditions of jadeite production are very bad, which requires a high-pressure and low-temperature geological environment (pressure 5×10 (3) ~ 7×10 (3) kpa, temperature 150 ~ 300℃). First of all, jadeite rocks are very difficult to form in the whole crust and are very rare. In addition, its surrounding rock-ultrabasic rock is also very rare. On the premise of the above two conditions, trace chromium ions-pigment ions must continuously enter the crystal lattice of jadeite for a long time in a certain temperature range to form ordinary jadeite.
If you want to be a super jade-jade, you must also meet the following conditions. The surrounding rock of jadeite must be high in magnesium, calcium and iron. The jadeite produced in this environment is purer, and the bottom is not gray without iron. Although iron is low, there is still iron. If jadeite is pure and free of impurities, it must be produced under strong reducing conditions, that is, reducing environment. Because in the oxygen-deficient environment, the Fe contained in it will form magnetite and precipitate out, instead of entering the crystal lattice of jadeite, which can correct the emerald green. In addition, after the formation of jadeite, there must be geological processes and many strong hydrothermal activities, and jadeite should be transformed into super jadeite with green, good water quality and pure substrate. The color formation process of jadeite is accompanied by hydrothermal activity, which is a multi-stage color formation process with different intensities. Moreover, the chromogenic elements that slowly decompose into chromium ions should be at 150~300℃ for a long time, and the optimum temperature is about 2 12℃, so that chromium ions can enter the crystal lattice uniformly and continuously, and the emerald green generated under this condition is very uniform. After the super jadeite is completely produced, there can be no large geological tectonic movement, otherwise cracks with different sizes and directions will occur, which will affect the quality. It is difficult to meet all the above conditions at the same time, which is also the reason why super jadeite is scarce.
What is the approximate time for jadeite to form?
From the Jurassic period (about 65.438+0.8 billion years), the Yunnan-Tibet plate collided and subducted under the Eurasian plate, and before the Tertiary Oligocene (about 35 million years), the India-Pakistan plate collided and subducted under the Eurasian Yunnan-Tibet plate. These two collisions, especially the second collision, not only caused the uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, but also caused the roof of the world. The original remaining Yunnan-Tibet plate is more fragmented, resulting in large and small faults, and magmatic rocks such as ultrabasic rocks invade along the fault zone. These ultrabasic rocks are the parent bodies of jadeite deposits. It is a high-pressure and low-temperature metamorphic belt, which mainly occurred during the Himalayan movement. These ultrabasic rocks are mainly composed of serpentine, peridotite and amphibole. Invade glaucophane schist.
According to the field geological relationship and absolute age determination, the intrusion time of ultrabasic rocks should be from late Cretaceous to early Tertiary (70-65 million years), and late Tertiary granite and gabbro (gold-bearing) can be seen. Judging from the above, jadeite rocks should be formed after the formation of serpentine peridotite that began to invade. After Quaternary Pleistocene, a large number of jadeite boulders were eroded, transported and redeposited.
What is the difference between jadeite and nephrite?
Nephrite is also called hetian jade. Location: Hotan, Xinjiang, China. It has a long history and the best quality. Minerals belong to tremolite and actinolite series. The main component is tremolite, a dense and tough variety. The specific gravity is 2.9~3.02, and the hardness is 6~6. 5, the refractive index is 1.62~ 1.655. Colors are white, blue, yellow, red, black and so on. It belongs to silicate, so its chemical properties are stable. Jadeite is fibrous aggregate, a pyroxene family containing aluminosilicate minerals. Specific gravity is 3.33, hardness is 6.5~7, and refractive index is 1.66. Colors are green, purple, blue-green, red, blue, yellow, black and so on. Super jadeite is thousands of times more expensive than nephrite.
China Emerald?
The area with the most complicated geological structure in the world is located in the west of Gaoligong Mountain, south of Riga and Nanying of Yarlung Zangbo River, east of Inca Mountains, India-Myanmar border and a small area north of Ba Maw. Since Jurassic, it has experienced many large tectonic movements and plate collisions, and various magmatic activities are frequent. Such unique geological conditions for producing high-quality jadeite are rare in the world. For decades, many experts have predicted the possible areas of jadeite and organized geologists to look for them, but so far there is no result. Therefore, jadeite has not been found in China at present. However, there are the same geological conditions in the northern extension of the jadeite ore belt in Myanmar and the south of the Yarlung Zangbo River in China, and it is expected to find jadeite deposits.
What are the deposit types of jadeite?
Emerald deposit occurs in terraces on both sides of Lu Wu River and its tributaries, and flows from northeast to southwest to join Qindun River, which is a tributary of Qindun River. Lu Wu River is 0/50 km long and 30 km wide, with a distribution area of 4,500 square kilometers. The deposit types are:
1, the original dull jade deposit
The primary blunt jade deposit occurs in strongly serpentine peridotite, and the rock mass is in contact with blue amphibolite. The contact zone is a tectonic fracture zone, in which jadeite and peridotite structural breccia and late chromite veinlets are scattered. Jadeite, albite and amphibole schist interbedded. The ore bodies are vein-shaped, distributed in the form of beads on the plane, and many ore bodies appear. Length 10 ~ 450m, which can be extended intermittently by more than 6km. The thickness of ore bodies varies from 0.3m to 5m, and the maximum thickness can reach more than 20m. It has been mined 100 meters.
