It mainly includes five aspects: first, the industrial strategy and policy are "agriculture-oriented, putting the cart before the horse"; Second, in fiscal and taxation management, we should vigorously reform the form of agricultural tax, and pay attention to "including tax in the price" and "profiting from it" in industrial and commercial taxation; Third, in terms of financial circulation, give full play to the macro-control role of money, regulate the national economy with light and heavy skills, and enrich the national finance. Fourth, in foreign trade, we should be responsive and enthusiastic; In terms of consumption expenditure, we advocate "extravagance" under special circumstances, that is, expanding consumption to stimulate production. Guan Zhong School is the most powerful academic school in Jixia Academy of Qi State during the Warring States Period, aiming at developing and carrying forward Guan Zhong's theory of governing the country, and occupying an extremely important position in the history of ancient academic development in China. It is composed of Guan Zhong, the founder of this school in the Spring and Autumn Period of Qi State, and scholars of all dynasties who respected Guan Zhong in Qi State. It has a long history and a huge lineup with strong support from the Qi government. It is rooted in the soil of Qi culture and has played a positive role in promoting the prosperity and development of Qi culture. Although Guanzi was written by Guan Zhong, it is actually a compilation of academic papers of Guan Zhong School. It was not written by one person, nor was it a temporary work. It not only recorded and developed Guan Zhong's thought of governing the country, but also developed and applied it in different historical periods. It is an encyclopedia of governing the country. Guanzi is the most important classic work of Qi culture, which embodies the pragmatic, innovative, open and compatible characteristics and spiritual outlook of Qi culture. This book is rich and comprehensive in content, complete and complex in system, profound and incisive in connotation, covering almost all social science theories such as economy, philosophy, politics, law, ethics, education, talents, management, etc., and also discussing some contents of natural science and thinking science. A comprehensive and complete work like Guanzi is rare in the ancient books of the pre-Qin period, which is not only of great data value for studying the social, political, economic, military, legal and cultural aspects of Qi in the pre-Qin period, especially in the Spring and Autumn Period; Moreover, some of the most basic ideas, such as the combination of Taoism and law, the combination of etiquette and law, taking it for granted, people-oriented, and the simultaneous development of agriculture, industry and commerce, still have distinct reference significance until today. Guanzi is the most concentrated one on economic issues among the pre-Qin philosophers. Among the 76 existing Guanzi, more than 1/2 deals with economic issues, and about 1/3 mainly deals with economic issues, which is unique in hundred schools of thought before Qin Dynasty and even in the writings of many thinkers before Ming and Qing Dynasties. Guanzhong School's exposition of economic problems is based on the position of feudal countries and always revolves around the management of social and economic life by the state. It is a special economics formed under the condition of feudal landlord system and small-scale peasant economy. (1) The basis of Guanzhong School's economic thought is 1, and the human nature assumption of "economic man": the starting point of Guanzhong School's economic thought, in short, is "interest-driven". The article "Forbidden Tibet" says: "mortals don't avoid benefits when they see them, and they don't avoid harm when they see them ..." In this passage, Guanzhong School believes that the foundation of human nature is natural attributes, and the pursuit of material benefits is the eternal feature of human beings. This coincides with Adam Smith's hypothesis of "economic man" and Marx's view that "everything people strive for is related to their interests" (The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 46, page 102- 103). Guan Zhong School concluded that since all economic activities of human beings are aimed at seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, the fundamental task or the most effective way to govern the country, strengthen the country and enrich the people lies in taking advantage of the situation, taking interests as a lever and mobilizing all positive factors. 