First, Changling
It is the mausoleum of the third emperor, Yongle emperor and Empress Xu of the Ming Dynasty. Among the Ming Tombs, the largest building is the ancestral grave. The mausoleum palace is the main part of the mausoleum, covering an area of about 6.5438+0.2 million square meters. The Temple of Grace in front of the tomb is one of the few large Nanmu temples in China at present. Large scale, high grade and exquisite materials. After 600 years of vicissitudes, it is still intact and magnificent.
Second, the fairy
Ming Xianling Mausoleum is located under the west peak of Tianshou Mountain. It is the mausoleum of Ming Taizu (Hongxi) and Zhang, the fourth emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Although Emperor Injong was in office for a short time, he was a sympathetic and accommodating emperor. During the reign of Injong, a more enlightened policy was implemented. History books give him an evaluation: one year in office, good at employing people and managing people. He also said that if he can be in office for many years, his political achievements can be compared with the Wenjing emperor of the Han Dynasty. After completion, the system of offering tombs and mausoleums is really simple.
Its Shinto branch from the north of Changling Shinto to the north of Wukong Bridge, about 1 km long. On the road, a single empty stone bridge was built. The pavement is paved with city bricks, and the gravel on both sides is scattered, which is very simple, and there are no architectural treasures such as stone statues and stone pavilions (the existing stone pavilions were added during the Jiajing period).
Third, Jingling
Ming Jingling, located at the foot of Tianshou Shandong Peak (also known as Montenegro), is the tomb of Zhu Zhanji, the fifth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and Sun Shi, the empress. Xuanzong ruled the country well. He inherited the previous generation's policy of "sharing interest with the people" and sent letters to open warehouses to help the affected people many times, so that Shu benefited from the land tax in the affected areas. He personally wrote "Weaving Women's Ci" and gave it to courtiers, ordering them to draw pictures and hang them in the palace, so that courtiers at home and abroad could understand the sufferings of farmers. The Qing court once carried out a large-scale renovation of the Ming Tombs.
In order to save labor and materials, the Yi 'en Gate and Yi 'en Temple in Jingling were reduced and rebuilt, and the two temples and the Shengde Monument Pavilion were demolished due to damage. At present, there are still pillars left over from the reconstruction of the Qing Dynasty on the abutment of the gate and hall. Shengde Monument Pavilion has only stone tablets and abutments.
Fourth, Yuling
Located at the south foot of Shimen Mountain, the west peak of Tianshou Mountain in the Ming Tombs, it is the burial tomb of Ming Yingzong, the sixth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and Qian and Zhou, the empresses. Yuling has been broken after years of wind and rain, and it was completely repaired at 200 1. Ming Yingzong Zhu Qizhen ascended the throne at the age of nine, and he was a young son of heaven. He ascended the throne twice and reigned for twenty-two years.
Thirty-seven years of life, seven years of prince, fourteen years of emperor, eight years of confinement, and the last eight years of emperor. This kind of life can be described as suffering. Yingzong died in the eighth year of Tianshun (1464) on the 17th day of the first month. His suicide note stopped his martyrdom and abolished the cruel system of martyrdom of empresses since Ming Taizu. In May, Gong Xuan Mausoleum was built, and in August, Yingzong buried Yuling.
Five, Maoling
The Ming Tombs are located under Jubaoshan Mountain on the right side of Ming Tombs and Ming Yuling Tombs. It is the tomb of Ming Xianzong, the eighth emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and three queens, Wang, Ji and Shao. Zhu Jianshen, the eldest son of Ming Xianzong Yingzong. Tang Xianzong acceded to the throne at the beginning, restored Emperor Jingtai, and did something to conform to public opinion for Yu Qian and other old officials of Jingtai. But later he lost many governments, which was unfavorable to the long-term stability of the Ming Dynasty. Like most cemeteries in the Ming Tombs, it was locked for 500 years and never opened to the public.
Lush pine trees and weeds that flourish and wither every year cover up the glory of red walls and yellow tiles, and also annihilate the entanglement of the glory of a generation of emperors before and after their death. Maoling was renovated during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and most of the cemetery buildings were destroyed during the Republic of China. In 2009, Maoling was renovated again, and its old appearance remained the same.
Six, tailing
Ming Tailing is located at the southern foot of Bijia Mountain in Shandong Province, also known as Shijiatai or Shijiashan. It is the mausoleum of Emperor Ming Chengzu (Hongzhi period) and Empress Zhang of Ming Chengzu. Filial piety was the only virtuous monarch who made great efforts in the middle of Ming Dynasty. During his reign, he was diligent in political affairs and selected good ministers. After he ascended the throne, he first cut off eunuchs and unfortunate ministers, and eunuchs, consorts and their henchmen were all found guilty. During the reign of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty, some buildings in Tailing were damaged.
