The biggest disaster in modern China
1840 after the first opium war, western capitalist countries forced the Qing dynasty to sign the first batch of unequal treaties.
Treaties, grabbing reparations from China, negotiating tariffs, opening five ports to trade, consular jurisdiction and unilateral MFN treatment.
Many privileges. The British bourgeoisie thought that it could dump a lot of goods to China through these unequal treaties. but
That was not the case. According to relevant data, the goods imported from Britain to China in 1850 were 750,000 less than those imported in 1844.
The reasons for this situation are: first, China's self-sufficient natural economy is tenacious and foreign goods invade; The second one is
There is a contradiction between the increasing opium trade in Britain and the development of legal trade. Due to a large number of colonialists such as Britain after the Opium War
Opium was imported into China, and silver from China kept flowing out, which offset more than half of China's income from exporting tea and raw silk.
It is certainly not good for Britain to buy more British industrial products. The British bourgeoisie should not only maintain and bring it.
The opium trade that will benefit a lot in the future will also expand the sales of industrial products to China. In this way, it will force the Qing dynasty to open up.
More commercial ports further controlled China Customs and strengthened the control of Qing Dynasty.
In order to further open the door to China, Britain, France, the United States and other western countries tried to oppress the Qing Dynasty in the name of amending the treaty.
Give it a new right of aggression. 1853 In May, Britain first asked China to revise the treaty of nanking.
The United States and France followed suit and were rejected by the Qing Dynasty. British, Americans, French and other colonists
When the negotiation of "amending the treaty" failed, they became angry from embarrassment and decided to launch a new war of aggression against China to realize their unreasonable demands.
1 On the morning of October 8th, the rowboats 1856 and1Arrow were sailing at the dock near Guangzhou Haizhu Battery.
Get ready. At this time, the Qing army 1 patrol boat rushed in, and the officers and men of the Guangdong Navy boarded the rowboat and took 14 sailors aboard.
Interrogate their identities one by one, detain 12 of them, put them on patrol boats and take them back to Guangzhou.
The Yarra was originally a rowing boat with a deadweight of 65,438+000 tons, which was built by China native Su Yacheng. Later, it was taken away by pirates and moved to other parts of the country.
It was owned by Fang in China and became a smuggling ship. For the convenience of smuggling, I obtained a license from the Hong Kong authorities, but it has expired.
Failure. The China Navy's search for smuggled ships and the arrest of China sailors are purely China's internal affairs. But Parkes, British consul in Guangzhou.
However, under the pretext that the ship was registered in Hong Kong and obtained permission, it insisted that it was a British ship. He also fabricated that there was water in China.
After boarding the ship, the division tore down the British flag on board and insulted Britain. To this end, he sent a severely worded note to Ye, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi.
Unreasonable demand for the immediate return of all detained prisoners and apology and compensation to Britain.
10 10 On October 23rd, British Admiral Sima Migli led a British warship into the provincial capital river and attacked Guangzhou, provoking.
The second opium war.
At present, Ye, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, has blindly compromised and ordered not to fight back. 10 year1October 29th, British troops invaded Guangzhou.
Ye Chenming ran for his life.
/kloc-in the spring of 0/857, the news of the Yarrow incident reached London, and the British big bourgeoisie began to shout for war. Britain
Parliament passed a proposal to expand the war of aggression against China. In March, Britain appointed Elgin, the former governor of Canada, as its plenipotentiary.
Lead Lu Haijun to China; At the same time, it sent a note to France, the United States, Russia and other countries, proposing a joint invasion to force the Qing Dynasty.
Sign a new unequal treaty. On June+10 in 5438, French Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte (louis bonaparte) also used the "Father Ma incident" as an excuse.
(that is, Xilin religious plan) appointed Ge Luo as the plenipotentiary minister, led the invading army, and fought for "defending the sacred religion".
This cover came after British troops came to China. The United States and Russia also agreed to the British proposal and actively supported Britain and France to carry out new ones.
