Purity: Purity refers to the ratio of primary color to secondary color of jadeite. Take green jadeite as an example, pure green is the best, followed by yellow or blue, and gray is the worst.
Appropriate shade: when it comes to the depth of color, of course, the thicker the better. But if the color is too thick, it will have the opposite effect and reduce the quality of jade.
Be bright: the brighter the color of jade, the more attractive it is. The more gray or black it contains, the darker the color.
Uniform: The more uniform the color distribution, the better, and the higher the value. The processing of jadeite products can be divided into two categories: light body and carving. Because the surface of the bare finished product is not covered, the requirements for raw materials are high. In addition to no cracks, the proportion of cutting work, the thickness of the product and whether it is symmetrical are also very important, which can affect the appearance of the finished jade. For example, the sliced "egg noodles" should not be too thick or too thin, and the position of "Bu" should be in the middle and the proportion should be moderate.
The evaluation of flowers mainly measures their aesthetic feeling and the fineness of carving. Usually jadeite with cracks will be carved to cover up its defects. Cracks will greatly reduce the value of jadeite. If there is a crack in the jadeite jewelry, it may crack along the crack if it is slightly collided. Therefore, you need to be extra careful when buying jade ornaments. Generally speaking, with a flashlight, it is easy to detect the existence of cracks.
High-quality jadeite can be sold at a considerable price, but the supply in the market is limited. In order to get better profits, some businessmen do not hesitate to manually treat jadeite. So commodities A, B and C appeared in the market.
Artificially treated jadeite A refers to the natural jadeite that has not been artificially chemically treated at all.
In the long-term practice of jade processing and production, the predecessors of China's jewelry industry have summarized a lot of experience about jade, and expressed these characteristics of jade in the form of concise aphorisms. Remembering these maxims and being able to understand and appreciate their profound connotations will benefit you for life. In the eyes of China people, jade symbolizes brilliance, nobility, loyalty and sacredness. For thousands of years, people respect, love, admire, wear, play and hide jade. People have a special feeling for jade. The fundamental reason is the beauty of jade. It is reasonable to think that jade aesthetics is the foundation and premise of jade culture. It is because of the beauty of jade and the differentiation of stone. Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Jade is the beauty of stone." Mr Yang Boda called it "a beautiful stone, a jade". The discovery of jade's rich aesthetic elements and the cooperation of related myths and legends have enabled jade to achieve the second differentiation, from decoration to utensils and ritual vessels. Therefore, jade aesthetics has been widely valued and fully developed. Our country paid attention to the beauty of jade texture before the Han Dynasty. The beauty of jade color is gradually known in the cultural debate of a hundred schools of thought. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wang Yi put forward the aesthetic standards of four colors: red, yellow, white and black, which developed Confucius' color proposition of "Yin Fu is huge" and thus provoked the debate on the relationship between virtue and symbol in jade aesthetics (jade symbol-jade color also). Liu Xiang proposed that jade has six beauties in the Western Han Dynasty. Due to the influence of Confucianism, the aesthetic policy of jade in history is "virtue first, then image". With the development of jade culture, more and more people attach importance to jade color. According to the principle of paying equal attention to implication and symbol, this paper puts forward a superficial understanding of the six beauties of jade, and discusses the learning experience of jade aesthetics from the aspects of jade aesthetic characteristics, aesthetic elements and their controlling factors. Please correct me if there is anything wrong.
Chinese jade has a broad concept since ancient times-"Jade is the beauty of stone" (Xu Shen in the Eastern Han Dynasty). Jade materials that meet the technological requirements (Luan Bingdun 1985) and only nephrite and jadeite are recognized among modern western gems. Jade culture involves a wide range of jade. But we have to admit that the beauty of ancient jade is based on nephrite (and hetian jade). Emerald-Emerald was exhibited in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties and later. Nephrite is characterized by fine, dense and pure texture. The beauty of texture was recognized for the first time in history. For example, before the Han Dynasty, the beauty of texture was emphasized, and the beauty of jade proposed by Confucius was mostly the result of anthropomorphizing the texture characteristics of jade. As the old saying goes, "beautiful jade is flawless, white jade is flawless", which shows that jade is delicate, pure and flawless. Can be summarized as follows.