The center of the ore body is a pure jadeite belt, which gradually becomes a jadeite-feldspar transition belt to two sides, then a nano-feldspar belt and a chlorite belt to the outside, and then a strong serpentine peridotite surrounding rock.
The original blunt jade deposit is located in the upper reaches of Lu Wu, Gansu and Xishan. The main producing areas are Dumo, Massa, Su Kai, Sangka, Shengkamo, Myanmar and Luanmugang. Mainly produces low-grade jadeite raw materials. The original dull jade deposits are all new pit jade. Loose structure, small structure development, containing more non-jadeite minerals. So the hardness and specific gravity are lower than those of Laokengyu.
2. Residual slopes exist in jadeite deposits.
Represented by the Dragon Hall. It is a residual deposit that was denuded and transported by the original blunt jade deposit and deposited around the hillside and in the tributaries near the original blunt jade deposit. Generally, the skin is thick and the quality is between the new pit and the old pit. Also called "Half Mountain and Half Water" or "New and Old Factory".
3. Emerald deposit in Quaternary gravel house
Produced in Pleistocene. Origin: Huika, Oyachi, Mu Na, Katz, Nanqi, Mogang, Dongge and Zibi. It is distributed on the hillside terraces on both sides of the Lu Wu River. The general quality is better. It is called Laochangyu, and the strata are distributed from bottom to top as follows:
A, alluvial sandstone (no jadeite gravel),
B, pebbles and gravel (no emerald gravel),
C, conglomerate cliff with jadeite at the bottom
The above total thickness exceeds 300 meters. The jadeite produced by this layer has the characteristics of thick skin, varied skin color, wide block size and different quality. Widely distributed, it often produces super-grade jadeite.
4. Emerald deposits in alluvial and diluvial ice deposits of modern riverbed.
This jadeite deposit has high economic value. Characterized by thin skin and good roundness, it is called water stone. Super jadeite is often productive. It is distributed on both sides of the Lu Wu River, from Sanka to Mukan, which is tens of kilometers long and located in the middle of Kandi River. The main producing areas are Pagang, Modong, Ma Meng, Damukan and Houjiang.
5. Emerald deposits occurring in structural fracture zones.
The jadeite primary deposit is affected by geological dynamics, that is, structural breccia produced by crushing, deformation, dislocation and friction. It can be seen in many places in the whole Wuluhe production area. Wusha is called black skin or gray-black skin, which generally contains more iron, mostly blue or blue-green, and positive green is rare. Origin of Ma Meng, Baigang and other places.
What is the standard of good jadeite?
Good jadeite has eight conditions or standards, namely:
(1) Green should be positive, not blue.
② Green should be evenly distributed,
③ Water is better,
④ Less impurities,
(5) few cracks,
6 "planting" should be old,
⑦ The green color of jadeite is more than 5 carats.
8 works should have cultural connotation, exquisite and novel.
In addition to the above conditions, a good jadeite raw material must also have a massive positive green as the standard torus.
What are the fake methods of jadeite?
Fake methods of jadeite raw materials and finished products are endless, so be careful when buying.
(1) pseudo color, A is discolored. Adding organic dyes to jadeite by heating is called dyeing. The first color, jadeite with good water solubility, is heated to 2 12? C, immediately put it into the chromium salt solution for 2 hours, and the chromium salt will penetrate into the crystal lattice of jadeite, making it beautiful and green. B, coating jadeite, and coating the surface of jadeite ornaments with organic green dye. It is also "dressing". C, brightening is not polished, jade ornaments are not polished, and a layer of green or colorless brightening paint is sprayed.
The raw materials are fake,
A, the second floor stone, the main stone is inferior jadeite raw material, and a layer of jadeite flakes with good water color is pasted on the incision.
B, three layers of stone, the main stone is inferior brick, with a thin layer of green glass stuck in the middle, and then a colorless jade sheet with water stuck on it.
C, artificial leather, looking for green but not found or poor bottom, or gambling stone lost and then glued, used to mix the same mud sand glue on the surface of jade raw materials.
D, artificial drilling of jadeite, punching holes near the surface of jadeite, putting green substances into the holes, and then sealing the holes, so that people can see that there is green inside from the skin.
E, burning jade, the new kind of jade can't be seen clearly after burning, and acts as the old kind of jade.
F, cuts made by people, like washboards, are difficult to observe because light can't get in. Mainly the dirty water at the bottom is cracked and cracked.
(3) Use other green jade and artificial green ornaments to set off the full green.
Why is jadeite raw material the most difficult gem to identify in the world?