The picture of the mausoleum of Hadrian records the situation of Tailingmen. Today, the left and right doors are broken. Block them with stones. During the fifty to fifty-two years of Qingganlong (1785- 1787), the cemetery buildings were renovated, and the renovation situation was the same as that of Maoling except that three doors were converted from glazed flower doors to brick ice trays. Its present situation is more severe than Maoling.
Seven, Kang Ling
Ming Kangling Mausoleum, located at the eastern foot of Jinling (also known as Lotus Hill or Babao Lotus Hill), is the mausoleum of the 10th Emperor of Ming Dynasty and the Empress Xia. The mausoleum was built in the 16th year of Zhengde (152 1), covering an area of 27,000 square meters. This is the tomb with the largest number of brick carvings found in the Ming Tombs. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Kangling was burned and repaired during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty. However, after hundreds of years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the cemetery building in Kangling has been seriously damaged and needs urgent repair.
Lotus Mountain behind Kangling, also called Jinling, has beautiful scenery. In the sun, the vegetation is lush and the peaks are numerous. Although Kangling is located in a remote place, it has rich historical deposits because of its excellent scenery and ancient brick carvings. Kangling has a simple organizational system, harmonious and unified with the surrounding landscape, and reasonable planning and design, which embodies the architectural artistic achievements of the Ming Dynasty.
Wu Zong is a controversial emperor in history. Some people think that he is dissolute, violent, grotesque and shameless, and he is a rare heartless monarch. However, through the research of historians in recent years, people's understanding of Wuzong has changed. Some people think that he pursues individual liberation, freedom and equality, and he is an emperor with great personality.
Eight, yongling
Located at the southern foot of Yang Cuiling, the Ming Yongling is the tomb of the 1 1 emperor and the three empresses Chen, Fang and Du. Yang Cuiling, as towering as Tianzhu, is the main mountain of Yongling, with the image of eternal life. Zhu Houzong was in power for 45 years, and his administration had three characteristics. First, he is moody, cruel and severe, and has deep internal and external grievances. Second, I think of metaphysics, worship Taoism and have no psychological politics. Third, there is no difference between loyalty and treachery and political corruption.
The masonry buildings in Yongling, the novel shrine memorial tablet, the unique design of Baocheng Tower, the battlements made of mottled stones in Baocheng City Wall, and the imperial stone carvings with dragon, phoenix and dragon ball patterns in Maoen Temple and Maoen Gate are also not available in previous tombs. These practices were later imitated by Dingling.
Nine, Zhaoling
Zhaoling is the ninth of the Ming Tombs, where Mu Zong Zhu Zaihou, the 12th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and his three empresses are buried. Zhaoling is backed by Dayu Mountain, facing the winding river in the northwest valley ahead, with Kowloon Pond on the right and water on the back. It is the most complete tomb among the Ming Tombs. The Zhaoling Stone Bridge and the newly rebuilt Shengde Monument Pavilion reproduce the grand occasion of rich offerings and complete musical instruments in the temple during the autumn festival in Ming Dynasty.
On the left and right halls, there are the Historical Materials Exhibition of Emperor Zhaoling in Ming Dynasty and the Historical Materials Exhibition of Royal Tombs in Ming Dynasty, which introduce the burial of Emperor Qin Long, Empress Xiaoyi, Empress Xiao 'an and Ding Xiao in Zhaoling, as well as the tomb regulations of princes and concubines in Ming Dynasty.
Ten, Dingling
Located at the eastern foot of Dayu Mountain in Beijing, the Ming Dingling Mausoleum is one of the Ming Tombs. It is the tomb of the13rd emperor who lived in Zhu Yijun during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, as well as his wife and concubines, Empress Xiaoduanxian and Empress Xiaojing. The overall layout of the ground buildings in Dingling is round at the front and round at the back, which contains the symbolic significance of China's ancient philosophy. On September 6th, 1958, Xinhua News Agency broadcast a message to the whole world: Dingling of the Ming Tombs has been opened.
Archaeologists excavated the underground Xuangong, and then the relevant departments trimmed the unearthed cultural relics and restored the ancient buildings on the ground. The original site was built in A.D. 1959, and it is the Dingling Museum. More than 3,000 pieces of all kinds of artifacts were unearthed in Dingling Underground Palace, including gold, silver, jade, jewelry, golden crown, phoenix crown costume, crown and ancient costume.