1, the "hard and fine" jade is hard, fine and moist, and the surface of fine-grained dense rock is smooth after abrasion. Therefore, it is called the beauty of "combining rigidity with softness". The hardness here is the result of comparison between jade and colored stone.
2. "Moist and shiny" jade and pebbles are dense and massive, and the mineral fracture shows a strong oily luster. In addition, they are ground into a smooth surface, so they are "moist and shiny".
3. "Innocent beauty" and white jade are composed of a single tremolite mineral and contain no impurities, so they present the beauty of "flawless jade, flawless white jade".
Nephrite is a fibrous microcrystal aggregate interwoven with tremolite or actinolite into a felt-like structure. This structure determines that it has many excellent properties, but the quality of texture varies with grain size, distribution uniformity, types and quantities of impurities. See table 1 for details.
Looking at the texture of Hetian jade, it is delicate, hard, meticulous, moist and beautiful, which can give people a warm and dignified feeling and enjoy beauty.
The beauty of jadeite is not only related to the uniformity of particle size, but also directly related to transparency and polishing degree. That is, the finer the texture, the higher the transparency, the better the polishing performance and the stronger the surface reflectivity, which not only increases the aesthetic feeling of jade, but also improves the quality of jade. Wang Yi's aesthetic view of four colors in the Eastern Han Dynasty developed Confucius' thought of color beauty. Created a historical precedent for the evaluation of jade color beauty. According to the principle of modern aesthetics, the author discusses the characteristics of jade color beauty from three principles: unity, harmonious contrast and rhythm.
1. One of the beautiful monochromatic colors, such as blue sky, blue lake, clear spring water and bright sunshine. Simplicity can make people have a clear and pure aesthetic feeling. Hetian jade is very rich in color, as white as cut fat, as green as jade, as yellow as steamed chestnut, as red as cockscomb and as black as pure lacquer.
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┃ ┃ ┃ Constituent minerals ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃ ┃.
┃ Jade species ┃┃ mm ┃┃┃┃
┃┃ purity% ┃┃┃┃┃┃
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Sheep fat is mainly tremolite, the size and distribution are strong, exquisite and excellent.
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┃ white jade ┃ and dragon ┃ ┃.
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┃ Jasper ┃ 5.84 and Black ┃ 1.0035×0.036 ┃ blocked ┃.
┃┃┃┃ Magnetite inclusion, impurity ┃┃┃┃┃
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┃┃┃┃is· black ┃0.0 10.0066 ┃ ┃ ┃.
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┃┃┃), there is oxidation between grains ┃ 0.00660.0053 ┃┃┃┃.
┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃distribution of iron and limonite.
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According to [2] data compilation.
According to the colors appearing in jadeite, it can be divided into five color systems.
(1) There are also many varieties of white jade in the white series Hetian jade: sheep fat white; Snow white, pear white, ivory white, fish-belly white, brown rice white, chicken bone white and so on. Among them, the fine white sheep fat is the best, also known as sheep fat jade. Historically, it was called "essence of white jade", "jade jade" and "jade king".
Nephrite belongs to amphibole family, which is the solid melt of tremolite and actinolite in this kind of minerals. When the composition is pure and contains no pigment impurities, it should be white. Sheep fat jade is 99.5% tremolite, so its color is pure white. White as fat is an appropriate adjective.
(2) The green series is usually light green white, light green and grayish green in blue-white jadeite and sapphire, green to dark green in jasper, and dark green is a common jade material with large output.