First of all, jadeite raw materials have skins, so it's hard to tell whether they are good or not. Second, even if the cutting changes greatly due to green, it is difficult to grasp its law. Third, it is composed of mineral aggregates, in which the change of mineral composition will also affect its quality, and too many factors will affect the quality of jadeite, which will bring difficulties to identification. For example, underwater species are dirty and cracked, green is on the right, and new pits are old pits. However, gems are mostly single crystal minerals with simple mineral composition, certain permeability, simplicity without skin and easy identification. And the means of fraud is very clever. Therefore, jadeite is the most difficult to identify among all high-grade gems.
How to buy jadeite raw materials?
It is difficult to identify the raw materials of jadeite, mainly the thickness of skin, the doors opened and the doors wiped, which can not fully represent the quality of the whole raw materials. Therefore, when purchasing, we should study from the incision and the whole piece of jade, whether there is green, the possible direction of green, the amount of green, the degree of distribution and the length of color difference, the harmony of thickness, light, clear and water, and the number of cracks. But it is best to give as much money as you see. Water is better when there is no green, and when it is good, it depends on whether there are cracks and impurities. Buy raw materials from the bad side. Think about what to do if you lose.
(1) Wipe the small mouth of Dayu raw material, and be careful when you see green. Generally speaking, the properties of leather should be purchased with low-cost brick material standards.
② Upper bunk, fracture, incision, mouth wiping, etc. The green color of jadeite raw materials is very good, but be careful when not polishing. This kind of material is often cracked, the bottom is gray, not green, the water is not good or the green is black, so it is not polished.
(3) Jade materials, especially high-grade jade materials, will leave many traces of friction and digging holes when the shopkeeper looks for green on the jade materials before seeing the goods. These signs are some green parts. If a piece of jade can be seen everywhere, you should be careful when looking for green traces.
(4) When the section of jadeite is all green, be careful. There is a folk saying that "if you are not afraid of a line, you are afraid of a large area" (referring to green). This large area is often caused by cutting a knife along the green direction, that is, parallel to the green direction. In fact, the thickness of green is only a thin layer.
If the jade material has been cut, you must study the cut piece when you buy it. From the junction of two pieces of jade, observe whether it is possible for green to extend to the big piece of jade.
⑥ The quality of jadeite raw materials produced in Myanmar varies greatly due to different producing areas, so it is necessary to master the characteristics of jadeite producing areas.
⑦ When purchasing jadeite raw materials, look for ringworm, forest and pine flowers on the jadeite epidermis, indicating that green may be produced under the epidermis.
When purchasing all-green materials, we should grasp the influence of water quality on finished products, otherwise the cost may not be guaranteed. If the light can enter a few centimeters inside the jadeite raw material, the green color is beautiful and transparent, but it can't be made into a high-grade ring surface. If it is made into a torus, it may be light green or even colorless, so we must master the relationship between water and green. Generally speaking, at noon, it is better for sunlight to enter the cut jadeite 6~3mm, and the optimal thickness of its water color should be adjusted according to its thickness.
How to buy jade ornaments?
At present, the most commonly used jade ornaments include ring face, bracelet, chest pendant, waist pendant, earrings (pendants), brooch, saddle ring and various ornaments. In addition to the above jade, the design and carving of jade ornaments are required to be novel and unique. We should give the flavor of the times on the basis of tradition. Uniform thickness, coordinated proportion, plump and beautiful, clever use of color.
1, the torus should be full and generous, and the aspect ratio should be as close as possible to the golden section principle, that is, the thickness of 0.6 1 80 should be more than 6mm. Green is positive, uniform, water seepage, less cotton, less black spots, no cracks, the best for the elderly. People who are round, oval or heart-shaped can also weigh more than 5 carats.
2, bracelet, uniform thickness, green or color, the color is best on the outer ring of the bracelet. Want good water, less cotton, less black, no cracks, and grow old slowly. Round, oval, carved (note that there are small cracks on the flowers), inlaid with gold (note that there are big cracks under the gold), and square bracelets without chamfering are all good. However, you should choose according to your body's fat, thin and tall. Too thin and too short to wear a thick bracelet, it feels heavy and bulky, too fat and too tall to wear a thin bracelet is frivolous. It is good to wear dark water when you are old, and bright green and transparent when you are young, which can highlight your self-expression.
3, chest pendant, the material should have cultural connotation, highlighting personality and self-cultivation, not the same. It is necessary to show the beauty of jade color and texture, so that people look fresh and pleasing to the eye and have a sense of nobility. Carefully look for cracks in the pattern, which are moderate in thickness, good in water, old in seeds and less in impurities. Carving content should combine tradition and modernity, and choose your favorite patterns.
4. Earrings and earrings have different shapes and sizes, but the water-drop shape is better. No matter what shape it is, it should be watery, all green or loose green, and it should be conspicuous. The one that looks like water drips at 10 meter. When wearing, you should choose the length and size of earrings according to your body shape and face shape.
In addition to the modeling of jade jewelry, we should also consider people's height, thin body, thick neck, face, skin color and even the color and style of clothing. Only in this way can we wear a beautiful figure.
Do the seven gems in the world have jadeite?
At present, the seven world-recognized gems are diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds (emeralds), golden emeralds (gemstones and golden-green cat's eyes), emeralds and opals. Not only jade, but also occupies a major position in the world jewelry trade and jewelry auction.