Map: ① The northern line runs from Chang 'an along Weihe River to Guo County (now Baoji), across yi county (now Longxian County), across Liupanshan Mountain, along Zuli River, and crosses the Yellow River in Jingyuan to Guzang (now Wuwei). It is an early route with short journey and poor supply conditions along the way. ② The southern line runs from Chang 'an along Weihe River to Longguan, Shangguan (now water), Didao (now Lintao) and Bao Han (now Hezhou), from Yongjing to the Yellow River, passing through Xining, and the bigger the bucket, the more Guyue (now partial ferry) reaches Zhangye. (3) The central line and the southern line separate in Gao Shan, cross Longshan, reach Jincheng County (now Lanzhou), cross the Yellow River, return to Zhuanglang River, and turn Wushaoling to Guzang. Although the southern line has good supply conditions, the detour is long, so the central line later became the main line. After the North-South Central Line meets, it goes from Zhangye to Dunhuang via Jiuquan and Guazhou. The middle part. Dunhuang to Congling (now Pamirs) or Pilars (now drepung monastery).

People: Zhang Qian, Ban Chao, Wang Xuance and other outstanding envoys, including troops commanded by Li Guangli and Gao Xianzhi, monks such as Fa Xian and Tang Xuanzang, and princesses such as Xi Jun and Wen Cheng who married Guoyuan.