From the order of sapphire, sapphire and jasper, the iron oxide content increases with the deepening of color (from 1.77% to 3. 12% to 5.84%), and jasper generally contains elements unique to ultrabasic rocks such as chromium, nickel and diamond. In addition to tremolite, actinolite or tremolite with more iron began to appear in jasper. Therefore, there are different shades of green, with different shades. Black spots and jade tendons are obvious. A mineral containing a small amount of impurities. Such as garnet, chrome spinel, magnetite, chlorite, etc.
(3) Yellow series topaz includes yellow, beige, beeswax yellow, chestnut yellow, okra yellow, sunflower yellow, egg yolk, semi-color yellow and boxwood yellow. Chestnut yellow and beeswax yellow are the best, followed by other yellows. Yimen Guangdu pointed out: "Topaz is as expensive as chestnut, which is called sweet topaz, followed by banana yellow." Topaz yellow is delicate, the brighter the more precious it is. Its precious value is not lower than that of suet jade, even rarer than that of suet jade. Most of them are caused by iron oxide.
(4) The jet and jadeite in the black series are grayish black, black, F black, and sometimes uneven disseminated, black spots, clouds), pure black and other colors. The quality is "black as pure paint".
Because it is rare and precious. Black jade is also called black jade, or there is sapphire in black jade, and there is black jade in black jade and white jade. The color is mainly caused by the existence of flake graphite impurities between tremolite particles. The degree of black is strong or weak, and the distribution of depth is different.
(5) In the chestnut series and other colors, jade is called sugar jade because it looks like brown sugar. Most of them are purplish red, chestnut and blood red (rare). Limonite is distributed among tremolite particles of some sugar jade, indicating that sugar jade is red or brownish yellow because of iron oxide pollution of tremolite. Manganese oxide can be purplish red.
2. The harmony and contrast of two colors reflect two contradictory states. Harmony tends to be "identical" (consistent) in differences, while contrast tends to be "different" (opposite) in differences. According to this aesthetic principle, two colors of jade can be appreciated separately.
(1) Red and orange, orange and yellow, yellow and green, green and blue, blue and blue, blue and purple, purple and red are all adjacent colors in jade tone and beautiful color. The level change of the same color (such as depth, depth) also belongs to harmony, and it is consistent in the change. For example, the dark blue glazed tiles in the Temple of Heaven are in harmony with the light blue sky and the surrounding green trees. In Du Fu's poem, there is a saying: "Peach blossoms are in full bloom, and they are lovely, crimson and light red." The same is true of the color coordination of jadeite. F2) The contrast of jadeite color is to juxtapose two completely different things, which makes people feel bright, eye-catching, exciting and active. For example, black and white, red and green, yellow and purple, blue and orange are all contrasting colors. "The next day, the lotus leaf is infinitely blue, and the lotus reflects the sun in a different color" (Yang Wanli). "A little red among all greens" is the contrast between red and green. Black and white are also a strong contrast. "White urges rotten bones to die, and men in black fall into a thunderstorm" (Du Fu): "Dark clouds turn over ink and don't press mountains, while white rain jumps over boats" (Su Shi). For example, there are black jade stripes on suet jade, the horns, hooves and plums of suet jade deer are red, and the deer's body is white or in contrast.
3. Multicolor beauty Various colors are colorful. For example, the Qin color on an unearthed ancient jade is colorful. On the same piece of jade, through different color change rules, the following kinds of multicolor beauty can be produced:
(1) has beautiful rhythm, and the density of color bars and blocks can also show a certain sense of rhythm. As for how to judge the rhythm of jadeite discoloration, what is 2/4, what is 4/4 and so on. , remains to be expressed.
(2) Rhythm beauty endows an emotional color on the basis of rhythm, forms rhythm, can give people fun and satisfy people's spiritual enjoyment. Zheng Banqiao's Rootless Orchid shows emotional rhythm, namely rhythm, in the arrangement and combination of images. The color rhythm of jadeite can be identified by the law that different colors appear repeatedly in a certain direction.