War of aggression against China. In this way, four ambitious invaders, based on the same interests, temporarily formed a joint invasion of China.
Line, further expand the second opium war first provoked by Britain.
In June+10, 5438, Erkin and Ge Luo led the fleet to Hong Kong successively. Levi Lian, American Plenipotentiary, and Puti, Russian Minister.
Yating rushed to Hong Kong one after another and plotted with Britain and France to study the strategy of invading China.
In 65438+February, Britain and France formed a coalition with more than 5600 people. 12 12, representatives of Britain and France presented their names to the governors of Guangdong and Guangxi respectively.
Chen sent a note requesting to enter Guangzhou to negotiate "contract modification" and "compensation for losses" and give a reply within 10 days, otherwise,
Then attack Guangzhou.
Ye Chenming ignored the notes from Britain and France and did not make any preparations for war.
12 On February 28th, British and French allied forces shelled Guangzhou, Ye fled, Guangzhou General Mudner and Guangdong Governor.
* * * Surrender. On the 30th, Guangzhou was once again occupied by the British and French allied forces.
The occupation of Guangzhou is not the ultimate goal of the invaders. 1in April, 858, warships from Britain, France, the United States, Russia and other countries went northward one after another.
Come to otani. At 8 o'clock on the morning of May 20th, the British and French allied forces sent a note to Qing * * *, ordering the Qing army to hand over the big drum guns within two hours.
Taiwan Province. Green * * * ignore. Two hours later, the British-French allied forces brazenly broke into Dagukou with dozens of small steam turbines and sampans.
Dagubao launched a fierce attack. The patriotic officers and men guarding the fort rose up and gave the invaders a head-on blow. But the ultimate reason is prevention.
The imperial defense is weak and the strength is disparity. Dagu was occupied that day. On 26th, the British and French allied forces arrived outside Tianjin, and the Qing army was in a hurry.
On the 29th, Gui Liang, a university student, and Hua Shanna, a senior official of the official department, were sent to Tianjin to negotiate with representatives of Britain, France and other countries, on June 26th.
On the 27th, the Tianjin Treaty was signed separately.
Countries such as Britain and France are pushing their luck and preparing to expand the war of aggression against China in the name of Beijing's exchange of contracts. In the spring of England 1860,
French warships sailed to China one after another, and assembled outside Dagukou again at the end of July. 1 August, British and French forces captured Beitang, 14.
Japan captured Tanggu, 2 1 captured Dagu, and entered Tianjin on the 24th. Qing * * * quickly sent Gui Liang and Hengfu to Tianjin for peace.
However, the invaders deliberately wanted to capture Beijing, and they charged exorbitant prices in the negotiations, constantly creating complications and making the negotiations fail. British and French troops
Close to Beijing. /kloc-in September of 0/8, the British and French allied forces captured Zhangjiawan and Tongzhou, and captured Baliqiao in September of 2 1 2008. Emperor Xianfeng was frightened.
Boldly, he sent his sixth brother, Prince Gong, as an imperial envoy to stay in Beijing to preside over the peace talks. On the morning of the 22 nd, Xianfeng Emperor took
Empresses, princes, princes and a group of ministers hurried to the Jehol Palace (now chengde mountain resort, Hebei).
On October 5th, 65438/KLOC-0, British and French troops arrived at the gates of Beijing. According to the information provided by Russian diplomat ignatieff: Qing
North Korea's defenders are concentrated in the East City, and the North City is the weakest place, which should be captured first. I heard that the Qing emperor in China was in the northwest suburb.
Yuanmingyuan. As a result, the British and French allied forces bypassed Andingmen and Deshengmen, invaded Yuanmingyuan and looted it.
Created a "burning Yuanmingyuan" incident that shocked China and foreign countries.
Located in the northwest suburb of Beijing, Yuanmingyuan was built in the Ming Dynasty. 1709, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty gave the park to Zisiyin Town (later
Yong Zhengdi), and named it Yuanmingyuan. After more than 50 years of Emperor Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng/kloc-0,
Management, concentrated a lot of material resources, hired countless skilled craftsmen, and poured the blood and sweat of millions of working people.