Xi. Celebrating the Age
The Ming Qingling Mausoleum is located in the northwest of Changling Mausoleum in the Ming Tombs 1.5km, about 0.5km northwest of Xianling Mausoleum, and at the south foot of the Second Mausoleum of Huangshan Temple in Tianshou Mountain Mausoleum in Changping, Beijing. It is the mausoleum of the 14th emperor of Ming Dynasty and his empresses Guo, Wang and Liu. Zhu Changluo reigned for only 29 days, and was the emperor with the shortest reign in Ming Dynasty. As his biological mother is a maid-in-waiting, Ming Shenzong naturally dislikes him. After 15 years of struggle, the foundation was established and he was made a prince.
Ming Shenzong also ignored his registration, which led to Zhu Changluo's registration at the age of 65,438+03, and Zheng Guifei's murder by hook or by crook. During his reign, major cases occurred one after another, and the red pill case, the three major cases in Ming Palace, all occurred during this period. Later, Zhu Changluo died after taking Zheng Guifei's red pills. The building of Qingling Mausoleum consists of Shinto, Mausoleum Palace and ancillary buildings outside the Mausoleum Palace. Build an empty stone bridge on Shinto.
There is a monument pavilion near the mausoleum, and there is a monument in the pavilion. The decapitated turtle answered and fell, and there was no news. There are two square courtyards in front of the Qing tomb, which are not connected with each other. It is the only tomb with two courtyards in the Ming Tombs. There is a Shinto connection between the two courtyards, and there are three empty stone bridges behind the first courtyard.
Twelve. Delin
Mingde Mausoleum, located at the west foot, is the mausoleum of the 15th Emperor and Empress Zhang of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Youxiao, the first emperor of Xizong, was a confused and unprofessional emperor. What he is best at is carpentry, and he is addicted to it. Literature records: Zong was very clever and versatile, and especially liked architecture. When you are happy, you will even take off your clothes and do nothing. He devoted himself to creating fun, and felt infinite happiness from sawing, planing, chiseling and cutting.
But the national building is on the verge of collapse in his hands. In the imperial court, he was most valued by the wet nurse Hakka and the eunuch Wei Zhongxian. Deling is the last mausoleum built in Ming Dynasty. At that time, because Emperor Chongzhen had just reached the pole, the Ming Dynasty was facing a serious political and economic crisis, so it encountered great difficulties in financial, material and human resources. The overall layout of Deling Mausoleum Palace is round in front and back, basically imitating Qingling Mausoleum, but the two courtyards are connected into one.
The entrance at the head of the courtyard takes the gate of Yien Gate. There are Yien Hall, left and right affiliated halls and Shensi Furnace in the courtyard. The second one entered the courtyard, and there were three gates in front, in which Xing Xing Gate and Stone Confession Room were built. Then there is the round treasure city, the square city and the bright building. There is a glazed wall hanging in the dumb courtyard. Outside the mausoleum palace, there are ancillary buildings such as sacrificial pavilions, kitchens, and godhouses.
Thirteen, four spirits
Ming Siling is located in Tianshou Mountain, Changping District, Beijing. Ming Sizong, Zhou Empress and Tian Guifei were buried together. This is one of the Ming Tombs. Ming Sizong was the fifth son of Zhu Changluo, the Ming Emperor, and the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty. He ascended the throne on 1628. At 1644, Ming Sizong saw that the general trend of the Ming Dynasty had gone, and hanged himself on Jingshan Mountain behind the Forbidden City. Emperor Chongzhen was a diligent and loving emperor among the Ming emperors. Siling was originally the concubine garden bed of four favorite concubines Tian Guifei.
After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng ordered Ming Sizong and his empress Zhou to be buried in Tian Guifei's tomb. In order to win the hearts of the people, he changed his name to Siling, making Siling the only tomb in the Ming Tombs where the queen and concubines were buried together. At that time, Siling only built three temples for enjoyment, which was lower than the specifications of some concubines' tombs. The tragic end of the emperor in the late Ming dynasty can be seen.
The top of Chongzhen Tomb is low, without the maintenance of Ming Building and Baocheng, only a stone tablet erected during the Qing Shunzhi period. The words on the tablet have been changed again and again, and the original name of Huaizong has been removed. The tablet and the first five offerings of the tablet all show the style of Qing Dynasty.
Reference to the above content: Baidu Encyclopedia-Ming Changling