(3) The beauty of multi-tones, for example, the pattern of tiger skin jade is very similar to the pattern change of tiger hair, and multi-tone refers to the beautiful multi-color change that cannot be said.
4. Evaluation principle of ancient jade color.
(1) color concentration-refers to the depth of color. Generally speaking, medium concentration is the best, too deep or too shallow.
(2) the purity of color-the purity of hue, when mixed with other hues, it is impure or called color cast. Obviously, the purer the timbre, the better, and the worse it is when it is mixed with noise or color.
(3) Brightness-refers to the brightness of a color, also known as the higher the brightness of a color, the better.
(4) Color uniformity-refers to the uniformity of color distribution. Generally speaking, the more uniform the color, the better, and the less uniform the color (except the beautiful one). Since ancient times, the development of jade has been carried out from two aspects: use and belief. The first purpose is to make jade, so the research on the excellent performance of jade has been highly valued since ancient times. Jade aesthetics is also studied from the natural beauty of jade. The ancient aesthetic principle of "putting virtue before image" effectively promoted the development of the study of jade properties.
1, Emerald Ren Mei Yu Can is not comparable to single crystal gemstones in hardness, but it is extremely tough, ranking first among natural gemstones. According to the toughness classification of common gemstones, nephrite is second only to industrial diamonds (10 grade) and two grades higher than natural diamonds (7-7.5 grade) (see Table 2 for details). According to laboratory tests, the compressive strength of nephrite is 36 17-4 129 kg/cm 2, and the crushing toughness is 77× 10 dyne /cm. This is because of the fine crystal composition of nephrite and the interwoven structure of fiber crystals, or felt-like structure and other factors. Diamond (10), ruby (9), emerald (7.5-8) and cat's eye gem (7.5) are all harder than nephrite, but their toughness is not as good as nephrite. The toughness of nephrite determines its good carving performance, which enables ancient jade to be preserved for thousands of years. For example, in the 1980 s, a magnitude 6 earthquake occurred somewhere in the United States, and jewelry shelves.
Table 2 Brief table of toughness of common gemstones
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┃ toughness grade ┃ represents a gem ┃ toughness grade ┃ represents a gem ┃
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┃ 10 ┃ black emery artificial┃ 6┃ Olivine┃
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┃ 9 ┃ nephrite ┃ 5.5 ┃ emerald ┃
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┃ 8 ┃ Emerald, Ruby, Sapphire ┃ 5 ┃ Topaz, Moonstone ┃
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┃ 7-7.5 ┃ Diamonds, crystals, aquamarine ┃ 3 ┃ gold emeralds ┃
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┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃┃Fluorite┃
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2. Nephrite with high wear resistance has a certain hardness (white jade 6.7, sapphire 6.6, sapphire 6.5), and its density is medium: 2.90-3.02 g/cm. The height of jadeite is lower than that of jadeite, and its toughness determines its high wear resistance.
3. Jade with soft light transmission is a mineral aggregate, and nephrite particles are mostly translucent or opaque. Hetian jade is the nephrite variety with the best transparency in China. Nephrite in China is soft. The hazy female beauty is in obvious contrast with the strong transparency, dazzling brilliance and masculine beauty of single crystal gemstones.
4, physical characteristics nephrite has low thermal conductivity and is inert to cold and hot changes. It doesn't feel very cold in winter, and it doesn't feel hot in summer. Warm in winter and cool in summer, suitable for personal wear.
5. Nephrite with strong acid and alkali resistance and good chemical stability is not subject to acid and alkali abrasion, and can be buried underground for thousands of years while maintaining chemical stability. In contrast, the chemical stability of nephrite cannot be compared with it.