2. Guanzhong School also fully realized the role of the market. They believe that "market makers can know how to control chaos, how much to control, and all people will benefit harmoniously." Through the market, we can not only see the economic strength and material surplus and deficiency of a country, but also see the social chaos and the shake of people's hearts. They emphasize the position and function of the market, no less than the material production of agriculture and industry. "If the Tao is hidden, if things are alive, they will not get together." I believe that with the market, everything is connected; Everything is connected, then everything is transported; Everything is lucky, then everything is cheap; If everything is cheap, everything can be caused, and everything can be caused, then the world can be ruled. Otherwise, there will be an economic dilemma of "no market, no people". (2) The economic thought of Guanzhong School is 1, and its industrial strategy and policy are "putting the cart before the horse based on agriculture". While developing diversified agriculture, we should actively develop industry and commerce. Guanzhong School is "agriculture-oriented", which attaches great importance to the basic position of agriculture and gives priority to the development of agriculture. "Five Auxiliary" said: "The business of the Ming king is strong but useless." The "technology" here refers to agriculture. In order to strengthen agricultural production, Guan Zhong also carried out a series of policies to enrich farmers. For example, the four people separated and settled in agriculture; Reforming agricultural production relations: the decline of land, the average distribution of power and the distribution of goods; Prohibit in the end: prohibit luxury goods or luxury goods production and stabilize farmers' psychology; Reduce the corvee and don't miss the farming season; Give priority to with agriculture, diversified economy; Pay attention to land management and forest protection; Reward rich experts and attach importance to agricultural science and technology. Guanzhong school attaches importance to agriculture, handicrafts and commerce, and emphasizes the coordinated development of agriculture, industry and commerce, which makes Qi's economy unique in other countries and presents distinctive industrial and commercial economic characteristics. Guan Zhong School thinks: "Scholars, peasants, businessmen and four people are the Shi Min of the country", "If you want to rule the world, you can't rule the world without money; Wealth covers the world, work does not cover the world, and it cannot be the world. Work covers the world, but equipment does not cover the world and cannot become the world. " Attach importance to the role of handicrafts and commerce, and respect the social status of craftsmen and businessmen. In order to encourage the development of industry and commerce, Guan Zhong attached importance to the establishment and construction of the market, set up industrial and commercial management institutions, strengthened quality management and business ethics construction, implemented a salt and iron monopoly system in Guanshanhai, adopted light tax measures, rewarded businessmen, intervened in the circulation field by macro-control means, and strengthened foreign trade, thus making Qi's industry and commerce prosperous and becoming the richest country in the pre-Qin period. 2. In fiscal and taxation management, we should vigorously reform the form of agricultural tax, and pay attention to "including tax in price" and "taking it in a proper way" in industrial and commercial tax. The tax system reform vigorously promoted when Guan Zhongyong was in charge was based on the "land equalization system". The "land equalization system" is to rent the land to farmers after public conversion, so that they can farm at home and improve farmers' production enthusiasm and labor efficiency; "Declining territorial levy" is to levy different amounts of agricultural taxes in kind according to the fertility of the soil, so as to make the taxation as open, fair and reasonable as possible. In addition, it also stipulates the policy of "decreasing collection" according to the abundance of the year. "Big Mine" stipulates that taxes should be collected once every two years, with three-tenths in good years, two-tenths in the middle of the year, and one-tenth in the next year, and not collected in famine years until the famine is alleviated. Because this tax reform conformed to the development of the times and adapted to the needs of the development level of productive forces at that time, it not only made Qi receive the effect of "Su Zuoshan", but also disintegrated the production relations of slavery and led to the transformation of superstructure into feudalism. Its historical role is enormous and its influence is far-reaching. As for national taxes, Guanzhong School realized that there are two kinds: one is compulsory and the other is voluntary. Compulsory taxes include land tax, property tax, livestock tax, poll tax and fruit tax. Guanzhong school believes that this kind of compulsory tax should be levied or exempted as little as possible. Because these compulsory taxes have certain negative effects, the best form of taxation is indirect tax, which allows people to "see what they have got, but not what they are taking". In other words, through a special way of collection, people can only see the benefits that the state has given them, but can't see the act of asking for it. The people not only pay this tax voluntarily, but also ask for it. At that time, such taxes in Qi State included salt and iron tax, fishery tax and Shanze specialty tax. 3, financial