Yuanmingyuan [1] is located in Haidian District, Beijing, next to the Summer Palace. It is built in the cathedral (Union) and consists of three parks: Ming, Changchun and Wanchuntang (Spring). It has more than 0/00 garden landscapes/kloc-with a building area of more than 0/60,000 square meters. It is a large-scale Gong Yuan royal garden created and managed by the Qing emperor in 150 years. Dumping countless exquisite resources of Qing Dynasty, filling lakes to make fields, planting flowers and trees, collecting 40 places of interest and historic interest, and building a large-scale building 145, which is the collection of cultural and artistic treasures and books. In Chinese architecture, in addition to courtyard gardens, there are merchants and western-style buildings in Changchun, which are known as "Wanyuan [2]". 1860/kloc-0 was looted by the British and French allied forces on October 6, and cultural relics were looted. 18- 19, and garden buildings were burned. Under the attack of 1900 allied forces invading Beijing, Empress Dowager Cixi gained great momentum. Soldiers, bandits and remnants of the Eight Banners under Emperor Guangxu entered the park one after another, taking advantage of the fire to rob. About 100 buildings were basically restored and publicly robbed, and Ming buildings and ancient and famous trees were destroyed. Subsequently, the cultural relics of Yuanmingyuan have long been appropriated by bureaucrats, warlords and government authorities, and even destroyed. The Beiyang government learned from some sites that the protection of Yuanmingyuan depends on powerful forces, such as stone carvings. ), to repair the house with the garden. The invaders not only plundered precious historical relics, but also turned them into ashes without mercy. Covering an area of more than 52 mu (35,000 mu), the water surface area is about 140 hectares (Yuanmingyuan 2 100 mu) and the building area is more than 10000 square meters. The Forbidden City is a water area, but the total area of the Forbidden City is only 85,000 mu!

It inherits the excellent traditional gardening art of China for more than 3,000 years, which not only has the elegance of palace architecture, but also has the euphemism of Jiangnan gardens. At the same time, it draws lessons from the forms of European garden architecture, and the overall layout of different styles of garden architecture makes people feel harmonious. Although it is "made by people, everything opens up the sky." Second only to the famous garden Yuanmingyuan, and the collection of the Royal Museum is quite rich. In France, Hugo, a great writer, once said, "Even if all the treasures of Notre Dame are gathered together, they cannot be as grand and solemn as the Oriental Museum." The palace garden is decorated with countless rosewood furniture at home and abroad, and there are many precious cultural relics. This garden is a royal pavilion, which is one of the four major problems in the library. This garden is full of such precious books and cultural relics as Sikuquanshu and Outline.

Yuanmingyuan is world-renowned for its grand regional scale, outstanding architectural technology, exquisite architectural landscape, rich cultural collection and profound cultural connotation, and is known as "the model of all gardening arts" and "garden".

However, the miraculous and mythical Yuanmingyuan has become a ruin, which is only open to tourists and deeply dilapidated.

Name source:

"But" was named by Emperor Kangxi. Michelle Ye imperial book, hanging a dirty plaque above the lintel hall of Yuanmingyuan. In Yong Zhengdi's Yuanming, the word "Explain Amin" means: "A gentleman loses; And also wise. " It means that "round" refers to the perfection and transcendence of personal character, and "bright" refers to the bright light and perfect wisdom of political performance. It is the ideal standard of the feudal ruling class to be famous and virtuous.

In addition, "Ming Yong Zhengdi" existed during the period of using stones. Yong Zhengdi believed in Buddhism as a "layman" and made a deep study of Buddhism. "Imperial QuotationsNo. 19, dealing with the difference of identification. In the Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi, a Buddhist Sect, entered the Zen Master and forcibly influenced Buddhism as the "national master". It is very important for Taoism to advocate "the unity of Buddhism" and "Zen, being". Yong Zhengdi (later) is in Ying Town in the Garden, and the title of "Zhengwei" in Yuanmingyuan means "Ming" in Yongzheng stone.

Features of landscape architecture:

Yuanmingyuan brings together some wonderful features of gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. It has the essence of ancient gardening art in China, and integrates the art and poetry of gardens into the scene. The southern part of Yuanmingyuan is the imperial court, where the emperor handles official business, and the most famous is the legal residence at the trial. Of the remaining 40 scenic spots, more than 50 directly imitate the scenery, such as Haining or An Lan Garden. The moon in Suzhou and Hangzhou, the world sunset lion forest ... not only imitates the architecture, but also plagiarizes the name. There are Anyou Ancestor Worship Palace, the high mountain with a long building holding water, the Penglai of Yaotai painted with the castle of Fairy Mountain, and the Wuling Hot Spring in the realm of Tao Yuanming. More interestingly, western-style gardens were built in summer. The most famous "palaces" are fountains in the west, as well as mazes and flowers in ethnic groups. , all with Italian Renaissance style. In a city model in the lake, the emperor can enjoy the mountain view "Water City" outside the wall while sitting.

Artistic features:

Yuanmingyuan is not only a treasure house, but also the largest royal museum and exhibition hall in the world at that time, with a large collection of treasures, books and works of art. There are celebrity calligraphy and painting, Fu Bi's masterpieces, Zhong Ding utensils, gold and silver jewelry, which are precious cultural relics with the essence of ancient culture. It is also a rare wood flower, and there are millions of rare flowers in the garden. Westerners who witnessed the completeness of Yuanmingyuan call her "King" Wan. Indeed, if we put it today, 140 years ago, this extremely huge garden was well-deserved "the king of the world gardens".