6. Jade sounds like nephrite is denser than jadeite, and the knocking sound is more profound. "Golden sound and jade vibration" is the feeling of expressing the beauty of jade sound. The word "virtue" first appeared in the inscriptions of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and the standard of virtue put forward by the Zhou Dynasty was "applying virtue to others". Jade virtue is the highest virtue standard that transforms the inner beauty of jade into ideological cultivation and code of conduct according to the needs of the ruler Shi Dezheng. Jade virtues found in ancient books include five virtues, nine virtues and eleven virtues. The most far-reaching influence is the theory that jade has eleven virtues advocated by Confucius. This is the ethical field in jade culture. It belongs to the category of social beauty and spiritual beauty. Finally, it is realized that "a gentleman is better than jade", "a gentleman must wear jade" and "go all out", and the social behavior of a gentleman is bound by jade as virtue. Jade virtue was put forward at the end of the spring and autumn period in slave society, and reached the Han Dynasty when Confucianism was dominant. Xu Shen changed Lu Zi's eleven virtues and thought that jade had five virtues, which was the last interpretation of jade virtue in history. It has become the spiritual pillar of the development of jade culture in feudal society, injecting new blood into jade culture and keeping youth forever.
Jade is a natural and beautiful stone with natural properties in essence. If jade is personified and its texture is used to describe people and things, then jade is spiritual. The sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth makes jade culture an important part of China culture.
Xu Shen said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi: "Jade is the beauty of stone. Five virtues: warm and moist, benevolent; Knowing from the outside, the righteous side is also; Its voice is soothing, respectful and wise; Perseverance, courage; Sharp and cheap, but not embarrassing, the side of the floc is also. " These five virtues refer to both jade and people. High standards, strict requirements, semantic pun.
(1) In human moistening, it means delicate, smooth, moist and lubricated; Moistening: refers to the oily luster of jade fracture. Metaphor is kindness; Warm fingers are gentle and soft. "Moisten things to warm them, and the side of benevolence is also" means that the color, texture and luster are moist and soft, which is beneficial to all things or all things, and it is a manifestation of jade benevolence.
(2) Jade sense refers to the texture of jade. "Know the inside from the outside", that is, according to the external characteristics of jade, understand its internal situation, and the inside and outside are consistent. This is a manifestation of jade's sense of justice and seeking truth from facts.
(3) The high-quality jade can be used to make musical instruments. Because the jade is hard and delicate, the knocking sound spreads out and spreads in all directions, which sounds pleasant. This is a manifestation of jade's wisdom and foresight.
(4) Although the hardness of Yu Yongyu is not too high, its toughness ranks first among natural gemstones, and it shows unyielding courage. Even if it is broken, it is "better to die than to die."
(5) Jade is clean. If you care, you will be jealous. The sound is clean. Sharp and honest, it means that after the jade is broken, although the fracture is sharp, it has the ability to hate and retaliate against others or seek benefits, but the jade can keep clean and not do it.
Limited by space, we will not discuss nine virtues and eleven virtues (benevolence, wisdom, righteousness, propriety, music, loyalty, faith, heaven and earth, morality and Taoism) here. The beauty of jade carving actually refers to the artistic beauty of jade creation. Jade articles in ancient China are divided into tools, weapons, daily necessities, sacrificial vessels, funerary objects and decorations according to their uses. Many jade articles are evolved from tools. These jades are not only worn, but also have practical purposes and cultural background, which leads to different aesthetic standards.
1. The aesthetic features of jade ritual vessels are different from those of Yu Pei in form and have their own unique aesthetic features. After Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Yu Pei pursued jade's moist, exquisite shape, gorgeous decorative patterns and superb processing technology. However, the manufacture of jade ritual vessels is not. What it pursues is the aesthetic effect of "focusing on less", "focusing on elements", "focusing on simplicity" and "focusing on quality". Book of rites "Suburban Features" said: "Da Gui is not beautiful. "Book of Rites." "Book of Rites" said: "There are heavy articles and vegetarians. "In addition, the Book of Rites. The ritual vessels also tell the truth that jade ritual vessels are not expensive: "Your Zhang Te is the master of Huang Hu.