circulation, give full play to the macro-control role of money, use light and heavy techniques to control the national economy and enrich the national finance. Guanzhong school regards money as a means of circulation, and thinks that a monarch who is good at governing the country should control the goods related to the national economy and people's livelihood through the control of money, so as to further adjust the economy. First of all, Guanzhong School advocates that the state controls the casting and distribution of money, and controls the prices of major commodities through the collection and issuance of money, thus controlling the whole market; Secondly, Guanzhong school believes that the amount of money should be determined according to the actual situation, and it should be investigated, counted and comprehensively analyzed in advance; Thirdly, Guanzhong School advocates that we should make full use of the corresponding relationship between money and goods, grasp the interactive relationship of "money is heavy, everything is light, money is light, everything is heavy", and regulate the weight and dignity in a planned and step-by-step manner. The specific operation method is to buy when it is light (cheap) and sell when it is heavy (expensive). Once the state is involved, the price will develop in the opposite direction by collecting (buying) grain and selling (selling) grain. Originally very cheap food, as long as the country collects and stores it in large quantities, the price will rise, that is, "the hidden is heavy"; On the other hand, when food is expensive, the country sells it in large quantities, and the price will fall again, that is, "Mao Dan" (Yidu). In this way, the state can control the camera and "pat" it at the right time and in the right area; Or on the other hand, the operation of "leveling with base" can achieve the purpose of stabilizing prices, adjusting surplus and deficiency, and increasing national income, that is, the so-called "people control the balance of grain and gold, and the world can be determined" (Mountain to Number). In foreign trade, we are responsive and enthusiastic in service. Since Qi was the earliest country to open to the outside world, it was "in line" with industry and commerce from the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, and its economic extroversion was obvious, so Guanzhong School attached great importance to foreign trade and conducted a lot of detailed and profound research and discussion. In their view, the implementation of foreign trade is an important measure to attract world wealth and realize Qiang Bing's prosperity. As "Light and Heavy Armor" said: "Being a country can't be rich in the world, but being a people in the world can't make a country." To do a good job in foreign trade, we must first pay close attention to the market conditions of various countries and keep abreast of the market conditions of various countries; Secondly, make full use of the price policy to encourage the import or export of certain substances according to China's needs, so that all the resources and commodities in the world can be used by us, that is, the so-called "rule the world because of the world" (see "Light and Heavy Ding"); Third, vigorously attract investment and develop tourism. For example, reducing or exempting taxes, establishing a perfect service system and giving preferential treatment to foreign businessmen. In terms of consumption expenditure, we advocate "extravagance" under special circumstances, that is, expanding consumption to stimulate production. Guanzhong School made a unique analysis of consumption, which is different from the traditional view. They advocate paying equal attention to luxury and thrift, rather than emphasizing thrift blindly. We not only know the importance of thrift to the national finance, but also think that "luxury" financial expenditure has its special role in a specific period. They advocate that when social production is in recession and economic depression, when the national wealth is in savings, by expanding the state financial expenditure of the monarch's consumption part, the extravagant consumption of the whole ruling group and the private rich can be encouraged and mobilized, production can be stimulated, and employment opportunities can be provided for the unemployed, that is, the goal of "the rich are extravagant and the poor are extravagant" ("extravagance") can be achieved. It should be said that as early as more than 2,000 years ago, Guanzhong School was able to keenly discover the relationship between production and consumption and put forward the correct proposition of expanding consumption in time, which is really commendable. 38-9 Economic Map of the Warring States Period In short, the economic thought system of Guanzhong School is complete and profound, which is the earliest and initially formed economic thought in the history of China, and has been valued, borrowed and inherited by later economists. Its unique way of thinking and extraordinary wisdom and strategy deserve our careful study and careful excavation to serve the current socialist economic construction.

For reference only!