The heart is built into a large-scale and beautiful detached palace.
Every summer, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty come here to escape the heat, listen to politics and deal with military and political affairs, so it is also called the Summer Palace.
Yuanmingyuan Fiona Fang10km is composed of Yuanmingyuan, Wanchun Garden and Changchun Garden. Yuanmingyuan is the largest, so it is unified.
It is called Yuanmingyuan (also known as Yuanming Sanyuan). In addition, there are many affiliated gardens located in the east, west and south of Yuanmingyuan.
Among them are Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan, Jingming Garden and Qingyi Garden in Yuquan Mountain (the later Summer Palace was built on this basis)
), etc. The total area of this park is over 5000 mu.
Yuanmingyuan not only brings together several famous scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River, but also creatively transplanted western garden buildings to collect ancient times.
A masterpiece of gardening art at home and abroad today. There are magnificent palaces, light and exquisite pavilions in the garden; This is a symbol of active market.
"Shopping Street" has a "mountain villa" symbolizing rural scenery; There are autumn moons in Pinghu and sunset photos of Lei Feng imitating the West Lake in Hangzhou.
There are scenic spots modeled after Suzhou Lion Forest; There are also poems and paintings modeled after ancient poets and painters, such as Penglai Yao.
Spring scenery in Taiwan Province and Wuling, etc. It can be said that Yuanmingyuan is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of the working people in China, and it was also built by the people of China.
Build a model of art and culture. Not only that, Yuanmingyuan has countless priceless treasures of various styles, which are extremely
Rare historical classics and rich and precious historical relics, such as calligraphy and painting, gold and silver jewelry, Song and Yuan porcelain, can all be called human beings.
One of the treasures of quasi-culture, it can also be said that it is the largest museum in the world.
10 year10.6, the British and French allied forces invaded Yuanmingyuan, and then carried out robbery crazily.
The first to break into Yuanmingyuan was the French invaders, who robbed everything they saw, and put the treasure in the pocket of every French soldier.
It's worth thirty or forty thousand francs. They came empty-handed and returned loaded. In the French military camp, there are rare clocks and five lamps piled together.
Ten colors of silk and satin, as well as precious works of art, are worth 30 million francs.
Although the British invaders came a little late, their pockets were full of gold and silver. To make matters worse, for those who can't move away.
The big porcelain and enamel bottles were broken.
After the British and French invaders looted the Yuanmingyuan, in order to eliminate the spoils and cover up the crime, Earle, the British plenipotentiary,
With the support of British Prime Minister Pa Max Don, Martin Luther King ordered the Yuanmingyuan to be burned down. Large-scale incineration * * * twice, the first time is
10 years 10 from 7 to 9 October, Yuanmingyuan was mainly burned, and the fire burned for three days and three nights, turning this world-famous garden into a scorched earth. this
A catastrophe, as the famous French writer Hugo described and attacked: one day, two robbers broke into the Summer Palace.
One robbed, the other set fire. Victory can be a robber.
10 10 13, the British and French invaders captured andingmen and took control of Beijing.
On June 10, June 18 and June 19, these robbers robbed treasures hidden in many gardens such as Wanshou Mountain, Yuquan Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain.
Cultural relics, the second big burning, destroyed the above several garden buildings.
At this time, Emperor Xianfeng, who fled to Jehol, gave an order that "in order to save the overall situation, we can only compromise". Yi □ uphold this
Will, fully accept the conditions put forward by Britain and France, and in 101October 24th and 25th, respectively, in the lobby of the Ministry of Ritual.
The Tianjin Treaty was exchanged and the Sino-British and Sino-French Beijing Treaties were signed. On June165438+1October 14, China signed a contract with the Russian Federation.
Russia's Beijing Treaty. These unequal treaties that humiliated the country further deepened the semi-colonial degree of China, and also
The disaster for the people of China is even deeper.