Legend: Since Zhang Qian's voyage to the West, the commercial exchanges between China and Central Asia and Europe have increased rapidly. Through this avenue that runs through Asia and Europe, China's silk products such as silk, silk, twill, satin and silk are continuously exported to China and Europe. Therefore, Greece, Rome and China are called "Ju Lushi" countries and "Ju Lushi" nations. The so-called "Cyrus" means "silk". /kloc-end of 0/9. German geologist Richthofen praised this east-west avenue opened by Zhang Qian as the "Silk Road". German Hurtsen wrote the monograph "Silk Road" on the basis of years of research. Since then, the Silk Road has been recognized by the world. Simply put, the Silk Road is the general name of this east-west traffic route that starts from East Asia, passes through Central Asia and West Asia, and then connects Europe and North Africa. The Silk Road is of great significance in world history. This is the traffic artery of the Eurasian continent, and it is a bridge between China, Indian and Greek cultures. Turpan is a pearl on the Silk Road. The Silk Road in Xinjiang is divided into three routes: south, middle and north. The Silk Road was a commercial road connecting China and the West in ancient times. It was named after German geographer von Richthofen in 1877. But he was referring to "China's traffic routes in Hejian area and between China and India with silk trade as the medium from BC 1 14 to AD 127". The so-called western regions generally refer to the vast areas from the west of Guyumen and Guyangguan to the Mediterranean coast. Later, historians collectively referred to the trade routes connecting China and the West as the Silk Road. Because it spans more than 2,000 years and involves land and sea, it can be divided into four periods according to history: Pre-Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties, Song and Yuan Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and there are differences between the Silk Road on land and the Silk Road on the sea according to the route. Due to different geographical trends, the land Silk Road can be divided into "Northern Silk Road" and "Southern Silk Road". The geographical landscape of the Silk Road on land is very different. People divide it into grassland forest Silk Road, alpine valley Silk Road and desert oasis Silk Road. Silk is a representative commodity exported along the ancient trade routes in China. As the main commodity in exchange, it is also another name for the Silk Road, such as Fur Road, Jade Road, Jewelry Road and Spice Road. The Maritime Silk Road exported a large number of porcelain after the Middle Ages, so it was also called the "Porcelain Road". In a word, the Silk Road can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. The Silk Road in a broad sense is the floorboard of the ancient trade routes between China and the West. In a narrow sense, the Silk Road only refers to the Silk Road in the desert oasis during the Han and Tang Dynasties. Historians have not yet reached a conclusion about the beginning of the rise and fall of the Silk Road, but at the latest in the 5th century BC, China silk was introduced into Persia by land and then sold to the Roman Empire. Silk has been recorded in the ancient western literature in the 4th century BC, and it is pointed out that "its silk products are sold to India" (the book Cotillard). Before the 3rd century BC, China was called "Cyrus" in the west, which means "the country of silk" in Latin. Emperor Liu Che (BC 158? ~ 87 BC) In the second year of Jianyuan (BC 139), he sent Zhang Qian (BC 164? Before ~ 1 14), he went to the western regions and "hollowed out" the Silk Road. In the fourth year of Yuanshou (BC 1 19), he went to the Western Regions again, and the ambassadors went to Dawan (now Fergana), Kangju (now A Mu and Syr Darya River Basin), Da Yue (now central and western Afghanistan), Daxia (now northern Afghanistan), Rest in Peace (now Iran) and Body Poison (now India). Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also talked about four counties in the west, building the Great Wall in Hexi, erecting pavilions in Yanze (now Lop Nur), marrying Wusun, setting up ambassadors (later changed to the western regions' capital), and resettling. Ambassador China and businessmen from various countries "face to face on the road" and "there is no end to each other". Businessmen in Central Asia and West Asia "spend endless hours peddling business and customers, and their days are full of embarrassment". During the period of Xin Mang (9-23 AD), the Silk Road was interrupted. Ban Chao (AD 32 ~ 102) made outstanding achievements in reopening the Silk Road. Gan Ying was sent to Daqin (Roman Empire) and returned to Tiaozhi (present-day Iraq) to meet the West Sea (present-day Persian Gulf). This is the farthest westward journey of China officials along the Silk Road in the Han Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties (589 ~ 896), the Silk Road flourished unprecedentedly. Hu gathered tens of thousands of settlers in Luoyang, the eastern capital, and Chang 'an, the western capital. In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, wars were frequent and the Silk Road was blocked. Although it was restored later, the scale was far less than before, and the Maritime Silk Road gradually replaced it. The northern land silk road refers to the commercial road from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River to the western regions, including the grassland forest silk road and the desert oasis silk road. The former existed in the pre-Qin period, while the latter flourished in the Han and Tang dynasties. The Silk Road in the desert oasis has lasted for more than 1000 years, and there are many cultural relics along the way, which is the main road of the Silk Road. It is generally believed that its starting point is Chang 'an (now Xi City), but in fact it changed with the changes of political centers in past dynasties. Chang 'an, Mang-Luoyang, Pingcheng (now Datong), Bianliang (now Kaifeng) and Dadu-Yanjing-Beijing successively opened the Silk Road. The Silk Road of Grassland Forest runs from the middle reaches of the Yellow River to the north, across the Mongolian Plateau, across the South Siberian Plain to Central Asia, and is divided into two branches. One branch went southwest to Persia and then turned west, and the other branch crossed the Urals and Volga River to the Black Sea. The two roads meet in West Asia and reach the Mediterranean countries. The Silk Road in Desert Oasis is the main road of the Northern Silk Road, with a total length of more than 7,000 kilometers, which is divided into three sections: east, middle and west. East side. From Luoyang and Chang 'an to Dunhuang. Compared with the central and western sections, it is relatively stable, but it is divided into three lines to the west of Chang 'an: ① The northern line runs from Chang 'an along Weihe River to Guo County (now Baoji), passes through yi county (now Longxian County), crosses Liupanshan Mountain, crosses Zuli River, and crosses the Yellow River in Jingyuan to Guzang (now Wuwei), with an early age and short transportation distance, and poor supply conditions along the way.

Story: In 629 AD, Xuanzang, a monk of the Tang Dynasty, set off from Chang 'an again and began his real travel notes. I crossed Liangzhou, Liusha River, Hami, Tianshan Mountain, came to Samarkand, and then continued to walk, struggling with the snow and ice of the big snow mountain, and finally arrived in India.