Yuanmingyuan [1] is located in Haidian, the western suburb of Beijing, adjacent to the Summer Palace. Founded in the 46th year of Kangxi (1707), it consists of Yuanming, Changchun and Wanchun (Qichun) gardens. There are more than 0/00 gardens/KLOC, with a construction area of 6,543,800 square meters. It is a large-scale royal palace created and operated by the Qing emperor during 654.38+0.50 years. The Qing Dynasty invested all the material resources of the whole country, gathered countless exquisite craftsmen, filled lakes and piled mountains, planted exotic flowers and trees, gathered 40 scenic spots at home and abroad, built 145 large buildings, and stored countless art treasures and books and cultural relics. Among these buildings, apart from the courtyard with Chinese style, there are also western-style buildings such as Haiyan Hall and Garden Cinema in Changchun Garden, which are known as "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens [2]". 1October 6th 1860, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438, 65438. Since then, the cultural relics of Yuanmingyuan have been plundered by bureaucrats, warlords and profiteers for a long time, and even destroyed by government authorities in a planned way. The dignitaries of Beiyang government, including some people responsible for the protection of Yuanmingyuan site, relied on their power to transport stone carvings and Taihu stones from Yuanmingyuan to repair their gardens. The invaders not only took away precious historical relics, but also turned them into ashes without mercy. It covers an area of 350 hectares (more than 5,200 mu), of which the water surface area is about 140 hectares (2 100 mu). The plot ratio of Yuanmingyuan is more than 10000 square meters, and the water area is equal to a Summer Palace, with a total area of 8.5 Forbidden City!

It inherits the excellent gardening tradition of China for more than 3,000 years, which has both the elegance of palace architecture and the euphemism of Jiangnan gardens. At the same time, it absorbs European garden architecture forms and blends different styles of garden architecture, making people feel harmony and perfection in the overall layout. It can really be said: "Although it was made by people, it is a fable." Yuanmingyuan is not only famous for its gardens, but also a royal museum with a rich collection. Hugo, a great French writer, once said, "Even if all the treasures of Notre Dame in China are put together, it can't compare with this magnificent Oriental Museum". The lobby of the park is decorated with countless mahogany furniture and displays many rare cultural relics at home and abroad. Garden Hanyuan Pavilion is one of the four royal libraries in China. There are precious books and cultural relics such as Sikuquanshu, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books and Essentials of Sikuquanshu in the park.

Yuanmingyuan was once famous for its grand geographical scale, outstanding architectural skills, exquisite architectural landscape, rich cultural collection and profound national cultural connotation, and was known as "the model of all gardening arts" and "the garden of ten thousand gardens".

Today, the miraculous and mythical Yuanmingyuan is in ruins, leaving only broken walls for tourists to mourn.

Name source:

"Yuanmingyuan" was named by Emperor Kangxi. The three-character plaque of Michelle Ye Imperial Book hangs on the lintel of Yuanmingyuan. Yong Zhengdi has an explanation for the name of this garden. It is said that the word "Yuan Ming" means: "The circle is fascinating, and the gentleman is also in the middle; Bright and shining, the wisdom of talents is also. " It means "round", that is, a person's moral character is perfect, beyond ordinary people; "Ming" means bright, perfect and wise political achievements. This can be said to be the ideal standard for the ruling class to flaunt the wisdom of the monarch in feudal times.

In addition, "Yuanming" is the Buddhist name that Yong Zhengdi has been using since the time of the Prince. Yong Zhengdi believes in Buddhism and has a deep study of Buddhism. He is the author of Quotations of Imperial Selection (19) and Distinguishing between Demons and Different Records. In the pattern of Buddhist sects in the early Qing Dynasty, Yong Zhengdi, a very important figure in the history of Buddhist development, claimed to be a "master of the world", exerted influence on Buddhism and strongly advocated the unity of the three religions and Zen. When Emperor Kangxi presented the Garden to Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi), the title of the Garden "Yuanmingyuan" was taken from the Buddhist name "Yuanming" of Yongzheng.

Features of landscape architecture:

Yuanmingyuan combines the characteristics of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time, melts the essence of ancient gardening art in China, and melts poetry and painting into ever-changing scenes with the artistic technique of garden in the garden. In the south of Yuanmingyuan is the imperial court, where the emperor handles official business, the most famous of which is Zheng Da Guangming Hall, where he listens to politics. There are 40 scenic spots in other areas, of which more than 50 scenic spots directly imitate famous gardens in other places, such as An Lan Garden in Haining, Autumn Moon in Pinghu in Hangzhou West Lake, Sunset of Lei Feng, Lion Forest in Suzhou, etc ..... Not only imitate architecture, but also copy names. There is also the Anyou Palace for ancestor worship and the high-rise buildings with high mountains and high water for banquets, which simulate Penglai Yaotai in the scenery of Fairy Mountain and reproduce the spring scenery of Wuling in the story of Peach Blossom Garden. More interestingly, Yuanmingyuan also has a western-style garden scenic spot. The most famous "Dashui Law" is the fountain, flowers and Haiyan Hall in the west, all of which have the style of Italian Renaissance. There is also a model of Venice in the lake, and the emperor can enjoy the "water city scenery" thousands of miles away from the mountain on the shore.

Artistic features:

Yuanmingyuan is not only a treasure house, but also the largest royal museum and art gallery in the world at that time, with many treasures, books and artistic masterpieces. There are famous calligraphy and painting, secret house classics, Zhong Ding treasures, gold and silver jewelry and other precious cultural relics, which condense the essence of ancient culture. Yuanmingyuan is also a garden of exotic flowers and plants, with millions of rare flowers and trees. Westerners who have witnessed Yuanmingyuan completely call her "the king of ten thousand gardens". Indeed, if today is the same as 140 years ago, this extremely huge garden will be a well-deserved "king of world gardens".